Compounds > platycodin d

Page last updated: 2024-12-08

platycodin d

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Description

platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Platycodon	genus	A plant genus of the family CAMPANULACEAE that contains platycodin and other triterpenoid SAPONINS. It is a constituent of kikyo-to (MEDICINE, KAMPO).[MeSH]	Campanulaceae	A plant family of the order Campanulales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	162859
CHEMBL ID	1641859
CHEBI ID	70436
SCHEMBL ID	23500390
MeSH ID	M0282892

Synonyms (25)

Synonym
platycodin d
C17410
58479-68-8
chebi:70436 ,
CHEMBL1641859
cwj06ta2gi ,
unii-cwj06ta2gi
olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,16,23,24-tetrahydroxy-, o-d-apio-beta-d-furanosyl-(1-3)-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-o-6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1-2)-l-arabinopyranosyl ester, (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-
S9304
platycodin-d
platycodin d [inci]
singleex platycodin d 98
platycodind
AC-34319
Q-100670
SCHEMBL23500390
mfcd09952590
AKOS037514784
Q15425261
BS-14123
HMS3887G11
CS-0016836
HY-N1411
CCG-270661
DTXSID901021773

Research Excerpts

Overview

Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpenoid saponin, extracted from the roots of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. It is effective against various human cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platycodin D is a promising monomer for therapy of PTC, providing references for future research on PTC treatment."	( Platycodin D inhibits the malignant progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by NF-κB and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of pembrolizumab. Deng, B; Sun, M, 2022)	2.89
"Platycodin D is a major constituent in the root of "	( Platycodin D Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis by Blocking the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and the Production of Interleukin-8. An, SE; Chung, WY; Jung, MJ; Kim, KR; Lee, SK; Park, J; Park, KK; Son, JA; Son, SH; Yang, HJ, 2022)	3.61
"Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpenoid saponin, a major bioactive constituent of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, which is well known for possessing various pharmacological properties. "	( Induction of apoptosis through inactivation of ROS-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by platycodin D in human bladder urothelial carcinoma cells. Cha, HJ; Chang, YC; Choi, YH; Han, M; Hong, SH; Hyun, JW; Jeong, JW; Kim, GY; Kim, HS; Lee, H; Leem, SH; Park, C; Song, KS, 2022)	2.38
"Platycodin D (PD) is a major bioactive component of Platycodon grandiflorum, a medicinal herb that is widely used in China, and is effective against various human cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). "	( Platycodin D suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion of human glioblastoma cells through regulation of Skp2. Li, H; Liu, R; Ouyang, J, 2023)	3.8
"Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpenoid saponin, extracted from the roots of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A."	( Platycodin D induces apoptotic cell death through PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways and synergizes with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia. Jiang, L; Jiang, X; Li, Y; Lin, Y; Lu, Y; Pei, R; Ye, P; Zhao, M, 2023)	3.07
"Platycodin D (PTD) is an oleanane-type terpenoid saponin, isolated from the plant Platycodon grandiflorus. "	( Proposed mechanisms for the extracellular release of PD-L1 by the anticancer saponin platycodin D. Bailly, C; Vergoten, G, 2020)	2.22
"Platycodin D (PD) is a major constituent of Platycodon grandiflorum and has multiple functions in disease control. "	( Suppressive effect of platycodin D on bladder cancer through microRNA-129-5p-mediated PABPC1/PI3K/AKT axis inactivation. Chen, D; Chen, T; Dong, L; Guo, Y; Lu, C; Wang, C, 2021)	2.38
"Platycodin D (PLD) is a saponin found in Platycodon grandiflorum, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. "	( Anti-inflammatory effects of Platycodin D on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis and E. coli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation. Guo, R; Li, F; Meng, Q; Wang, B, 2021)	2.36
"Platycodin D is an active component isolated from Chinese herb Platycodonis radix with various pharmacological activities, such as antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. "	( Investigation of the Inhibitory Effect of Platycodin D in Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma Cell Line 5637. Gao, S; Li, XG; Sun, S; Yang, WS, 2021)	2.33
"Platycodin D (PD) is an active natural saponin that possesses strong anti-oxidant activity."	( Platycodin D inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Che, J; Shi, G; Tang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, H, 2018)	2.64
"Platycodin D (PLD) is a triterpenoid saponin that exhibits antioxidant properties."	( Platycodin D protects cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Guo, H; Wang, G; Wang, X, 2019)	2.68
"Platycodin D (PLD) is a triterpenoid saponin that exerts anti-tumour activity through multiple mechanisms."	( Platycodin D inhibits proliferation, migration and induces chemosensitization through inactivation of the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in multiple myeloma cells. Chen, Y; Ma, H; Wang, M; Wu, D; Zhang, W, 2019)	2.68
"Platycodin D (PD) is an active component mainly isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. "	( Platycodin D inhibits tumor growth by antiangiogenic activity via blocking VEGFR2-mediated signaling pathway. Chen, HZ; Fang, C; Gao, YG; Guan, YY; Liu, HJ; Liu, YR; Lu, Q; Luan, X; Xu, JR; Zhao, M, 2014)	3.29
"Platycodin D is a major pharmacological constituent of Platycodi Radix with immunomodulatory activity. "	( Protective effect of platycodin D on liver injury in alloxan-induced diabetic mice via regulation of Treg/Th17 balance. Chen, T; Chen, Y; Gao, J; Ji, H; Ji, J; Lan, L; Wang, S; Wei, Y; Wu, H; Xiang, P; Xiao, W; Xie, P; Yan, T, 2015)	2.18
"Platycodin D (PD) is a major constituent of triterpene saponins found in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. "	( Platycodin D induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells. Choi, BT; Choi, YH; Kang, HS; Kim, GY; Kim, MO; Lee, JD; Li, W; Moon, DO; Shin, DY, 2008)	3.23

