warfarin and Glomerulonephritis

The product of growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) is a unique vitamin K-dependent autocrine growth factor for mesangial cells, and warfarin inhibits mesangial cell proliferation by interfering with the activation process of Gas6. A recent series of studies has revealed the in vivo roles of Gas6 and its receptor Axl in the progression of acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic allograft rejection, and human kidney diseases. This review summarizes these studies and discusses the possible interventions targeting the Gas6/Axl pathway to prevent the progression of kidney diseases.

Topics: Animals; Diabetic Nephropathies; DNA-Binding Proteins; Glomerular Mesangium; Glomerulonephritis; Graft Rejection; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Kidney Diseases; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Signal Transduction; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Trans-Activators; Vitamin K; Warfarin

Over the past 20 years the therapy of glomerulonephritis (GN) has evolved. Today apart from steroids and cyclophosphamide, newer agents like cyclopsorine A and tracrolimus (FK 506) have been reported to achieve remission (partial or complete) in patients with nephrotic syndrome due to various GN which have failed to respond to steroids and cyclophosphamide. For those patients who do not respond to any of the primary therapeutic agents, there are now other therapies available like angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, dipyridamole, low dose warfarin including protein restriction and therapy aimed at hypercholesterolaemia in an attempt to retard progression to end stage renal failure. This paper presents a therapeutic approach for the various forms of primary GN.

Topics: Angiotensin II; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Anticoagulants; Cyclophosphamide; Cyclosporine; Dipyridamole; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Nephrotic Syndrome; Remission Induction; Steroids; Tacrolimus; Vasodilator Agents; Warfarin

Topics: Adult; Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease; Azathioprine; Child; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Humans; Immune Complex Diseases; Immunoglobulin A; Indomethacin; Kidney Glomerulus; Prednisone; Warfarin

Topics: Adenosine; Antidepressive Agents; Aspirin; Blood Platelets; Complement System Proteins; Endothelium; Glomerulonephritis; Hemostasis; Heparin; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Immunity; Immunoglobulins; Indomethacin; Kidney Diseases; Meclofenamic Acid; Mopidamol; Phagocytosis; Phenylbutazone; Platelet Aggregation; Prostaglandins; Pyrimidines; Sulfinpyrazone; Tranquilizing Agents; Warfarin

Nine patients with biopsy-proven primary focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis (FSHS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome were randomly allocated to either a period of 4-6 months of treatment (ciclosporin; (CS); 5-8 mg/kg/24 h and warfarin) or to a control period (warfarin alone) and then crossed over to the alternative for a further 4-6 months. Serum creatinine levels increased at a similar rate during treatment and control periods of observation. Serum albumin levels increased (p less than 0.05) and urinary protein excretion decreased (p less than 0.01) in association with the CS therapy compared to the control period of observation. No patient had complete resolution of the nephrotic syndrome. In primary FSHS, CS treatment is unlikely to produce complete resolution of nephrotic-range proteinuria but does significantly decrease urinary protein excretion.

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Creatinine; Cyclosporins; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Serum Albumin; Warfarin

We evaluated 246 cases having clinically primary chronic glomerulonephritis and histologically mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis of varying degrees. 190 patients conservatively followed with serial measurements of GFR served as delineating the natural history. The remaining, randomly selected 56 subjects were treated with Dextran sulfate, a mild anticoagulant, for 7 to 56 months (average, 25.4). 55 cases underwent repeated renal biopsy at the mean interval of 3.3 years. It became evident clinically and morphologically that the severity of diffuse mesangial proliferation and the presence of focal and segmental lesions in more than 20% were two critical determinants of the natural history. All cases with mild mesangial proliferative alteration alone survived more than 10 years, but none of the patients with global sclerosis in more than 50% in the initial biopsy did. 10-year survival rates in mild, and moderate or greater mesangial proliferation with the focal-segmental lesions were 45.0% and 19.3%, respectively. In the treated group, renal function improved or was maintained, along with histologic confirmation in some, during the follow-up period. Moreover, the survival rate of subjects with global sclerosis in more than 50% ameliorated beyond the natural history. Thus, Dextran sulfate appeared promising for a possible suppression of the coagulatory process associated with the focal-segmental lesions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticoagulants; Child; Dextran Sulfate; Dextrans; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Male; Prednisolone; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; Warfarin

