Compounds > flupenthixol decanoate
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

flupenthixol decanoate

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

flupenthixol decanoate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6434100
MeSH IDM0051138

Synonyms (23)

Synonym
AC-15023
2-(4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-9h-thioxanthen-9-ylidene)propyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl decanoate
2-(4-(3-(2-trifluoromethyl-9-thioxanthenylidene)propyl)-1-piper azinyl)ethyl decanoate
flupenthixol decanoate
einecs 250-385-6
30909-51-4
2-[4-[(3e)-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)thioxanthen-9-ylidene]propyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethyl decanoate
AKOS015961763
3b2fe28c1w ,
unii-3b2fe28c1w
201213-08-3
flupentixol decanoate, (e)-
decanoic acid, 2-(4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-9h-thioxanthen-9-ylidene)propyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl ester, (e)-
decanoic acid, 2-(4-((3e)-3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-9h-thioxanthen-9-ylidene)propyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl ester
55IRH67U29 ,
unii-55irh67u29
Q27896316
(e)-flupentixol decanoate
NCGC00532514-01
DTXSID10897160
flupentixol decanoate; lu 5-110; -flupenthixol decanoate
uikwddslmbhift-uvhmkagcsa-n
2-(4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-9h-thioxanthen-9-ylidene)propyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl decanoate

Research Excerpts

Overview

Flupenthixol decanoate in low dose is a useful anti-depressant. It should be restricted to short courses of treatment, and to patients refractory to other treatments.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Flupenthixol decanoate in low dose is a useful anti-depressant, but should be restricted to short courses of treatment, to patients refractory to other treatments, and to patients suspected of poor compliance."( A controlled comparison of flupenthixol decanoate injections and oral amitriptyline in depressed out-patients.
John, G; Lader, MH; Tam, W; Young, JP, 1982)		1.28

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Flupenthixol decanoate has also a pronounced antidepressive and anxiolytic effect which appears to be adequate enough for treating mild to moderately severe syndromes of depression."( Depression-inducing and antidepressive effects of neuroleptics. Experiences with flupenthixol and flupenthixol decanoate.
Pöldinger, W; Sieberns, S, 1983)		1.2

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse events related to movement disorders were reported in 3%."( Long-acting injectable risperidone: safety and efficacy in stable patients switched from conventional depot antipsychotics.
Eerdekens, E; Eerdekens, M; Jacko, M; Turner, M, 2004)		0.32

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The enanthate produces peak plasma concentrations on days 2 to 3 and declines with an apparent elimination half-life (i."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics.
Ereshefsky, L; Jann, MW; Saklad, SR, )		0.13
" Moreover pharmacokinetic data increasingly have been clinically applied."( Chemotherapy with neuroleptics. Clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects with a particular view to depot preparations.
Knudsen, P, 1985)		0.27
"Precise pharmacokinetic data of long-acting neuroleptics: apparent half life (T 1/2), time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax), bioavailability, has been a major contribution to determine optimal dosage of the drug."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. Comparison with other prolonged-action neuroleptics].
Levron, JC; Ropert, R, )		0.13

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The absorption rate constant is slower than the elimination rate constant and therefore, the depot antipsychotics exhibit 'flip-flop' kinetics where the time to steady-state is a function of the absorption rate, and the concentration at steady-state is a function of the elimination rate."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics.
Ereshefsky, L; Jann, MW; Saklad, SR, )		0.13
" Optimal dose has been determined from the bioavailability of the oral formulation and the interval between two injections, it averages 15, 20 times the oral daily dose for haloperidol decanoate."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. Comparison with other prolonged-action neuroleptics].
Levron, JC; Ropert, R, )		0.13
" The bioavailability of orally administered cis(Z)-flupentixol was calculated to be about 40% with IV injection as reference."( Serum concentrations of cis(Z)-flupentixol and prolactin in chronic schizophrenic patients treated with flupentixol and cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate.
Andersen, J; Bjørndal, N; Dencker, SJ; Jørgensen, A; Lundin, L; Malm, U, 1982)		0.26