Effects

Platycodin D (PLD) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. It has been shown to fight cancer by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platycodin D(PD) has a significantly inhibitory effect on multiple malignant tumors, and can inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells K562 and induce apoptosis. "	( [Inhibitory effect and mechanism of platycodin D combined with imatinib on K562/R]. Dai, Q; Ge, YQ, 2018)	2.2
"Platycodin D has been reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-stress properties in various diseases."	( Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by Platycodin D via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway contributes to attenuation of lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury in rats. Huang, D; Pei, C; Wang, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Xiao, W, 2021)	1.62
"Platycodin D (PLD) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects."	( Platycodin D protects against cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice. Gao, W; Guo, Y; Yang, H, 2017)	2.62
"Platycodin D(PD) has a significantly inhibitory effect on multiple malignant tumors, and can inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells K562 and induce apoptosis. "	( [Inhibitory effect and mechanism of platycodin D combined with imatinib on K562/R]. Dai, Q; Ge, YQ, 2018)	2.2
"Platycodin D has been shown to fight cancer by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy and inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple signalling pathways which are frequently deregulated in cancers suggesting that this multi-target activity rather than a single effect may play an important role in developing platycodin D into potential anti-cancer drug."	( Killing cancer with platycodin D through multiple mechanisms. Khan, M; Ma, T; Maryam, A; Mehmood, T; Zhang, H, 2016)	1.48
"Platycodin D (PD) has been reported to control obesity in vivo. "	( Platycodin D inhibits lipogenesis through AMPKα-PPARγ2 in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice. Kang, M; Kim, YS; Lee, EJ, 2012)	3.26

Actions

Platycodin D promotes apoptosis in PTC cells. Could activate inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase (IKK)-beta.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platycodin D promotes apoptosis in PTC cells."	( Platycodin D inhibits the malignant progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by NF-κB and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of pembrolizumab. Deng, B; Sun, M, 2022)	2.89
"Platycodin D could activate inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase (IKK)-beta in the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation of upstream level, but not IKK-alpha."	( Platycodin D-induced apoptosis through nuclear factor-kappaB activation in immortalized keratinocytes. Ahn, KS; Hahn, BS; Kim, YS; Kwack, K; Lee, EB, 2006)	2.5

Treatment

Platycodin D treatment significantly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to collagen, ADP, arachidonic acid and epinephrine. Treatment with platy codin D also resulted in a reduction of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)gamma expression.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Platycodin D treatment significantly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to collagen, ADP, arachidonic acid and epinephrine, reduced platelet P-selectin expression, integrin α"	( Platycodin D inhibits platelet function and thrombus formation through inducing internalization of platelet glycoprotein receptors. Chen, C; Cheng, H; Ju, W; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Luo, Q; Qi, K; Qiao, J; Sun, Z; Tang, K; Wei, G; Wu, X; Wu, Y; Xu, K; Xu, M; Yan, Z; Zeng, L; Zhu, F, 2018)	3.37
"Treatment with platycodin D also resulted in a reduction of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)gamma expression and its binding to target DNA sequence."	( Platycodin D inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells by modulating Kruppel-like factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Chung, SI; Kang, R; Kim, YS; Lee, H; Yoon, Y, 2010)	2.14

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cisplatin, a proven effective chemotherapeutic agent, has been used clinically to treat malignant solid tumors, whereas its clinical use is limited by serious side effect including nephrotoxicity."	( Platycodin D suppresses cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing ROS-mediated oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation in HEK-293 cells. Hu, JN; Leng, J; Li, HP; Li, W; Li, XD; Liu, Y; Shen, Q; Wang, SH; Wang, YP; Wang, Z, 2021)	2.06