Fifty-two pairs of patients with idiopathic diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis entered a controlled 3-year prospective trial of a combination regimen of cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole and warfarin. In the treatment group proteinuria decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) and renal function remained stable, but in the control group there was no change in proteinuria and creatinine clearance (Ccr) decreased significantly (p less than 0.01). The time patients with renal impairment in the control group and those in the treatment group took to reach end stage renal failure was significantly different (6.1 years versus 8.9 years, p less than 0.02). Among the patients with IgA nephritis, those in the treatment group (n = 27) had stable renal function and a significant decrease in proteinuria (p less than 0.01) but in the control group (n = 21) there was a significant fall in Ccr (p less than 0.01) and rise in serum creatinine (p less than 0.02) with no change in proteinuria. Among 23 pairs of patients in the study who were matched for renal function and degree of glomerulosclerosis, those in the treatment group had stable renal function and decrease in proteinuria (p less than 0.01) whereas those in the control group had decreased Ccr (p less than 0.01) but no change in proteinuria.

Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Time Factors; Warfarin

A prospective randomized drug trial was carried out on 59 patients with confirmed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). The treatment group (27 patients) received cyclophosphamide, coumadin, and dipyridamole for 18 months, and the control group (32 patients) received no specific therapy. Complications of the renal disease such as hypertension and fluid retention were treated similarly in both groups. Entrance criteria included confirmed renal pathology demonstrating either types I or II MPGN, a corrected creatinine clearance (CCr) of less than 80 ml/min/1.73 m2, and/or proteinuria greater than 2 g/day. Actuarial survival was not different between the treatment and the control groups in either MPGN type and was 85% in type I and 90% in type II at 2 years. The change in renal function, as measured by both the slope of CCr and the plasma creatinine reciprocal (1/Cr) at 6, 12, and 18 months was not significantly different between treatment and control groups in either types I or II when tested by both parametric and nonparametric analysis. The age, sex, and initial level of CCr did not influence the rate of decline. Control and treatment group proteinuria was not different at any time point in either types I or II MPGN. The small numbers of type II MPGN cases do not give sufficient power to allow conclusions regarding this therapy in type II. We can conclude that this treatment is ineffective in altering the natural history of type I MPGN.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Creatinine; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Time Factors; Warfarin

A prospective trial of warfarin and dipyridamole was performed in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Eighteen completed either a control or treatment year, and 13 completed both a control and treatment year. To obviate the bias of excluding control patients who had renal failure after one year, both an unpaired and a paired analysis were performed. The unpaired analysis compared 10 patients followed for an initial control year with eight patients receiving treatment first. Renal function remained stable over the year in the treated group, but worsened in the control group. Slopes of regression lines for reciprocal serum creatinine values were significantly different between groups (p less than 0.025). Urine protein excretion also decreased in the treated group. Four of 10 control patients had a two-fold increase in serum creatinine levels, but no treatment patient did. In the paired crossover analysis, significant differences in renal function were detected between control and treatment years in six patients whose renal function significantly changed over one of the years. In every instance, there was better preservation of renal function in the treatment year. Urinary protein also decreased significantly over the treatment year compared with the control year. Bleeding was the most frequent complication. These data suggest that warfarin and dipyridamole have a beneficial effect on renal function in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Creatinine; Dipyridamole; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Prospective Studies; Warfarin

In 110 patients with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis the treatment (n = 48) with chlorambucil, warfarin, dipyridamol and prednisone (CAA) and the treatment with imuran and prednisone (CP, n = 23) are compared with the conditions of an untreated control group. The CAA-therapy is above all suited for active clinical pictures without sclerosis with short duration of the disease, even when the renal function is already restricted. The CP-therapy is suitable in non-active forms with sclerosis also in a longer duration of the disease.

Topics: Anticoagulants; Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Prednisone; Warfarin

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in 7%-40% of nephrotic patients. The risk of VTE depends on the severity and underlying cause of nephrotic syndrome. This study investigated the use of low-dose prophylactic anticoagulation to prevent VTE in patients with nephrotic syndrome caused by primary glomerulonephritis.. Since 2006, all patients presenting with nephrotic syndrome to Imperial College Kidney and Transplant Centre have been considered for treatment with a novel anticoagulation prophylaxis regimen. All cases of nephrotic syndrome secondary to primary membranous nephropathy, minimal-change disease, and FSGS over a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with serum albumin<2.0 g/dl received prophylactic-dose low-molecular-weight heparin or low-dose warfarin; patients with albumin levels of 2.0-3.0 g/dl received aspirin, 75 mg once daily. All thrombotic events and bleeding complications were recorded.. A total of 143 patients received the prophylactic anticoagulation regimen. Median follow-up was 154 weeks (range, 30-298 weeks). The cohort had features associated with a high risk of developing VTE; 40% of the cohort had an underlying diagnosis of membranous nephropathy, and the initial median serum albumin was 1.5 g/dl (range, 0.5-2.9 g/dl). No VTE occurred in patients established on prophylaxis for at least 1 week. VTE was diagnosed in 2 of 143 patients (1.39%) within the first week after presentation and starting prophylaxis. In both cases, it is unclear whether the thrombus had developed before or after the start of prophylaxis. One of 143 (0.69%) patients receiving prophylaxis was admitted urgently with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Two of 143 patients (1.40%) had elective blood transfusions and procedures to manage occult gastrointestinal bleeding. No other bleeding events occurred in patients receiving prophylaxis.. This regimen of prophylactic antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy appears effective in preventing VTE in nephrotic syndrome, with relatively few hemorrhagic complications.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Aspirin; Biomarkers; Female; Fibrinolytic Agents; Glomerulonephritis; Hemorrhage; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; Humans; London; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrotic Syndrome; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Human; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Venous Thromboembolism; Warfarin; Young Adult