Dosage Studied

Sixty-eight depressed out-patients were allocated to treatment with either oral amitriptyline (75-225 mg/day) or intramuscular flupenthixol decanoate (10-30 mg every 14 days) in flexible dosage for 12 weeks under double-blind procedures.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Precise pharmacokinetic data of long-acting neuroleptics: apparent half life (T 1/2), time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax), bioavailability, has been a major contribution to determine optimal dosage of the drug."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. Comparison with other prolonged-action neuroleptics].
Levron, JC; Ropert, R, )		0.13
" During the 44 week study the reduced dosage group showed increased morbidity and one-third of these patients had a schizophrenic relapse."( The effects of a 50% reduction of cis(z)-flupenthixol decanoate in chronic schizophrenic patients maintained on a high dose regime.
Cookson, IB, 1987)		0.54
" Blood samples were taken 7 days after each injection and on the last day of the dosage interval."( Radioreceptor assay in checking serum concentration in long-term treatment with cis(z)-flupenthixol decanoate.
Lipska, B; Nurowska, K; Szukalski, B; Welbel, L, 1987)		0.5
" It was concluded that 4-week intramuscular administration of haloperidol decanoate provides appropriate control of schizophrenic symptoms, but that flupenthixol decanoate should be dosed at shorter intervals."( Haloperidol decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in schizophrenia. A long-term double-blind cross-over comparison.
Eberhard, G; Hellbom, E, 1986)		0.77
"Serum concentrations of cis(Z)-flupentixol have been measured in patients on cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate injections during successive dosage intervals of 2-4 weeks."( Steady-state serum concentrations after cis (Z)-flupentixol decanoate in viscoleo.
Jørgensen, A; Saikia, JK, 1983)		0.27
"Sixty-eight depressed out-patients were allocated to treatment with either oral amitriptyline (75-225 mg/day) or intramuscular flupenthixol decanoate (10-30 mg every 14 days) in flexible dosage for 12 weeks under double-blind procedures."( A controlled comparison of flupenthixol decanoate injections and oral amitriptyline in depressed out-patients.
John, G; Lader, MH; Tam, W; Young, JP, 1982)		0.77
" The flupenthixol decanoate dosage was 20 mg every 2-3 weeks."( Flupenthixol decanoate in recurrent manic-depressive illness. A comparison with lithium.
Aaskoven, O; Ahlfors, UG; Baastrup, PC; Dencker, SJ; Elgen, K; Lingjaerde, O; Pedersen, V; Schou, M, 1981)		2.22
"Doctors' prescription and dosing behaviour was investigated using data from 9 clinical trials in 550 patients treated with psychotropics."( Correct titration of non-drugs and some other methodological issues.
Beneke, M; Fritze, J; Rasmus, W; Rød, IS, 1994)		0.29
"There are no data available on the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms when using long-term flupenthixol in low dosage in patients suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders."( Tolerability of low dose neuroleptics: a case control study of flupenthixol.
Fritze, J; Spreda, I, 1997)		0.3
" Treatment success rates at 6 months were extracted or extrapolated from the studies and plotted against dose to estimate a dose-response curve."( Estimating the optimal dose of flupentixol decanoate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia-a systematic review of the literature.
Bailey, L; Taylor, D, 2019)		0.51
"Data from 16 studies (n = 514) allowed estimation of a dose-response curve which rises steeply between the chosen placebo anchor (25% success rate) and 10 mg every 2 weeks before reaching a maximum between 20 and 40 mg every 2 weeks (80-95% success rates)."( Estimating the optimal dose of flupentixol decanoate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia-a systematic review of the literature.
Bailey, L; Taylor, D, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency14.12540.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Research

Studies (90)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199042 (46.67)18.7374
1990's20 (22.22)18.2507
2000's11 (12.22)29.6817
2010's17 (18.89)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 51.78