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of platycodin D (PD) in rat plasma, and to acquire the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PD after oral administration of pure PD or of Platycodi Radix extract (PRE) containing PD."	( An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Cai, F; Chen, WS; Gao, SH; Jiang, B; Sun, LN; Zhan, Q; Zhang, F, 2014)	0.89
"The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract."	( An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Cai, F; Chen, WS; Gao, SH; Jiang, B; Sun, LN; Zhan, Q; Zhang, F, 2014)	0.65
"In the comparative pharmacokinetic study, the concentrations of PD and DPD in Jiegeng extract (JE) and the Jiegeng-Gancao herb pair (JGHP) were determined in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)."	( Effects of Gancao on pharmacokinetic profiles of platycodin D and deapio-platycodin D in Jiegeng. Di, LQ; Du, LN; Kang, A; Shan, JJ; Shen, CS; Wang, SC; Xie, T; Xu, JY; Zhou, W; Zou, JS, 2015)	0.67
"The peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) of PD in rats orally administrated JGHP significantly increased compared to that in rats treated with JE."	( Effects of Gancao on pharmacokinetic profiles of platycodin D and deapio-platycodin D in Jiegeng. Di, LQ; Du, LN; Kang, A; Shan, JJ; Shen, CS; Wang, SC; Xie, T; Xu, JY; Zhou, W; Zou, JS, 2015)	0.67
"In this study, we discovered that Gancao might influence the pharmacokinetic profiles of PD and DPD in Jiegeng."	( Effects of Gancao on pharmacokinetic profiles of platycodin D and deapio-platycodin D in Jiegeng. Di, LQ; Du, LN; Kang, A; Shan, JJ; Shen, CS; Wang, SC; Xie, T; Xu, JY; Zhou, W; Zou, JS, 2015)	0.67
" Furthermore, Caco-2 cell transport and fecal hydrolysis were investigated to explain the altered pharmacokinetic properties."	( Influence of Jiegeng on Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavonoids and Saponins in Gancao. Di, L; Ji, J; Kang, A; Mao, Y; Peng, L; Shan, J; Shen, C; Wu, H; Xie, T; Xu, J, 2017)	0.46

Compound-Compound Interactions

Platycodin D has inhibitory effects of curcumenol or osthole on proliferation of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In combination with Ophiopogon total saponins and each ingredient used alone (P<0.1)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To investigate the effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs under different therapeutic principles on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines."	( [Effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines]. Guo, BF; Han, XH; Liu, S; Ye, YY, 2012)	1.05
"Verifying study showed that the inhibitory effects of platycodin D in combination with curcumenol or osthole on proliferation of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were better than those of platycodin D in combination with Ophiopogon total saponins and each ingredient used alone (P<0."	( [Effects of platycodin D in combination with different active ingredients of Chinese herbs on proliferation and invasion of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines]. Guo, BF; Han, XH; Liu, S; Ye, YY, 2012)	1.01
" To investigate the effect and mechanism of PD alone or combined with imatinib (IM) in inhibiting CML imatinib resistant cell line K562/R, the cell proliferation was examined by CCK8 assay to reveal the effect of PD on the inhibitory function of imatinib."	( [Inhibitory effect and mechanism of platycodin D combined with imatinib on K562/R]. Dai, Q; Ge, YQ, 2018)	0.76

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The absolute oral bioavailability of PD in rats was found to be (0."	( An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Cai, F; Chen, WS; Gao, SH; Jiang, B; Sun, LN; Zhan, Q; Zhang, F, 2014)	0.65
"The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract."	( An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Cai, F; Chen, WS; Gao, SH; Jiang, B; Sun, LN; Zhan, Q; Zhang, F, 2014)	0.65
" Pharmacokinetics results suggested that the bioavailability of liquiritin, isoliquiritin, glycyrrhizin and its metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid, could be improved while bioavailability of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin deteriorated when co-administered with Jiegeng."	( Influence of Jiegeng on Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavonoids and Saponins in Gancao. Di, L; Ji, J; Kang, A; Mao, Y; Peng, L; Shan, J; Shen, C; Wu, H; Xie, T; Xu, J, 2017)	0.46
" Studies have suggested that platycodin D (PD), one of the main active ingredients in Platycodon grandiflorum, has high bioavailability and significantly mitigates the progress of NAFLD, but the underlying mechanism of this is still unclear."	( Investigating the Protective Effects of Platycodin D on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Palmitic Acid-Induced In Vitro Model. Chen, Y; Chu, R; Fan, J; Li, N; Wang, G; Wang, J; Wen, X; Xing, Y, 2022)	1.28
"The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in understanding the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as it could transform the herbal ingredients to metabolites with higher bioavailability and activity comparing to their prototypes."	( The activities and mechanisms of intestinal microbiota metabolites of TCM herbal ingredients could be illustrated by a strategy integrating spectrum-effects, network pharmacology, metabolomics and molecular docking analysis: Platycodin D as an example. He, JW; Huang, HL; Liang, J; Liu, FY; Peng, YM; Qin, Q; Wang, YJ; Zeng, JX; Zhang, SW; Zhang, T; Zhang, XY; Zhong, GY; Zhong, YH, 2023)	1.09
"The proposed strategy paves a new way for the illustration of the activities and mechanisms of TCM herbal ingredients, which is very important to reconcile the conundrums of TCM herbal ingredients with low oral bioavailability but high activity."	( The activities and mechanisms of intestinal microbiota metabolites of TCM herbal ingredients could be illustrated by a strategy integrating spectrum-effects, network pharmacology, metabolomics and molecular docking analysis: Platycodin D as an example. He, JW; Huang, HL; Liang, J; Liu, FY; Peng, YM; Qin, Q; Wang, YJ; Zeng, JX; Zhang, SW; Zhang, T; Zhang, XY; Zhong, GY; Zhong, YH, 2023)	1.09

