Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of creatine across a membrane. [GO_REF:0000069, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]
Creatine transmembrane transport is a crucial process for maintaining energy homeostasis in muscle and brain tissues. Creatine, a nitrogenous compound, is synthesized in the liver and kidneys and serves as a high-energy phosphate reservoir. The transport of creatine across cell membranes is mediated by a family of membrane proteins known as creatine transporters (CRT). There are two primary isoforms of CRT: CRT1 and CRT2. CRT1 is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, and heart, while CRT2 is mainly found in the kidneys and intestines.
The transport of creatine is driven by a combination of concentration gradients and membrane potential. Creatine moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration, with the electrochemical gradient favoring its movement into cells. The process of creatine transport is highly specific and is regulated by various factors, including substrate concentration, pH, and phosphorylation status of the CRT protein.
The transport mechanism can be summarized in three key steps:
1. **Binding:** Creatine binds to the extracellular domain of the CRT protein.
2. **Translocation:** The CRT protein undergoes a conformational change, allowing creatine to move across the membrane.
3. **Release:** Creatine is released into the intracellular compartment.
This intricate process ensures an adequate supply of creatine to muscle and brain cells, supporting their high-energy demands during physical activity and neuronal function. It is essential for maintaining muscle mass, enhancing athletic performance, and supporting cognitive function.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NSD5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P48029] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
gamma-aminobutyric acid | gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
beta-alanine | amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid | agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter | |
2,3-diaminopropionic acid | 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group. | alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite |
creatine | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical | |
guvacine | guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring. guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine | GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite |
nipecotic acid | nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid | |
n-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide | N-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide: inhibits the betaine-GABA transporter 1; structure in first source | ||
2-ethoxy-N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzamide | piperidines | ||
nnc 05-2090 | NNC 05-2090: structure given in first source | carbazoles | |
snap 5114 |