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index51.78 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.81 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.51 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index80.96 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (51.78)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials23 (23.23%)5.53%
Reviews5 (5.05%)6.00%
Case Studies17 (17.17%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other54 (54.55%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Globus: A Randomized Control Trial of Psychoeducation, Anxiolytics and Proton Pump Inhibitors [NCT03205228]Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-07Completed
Clinical Effectiveness Of The Newer Antipsychotic Compounds Olanzapine, Quetiapine And Aripiprazole In Comparison With Low Dose Conventional Antipsychotics (Haloperidol And Flupentixol) In Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01164059]Phase 4149 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Interventional, Single Dose, Open-label, Randomised, Crossover, Bioequivalence Study in Healthy Men and Women to Compare Two Pharmaceutical Formulations of Flupentixol/Melitracen (Deanxit®) [NCT02179931]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Clinical Efficacy and Benefit of Reducing Metabolic Syndrome by Adjunctive Use of Fute (Flupentixol) in Multi-acting Receptor-targeted Antipsychotics (MARTAs) Treated Schizophrenia Patients [NCT04898270]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-19Completed
Interventional, Open-label, Randomised, Crossover, Comparative Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Flupentixol Formulations - Film Coated Tablet (Test Treatment) - 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 5 mg (H. Lundbeck A/S, Denmark) and Coated Tablet (Flu [NCT02660840]Phase 184 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients [NCT02374567]Phase 3407 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated
Flupenthixol and Haloperidol for Treating Cocaine Abuse Schizophrenics [NCT00000274]Phase 260 participants Interventional1997-03-31Completed
Compliance With Antidepressant Medication in Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized Comparison of Different Prescribing Behaviors [NCT01851863]Phase 4262 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Flupenthixol Treatment in Schizophrenic Cocaine Abusers [NCT00000266]Phase 20 participants Interventional1994-08-31Completed
Flupenthixol Decanoate in Methamphetamine Smoking [NCT00000241]Phase 258 participants Interventional1994-02-28Completed
Infusion Laboratory: Protocol 5 (Flupenthixol) [NCT00000349]Phase 10 participants InterventionalActive, not recruiting
Cocaine Abuse and ADHD [NCT00000275]Phase 216 participants Interventional1996-11-30Completed
Clinical Study of Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets in the Treatment of Non Random Emotional Disorder [NCT04970667]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
Interventional, Randomized, Single Dose, Open-label, Crossover, Bioequivalence Study in Healthy Men and Women to Compare Two Pharmaceutical Formulations of Flupentixol/Melitracen (Deanxit®) - in Fasted and Fed Conditions [NCT03472651]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-07Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT01851863 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Dyspepsia Symptom Questionnaire at Week 8
NCT01851863 (4) [back to overview]Compliance of Flupentixol-Melitracen
NCT01851863 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Reaction
NCT01851863 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Psychiatric Symptom on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at Week 8

Change From Baseline in Dyspepsia Symptom Questionnaire at Week 8

The severity of patients' dyspeptic symptoms were assessed using the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (LDQ) at week 0 and 8. The LDQ contains eight items about epigastric pain, retro-sternal pain, regurgitation, nausea, vomiting, belching, early satiety and dysphagia with six grades for each item and a sum of the eight symptom scores make the LDQ score.LDQ scores of 0 - 4 were classified as very mild dyspepsia, 4 - 8 as mild dyspepsia, 9 -15 as moderate dyspepsia, and > 15 as severe or very severe dyspepsia. The change of LDQ scores was calculated by LDQ scores of 8 weeks minus baseline, with lower values represent a better outcome. (NCT01851863)
Timeframe: week 0 and 8

Interventionunits on LDQ scale (Mean)
Deanxit(Psychological and GI) + Omeprazole-3.85
Deanxit(Psychological) + Omeprazole-2.51
Deanxit(Without Explanation) + Omeprazole-2.49
Proton Pump Inhibitor-1.31

[back to top]

Compliance of Flupentixol-Melitracen

The patients were asked to keep a diary to record their medication intake. At each visit (weeks 1, 2, 4, 8), the patient bring back the drug bottle and the diary, then the physician recorded the number of pills remaining in the bottle. Pills remained more than 20% at any visit or seven days of consecutive abstinence were adopted as the criterion for identifying therapy noncompliance. (NCT01851863)
Timeframe: weeks 1, 2, 4, 8