Dosage Studied

Platycodi radix extract standardized to platycodin D inhibited angiogenesis in human volunteers, and paves the way for a dose-response study and a human clinical obesity trial.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Platycodi radix extract standardized to platycodin D inhibited angiogenesis in human volunteers, and paves the way for a dose-response study and a human clinical obesity trial."	( Pharmacokinetic pilot study of the antiangiogenic activity of standardized platycodi radix. Gimble, J; Greenway, F; Liu, Z; Twiner, EM; Yu, Y, 2011)	0.64

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
triterpenoid saponin	A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a triterpenoid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (4)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID549976	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT15 cells after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells.
AID549977	Antiproliferative activity against human MESSA cells after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells.
AID549978	Antiproliferative activity against human MESSA/DX5 cells after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells.
AID549975	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT15/CL02 cells after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (142)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	2 (1.41)	18.2507
2000's	22 (15.49)	29.6817
2010's	77 (54.23)	24.3611
2020's	41 (28.87)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 35.22

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	35.22 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.98 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	5.84 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	45.55 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (35.22)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (0.70%)	5.53%
Reviews	5 (3.50%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	137 (95.80%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	7.41	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	7.11	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.42	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.17	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
baclofen [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	1.99	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.11	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.21	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	1.99	1	0	benzoate ester
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.99	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	7.11	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.25	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.01	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.07	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.01	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.04	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	7.48	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.47	7	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.81	3	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	1.99	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.07	1	0
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.05	1	0	aluminium sulfate
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.44	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
etoposide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.25	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.15	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.07	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	2.15	1	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.17	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	1.99	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.6	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
taiwanin c taiwanin C: were isolated from the root of Acanthopanax chiisanensis; structure in first source. taiwanin C : A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(8H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It is a naturally occurring lignan extracted from Taiwania cryptomerioides and found to be a potential inhibitor of COX2 expression.	2.04	1	0	benzodioxoles; furonaphthodioxole; lignan	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
prosapogenin prosapogenin: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	7.04	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.04	1	0
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.15	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.47	2	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.01	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
quercetin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.96	4	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.6	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
tectoridin tectoridin: glycosylated tectorigenin. tectoridin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
tectorigenin tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; methoxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.01	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
neoisoliquiritin neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available	2.15	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.01	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.11	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
everolimus [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
beta-escin [no description available]	10.1	134	1
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	1.99	1	0
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.1	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.41	1	0
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.48	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.58	2	0
platycoside e platycoside E: triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum; structure in first source	3.22	5	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
ether platycodin D3: from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae); structure in first source	3.31	6	0
curcumenol curcumenol: from Echinacea; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.07	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.41	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.89	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.64	8	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.64	8	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.64	8	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.64	8	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	3.01	3	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.76	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.44	6	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.88	3	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.44	6	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	3.52	4	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.41	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.53	6	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.6	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	3.53	6	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.6	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.88	3	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.88	3	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.6	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.9	2	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	7.59	2	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.53	2	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.53	2	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.6	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.6	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.6	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.6	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.53	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.25	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.31	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.31	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.51	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.58	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.94	4	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.15	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.45	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.17	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.46	7	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	7.17	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.52	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.17	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.54	2	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.17	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	9.37	4	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.5	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.21	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.21	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.47	7	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.08	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.11	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.11	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.11	1	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.04	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.45	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.13	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.44	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.05	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.05	1	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	2.05	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.48	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.07	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.07	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.07	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.08	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.02	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.03	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.03	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.95	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.44	2	0

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