Proliferation of mesangial cells is a hallmark of glomerular disease, and understanding its regulatory mechanism is clinically important. Previously, we demonstrated that the product of growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) stimulates mesangial cell proliferation through binding to its cell-surface receptor Axl in vitro. We also showed that warfarin and the extracellular domain of Axl conjugated with Fc portion of human IgG1 (Axl-Fc) inhibit mesangial cell proliferation by interfering the Gas6/Axl pathway in vitro. In the present study, therefore, we examined in vivo roles of Gas6 and Axl in an experimental model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis induced by the injection of anti-Thy1.1 antibody (Thy1 GN). In Thy1 GN, expression of Gas6 and Axl was markedly increased in glomeruli, and paralleled the progression of mesangial cell proliferation. Administration of warfarin or daily injection of Axl-Fc inhibited mesangial cell proliferation, and abolished the induction of platelet-derived growth factor-B mRNA and protein in Thy1 GN. Moreover, the anti-proliferative effect of warfarin was achieved at lower concentrations than those in routine clinical use. These findings indicate that the Gas6/Axl pathway plays a key role in mesangial cell proliferation in vivo, and could be a potentially important therapeutic target for the treatment of renal disease.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; Cell Division; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glomerular Mesangium; Glomerulonephritis; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Immunoglobulin G; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Oncogene Proteins; Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Thy-1 Antigens; Warfarin

Topics: Cyclophosphamide; Digitalis; Furosemide; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Nephrotic Syndrome; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Prednisolone; Warfarin

Topics: Aged; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Male; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ancrod; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Male; Prednisolone; Warfarin

Topics: Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Time Factors; Warfarin

Topics: Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Nephritis; Nephrosis, Lipoid; Nephrotic Syndrome; Prednisone; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Anticoagulants; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Prednisolone; Warfarin

Crescenteric glomerulonephritis preceded by a streptococcal infection with creatinine clearance CCr of less than 30 ml/minute/1.73 m2 was treated by supportive care plus three months of quintuple therapy (prednisone, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole, and heparin followed by warfarin) in five children (Group A) or by supportive care alone in five others (Group B). Of the glomeruli examined, 69.8 +/- 11.7% (mean +/- SE) in Group A and 64.4 +/- 10.6% in Group B had crescents which involved 54.0 +/- 10.8% and 60.0 +/- 10.5% of glomerular circumference, respectively. Clinical and histologic findings supported a recent streptococcal infection in every patient. Two patients from Group A had mild proteinuria and normal CCr at 12 months; one died abruptly of pulmonary hemorrhage after maintaining a normal CCr for 25 months. Following a second episode of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis seven months after the first, one patient from Group B had persistent mild proteinuria for 41 months and hypertension through 56 months of follow-up. Nine surviving patients have maintained normal CCr for eight to 60 months (mean 29.5 months). The findings of this study suggest that this quintuple therapy offers no advantage over supportive care in the clinical management and outcome of children with severe crescenteric glomerulonephritis when an antecedent streptococcal infection is confirmed by serologic and histopathologic criteria.

Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Prednisone; Streptococcal Infections; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Glomerulonephritis; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Humans; Nephritis; Nephrotic Syndrome; Steroids; Warfarin

10 children with mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis with features associated with a poor prognosis (either crescentic nephritis or a decline in renal function occurring after the initial presentation) were treated with a combination of immunosuppression and anticoagulation using corticosteroids, azathioprine, and heparin followed by warfarin and dipyridamole. Children were followed up for between 2 and 5 years, and at the end of this period 2 had died and 2 had entered the dialysis/transplant programme, but 6 were well (5 with glomerular filtration rates greater than 65 ml/min per 1 x 73 m2). We suggest that these results are sufficiently promising to encourage further trials of this form of treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney; Male; Prednisone; Warfarin