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Deanxit(Psychological and GI) + Omeprazole44
Deanxit(Psychological) + Omeprazole28
Deanxit(Without Explanation) + Omeprazole31

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Adverse Reaction

Number of participants with adverse reactions were recorded to analyze the safety profile of treatment. (NCT01851863)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Deanxit(Psychological and GI) + Omeprazole6
Deanxit(Psychological) + Omeprazole9
Deanxit(Without Explanation) + Omeprazole5
Proton Pump Inhibitor2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Psychiatric Symptom on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at Week 8

Each patient was surveyed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess the psychiatric symptom at week 0 and 8.The HADS consists of 14 items, seven of which assess anxiety, and seven assess depression. The anxiety and depression subscales were calculated independently. The patients were asked to answer each item on a four-point (0 - 3) scale. Scores of 0 to 7 on either subscale can be regarded as within the normal range, scores of 8 to 10 are suggestive of the presence of the respective state, and scores of 11 or higher indicate the probable presence of the respective mood disorder. The change of HADS scores was calculated by HADS anxiety and depression scores of 8 weeks minus baseline, with lower values indicate better outcome. (NCT01851863)
Timeframe: week 0 and 8

,,,
Interventionunits on HADS score (Mean)
HADS anxiety scoreHADS depression score
Deanxit(Psychological and GI) + Omeprazole-4.46-4.82
Deanxit(Psychological) + Omeprazole-2.29-2.25
Deanxit(Without Explanation) + Omeprazole-2.78-2.86
Proton Pump Inhibitor-1.68-1.88

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.1710aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.0110benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.4120adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		8.7621carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.6630organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		1.9710dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		1.9610dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		1.9810dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		1.9710aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
fluphenazine
[no description available]		6.78184N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		6.67164decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		1.9510phenothiazines
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		1.9810diarylmethane
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.07113aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		7.3820dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.0610benzodiazepine
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		210guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		3.3511dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.0750N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		1.9710pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		1.9810phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.2110aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		5.27431,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.6630benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		1.9610monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		1.9710N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		21011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		1.9610alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0110mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
clopenthixol
Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		4.6261N-alkylpiperazine;
primary alcohol;
thioxanthenes		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.6132benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		1.9810aromatic ketone
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		12.829021thioxanthenes
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9610
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		1.9710diarylmethane
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		5.0252organic molecular entity
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		2.0110pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
ipsapirone
[no description available]		1.9810N-arylpiperazine
perphenazine enanthate
perphenazine enanthate: structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5682		1.9610
perphenazine decanoate
[no description available]		2.6830phenothiazines
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		1.9610
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		1.9910
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.3820benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		9.2611alkali metal atom
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		1.9710salicylamides
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.0110naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.3711morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.0110maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
clopenthixol acetate ester
clopenthixol acetate ester: structure given in first source		2.0410thioxanthenes
clopenthixol decanoate
[no description available]		4.0631
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.0310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		010.925915
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		02.2110
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		010.925915
Psychoses
[description not available]		05.0190
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		05.0190
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.5120
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		04.1331
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.1110
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.1110
Recrudescence
[description not available]		07.61135
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.9140
Catatonic Schizophrenia
[description not available]		02.0610
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		07.0110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.0110
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.0731
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		09.0731
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		03.411
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		03.411
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.3522
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.7921
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		03.411
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		03.411
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.0410
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		03.5890
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.3720
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		01.9610
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		03.5890
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		01.9610
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.97103
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.97103
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		09.3222
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		06.9584
As If Personality
[description not available]		03.3511
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		06.9584
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		01.9610
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		01.9610
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		04.0531
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		04.0531
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		02.6730
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.9631
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		02.6730
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.9631
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		01.9810
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		01.9810
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		01.9810
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.6730
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.6730
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		01.9810
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.420
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.420
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.6730
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		01.9910
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		0210
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		0210
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		0210
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		0210
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		0210
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		0210
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		0210
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		0210
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9510
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		01.9810
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		01.9810
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		01.9810
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		03.3611
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9710
Paranoia
[description not available]		01.9710
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9710
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		01.9710
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9710
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		01.9710
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		01.9710