regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]

Transcription by RNA polymerase II is a complex and tightly regulated process essential for gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. It involves a series of steps that control the initiation, elongation, and termination of RNA synthesis. The process begins with the assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) at the promoter region of a gene. The PIC includes RNA polymerase II, general transcription factors (GTFs), and other regulatory proteins. The GTFs, including TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE, and TFIIH, play crucial roles in recognizing the promoter, unwinding the DNA, and positioning RNA polymerase II at the correct starting point for transcription. Once the PIC is assembled, RNA polymerase II initiates transcription by unwinding the DNA and synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule using the template strand of DNA. During elongation, RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA template, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. This process is regulated by a variety of factors, including elongation factors and chromatin modifications. Elongation factors can enhance or suppress the rate of RNA synthesis. Chromatin modifications, such as histone acetylation and methylation, can alter the accessibility of DNA to RNA polymerase II, influencing transcription efficiency. Finally, transcription termination occurs when RNA polymerase II reaches a termination signal in the DNA. This signal triggers the release of the newly synthesized RNA molecule from the polymerase and the dissociation of the PIC from the DNA. The regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II is a highly dynamic process that involves a complex interplay of factors. These factors include transcription factors, coactivators, corepressors, chromatin remodelers, and other regulatory proteins. Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of a gene and either activate or repress transcription. Coactivators and corepressors interact with transcription factors, enhancing or suppressing their activity, respectively. Chromatin remodelers alter the structure of chromatin, making DNA more or less accessible to RNA polymerase II. In addition to these factors, the regulation of transcription is also influenced by signaling pathways, environmental cues, and cellular processes. For example, hormones, growth factors, and stress signals can activate or repress transcription by altering the activity of transcription factors or other regulatory proteins. Furthermore, cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression and differentiation, can also affect transcription by influencing the availability of transcription factors and other regulatory components. Overall, the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II is a complex and multifaceted process that ensures the appropriate expression of genes in response to a wide range of internal and external cues.'
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Proteins (140)

Compounds (3,340)