Topics: Blood Platelets; Dipyridamole; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glomerulonephritis; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Transplantation; Postoperative Complications; Renal Artery; Renal Artery Obstruction; Thrombosis; Transplantation, Homologous; Warfarin

Relapsing polychondritis is rare and its cause is unknown. The tissues affected are those with a high glycosaminoglycan content, such as cartilage, the aorta, the sclera and cornea, and parts of the ear. Symptoms can usually be controlled with oral steroids, but when there is coexistent progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis quadruple chemotherapy may be used. Three cases of the clinical syndrome of relapsing polychondritis were studied in which rapidly progressive cresentic glomerulonephritis developed. In two the patients appeared to respond to aggressive treatment with immunosuppressive agents and anticoagulants. The multisystemic nature of the disease, the renal lesions, and the response to treatment all suggested that the condition might be related to periarteritis nodosa.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Polychondritis, Relapsing; Prednisolone; Warfarin

Retroperitoneal bleeding in hemodialysis patients has been rearely reported. The diagnosis of this entity in the nondialysis patient is difficult, and factors such as chronic anemia and hypotensive episodes during hemodialysis are adding difficulty to the early diagnosis and therapeutic approach. A patient receiving long-term hemodialysis anticoagulation therapy had retroperitoneal bleeding and died without having his condition diagnosed: the retroperitoneal bleeding was masked by other events occurring during hemodialysis.

Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Glomerulonephritis; Hematocrit; Hemoperitoneum; Heparin; Humans; Male; Renal Dialysis; Retroperitoneal Space; Warfarin

Two patients developed acute renal failure; creatinine clearances fell to 13 and 34 ml/min, respectively, and one patient was oliguric. Renal biopsies in both patients gave results that were compatible with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Both patients were treated with low-dosage heparin sodium infusion (8,000 units/day) and prednisone for two to four weeks, followed by oral anticoagulant (warfarin) and antithrombotic agents (dipyridamole). In the two patients, creatinine clearance rose to at least 60 ml/min, and no bleeding complications were observed. Repeat renal biopsy specimens that were obtained after three to six months of treatment showed no evidence of active glomerulonephritis in either patient, but there was extensive scarring and fibrosis. Low-dosage heparin infusion may arrest and partially reverse the renal failure associated with RPGN in some cases, while avoiding the bleeding complications that are frequently observed in patients treated with larger dosages of heparin.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fibrin; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Middle Aged; Prednisone; Prothrombin Time; Warfarin

Topics: Anticoagulants; Blood Coagulation Tests; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Kaolin; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticoagulants; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Prednisolone; Renal Dialysis; Warfarin

Topics: Aspirin; Blood Coagulation; Complement System Proteins; Diabetic Nephropathies; Dipyridamole; Fibrin; Fibrinogen; Glomerulonephritis; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Heparin; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Transplantation; Plasminogen; Proteinuria; Thrombosis; Transplantation, Homologous; Uremia; Warfarin

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Anticoagulants; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Female; Fibrin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Middle Aged; Prednisolone; Snake Venoms; Time Factors; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Contusions; Dipyridamole; Drug Interactions; Epistaxis; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenindione; Prothrombin Time; Warfarin

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticoagulants; Australia; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Creatinine; Cyclophosphamide; Dipyridamole; Female; Fibrin; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Middle Aged; Prednisolone; Prognosis; Renal Dialysis; Seasons; Steroids; Warfarin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticoagulants; Azathioprine; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Dipyridamole; Diuresis; Fibrinolytic Agents; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glomerulonephritis; Hemorrhage; Heparin; Humans; Kidney; Middle Aged; Phenindione; Prednisone; Proteinuria; Sulfinpyrazone; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Child; Complement System Proteins; Creatinine; Diuretics; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Nephrotic Syndrome; Prednisone; Prognosis; Warfarin

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Child; Dipyridamole; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Warfarin

Topics: Adolescent; Anticoagulants; Child; Complement System Proteins; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Heparin; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Nephrosis; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria; Purpura; Warfarin

Topics: Animals; Chlorambucil; Ducks; Glomerulonephritis; Heparin; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immune Sera; Immunosuppressive Agents; Rabbits; Rats; Vinblastine; Warfarin

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Blood Coagulation; Electrons; Fibrin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glomerulonephritis; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Pathology; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Research; Warfarin

Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Electrons; Fibrin; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; gamma-Globulins; Glomerulonephritis; Immune Sera; Kidney Glomerulus; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Nephritis; Pathology; Phagocytosis; Rabbits; Research; Sheep; Toxicology; Warfarin