warfarin and Varicose-Ulcer

Hypercoagulable states (HS) are inherited or acquired conditions that predispose an individual to venous and/or arterial thrombosis. The dermatologist can play a vital role in diagnosing a patient's HS by recognizing the associated cutaneous manifestations, such as purpura, purpura fulminans, livedo reticularis, livedo vasculopathy (atrophie blanche), anetoderma, chronic venous ulcers, and superficial venous thrombosis. The cutaneous manifestations of HS are generally nonspecific, but identification of an abnormal finding can warrant a further workup for an underlying thrombophilic disorder. This review will focus on the basic science of hemostasis, the evaluation of HS, the skin manifestations associated with hypercoagulability, and the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in dermatology.

Topics: Anetoderma; Anticoagulants; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Calciphylaxis; Hemostasis; Heparin; Humans; Livedo Reticularis; Necrosis; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Purpura; Skin; Skin Diseases; Thrombophilia; Varicose Ulcer; Venous Thrombosis; Warfarin

Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the long-term sequelae of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). PTS clinical manifestations include chronic leg pain, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis and ulcers. The objective of this study is to determine in patients with documented history of thrombophilias and DVT whether the number of previous thrombotic events and optimal anticoagulation therapy are associated with the time to venous ulcer healing following the start of compression therapy.. Retrospective analysis performed in thrombophilic patients under the age of 50 years old with chronic venous ulcers secondary to DVT at the wound clinic in the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition 'Salvador Zubirán ' in Mexico City. Variables such as the number or episodes of thrombotic events, type of hypercoagulable disorder, optimal anticoagulation therapy with Warfarin monitored by therapeutic International Normalised Ratio (INR) (2-3) and compliance to compression therapy were examined. Patients that underwent superficial or perforator vein interruption or endovascular recanalisation of deep veins were excluded from the study.. From a database of 29 patients with chronic venous ulcers followed in our clinic from January 1992 to September 2012, only 13 patients (61% female) met the inclusion criteria. Mean age±standard deviation (SD) was 32±12 years old. Of these, seven (54%) patients with suboptimal INR presented with an average of two previous thrombotic events and the remaining six (46%) patients with optimal INR only one event (p=0.28), the mean time to the clinical manifestation of a venous ulcer after the first episode of DVT was 39 months (range: 12-72) for patients with suboptimal INR and 82 months (range: 12-216) for those with optimal anticoagulation therapy (p=0.11). During the mean follow-up period of 52 months, all patients in optimal anticoagulation healed their ulcer; their mean time for wound healing was 44 months (range: 4-102). In the suboptimal INR group, only four healed the ulcers with an mean of 72 months (range: 2-204) (p=0.94).. There seems to be an association between an optimal anticoagulation therapy with Warfarin monitored by INR and wound healing rates in thrombophilic patients with chronic venous ulcers. Further research is warranted.. The authors have no conflict of interest.

Topics: Adult; Anticoagulants; Chronic Disease; Compression Bandages; Female; Humans; International Normalized Ratio; Male; Middle Aged; Postthrombotic Syndrome; Retrospective Studies; Varicose Ulcer; Warfarin; Wound Healing

Refluxing perforators contribute to venous ulceration. We sought to describe patient characteristics and procedural factors that (1) impact rates of incompetent perforator vein (IPV) thrombosis with ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy (UGS) and (2) impact the healing of venous ulcers (CEAP 6) without axial reflux.. A retrospective review of UGS of IPV injections from January 2010 to November 2012 identified 73 treated venous ulcers in 62 patients. Patients had no other superficial or axial reflux and were treated with standard wound care and compression. Ultrasound imaging was used to screen for refluxing perforators near ulcer(s). These were injected with sodium tetradecyl sulfate or polidocanol foam and assessed for thrombosis at 2 weeks. Demographic data, comorbidities, treatment details, and outcomes were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable modeling was performed to determine covariates predicting IPV thrombosis and ulcer healing.. There were 62 patients (55% male; average age, 57.1 years) with active ulcers for an average of 28 months with compression therapy before perforator treatment, and 36% had a history of deep venous thrombosis and 30% had deep venous reflux. At a mean follow-up of 30.2 months, ulcers healed in 32 patients (52%) and did not heal in 30 patients (48%). Ulcers were treated with 189 injections, with an average thrombosis rate of 54%. Of 73 ulcers, 43 ulcers (59%) healed, and 30 (41%) did not heal. The IPV thrombosis rate was 69% in patients whose ulcers healed vs 38% in patients whose ulcers did not heal (P < .001). Multivariate models demonstrated male gender (P = .03) and warfarin use (P = .01) negatively predicted thrombosis of IPVs. A multivariate model for ulcer healing found complete IPV thrombosis was a positive predictor (P = .02), whereas a large initial ulcer area was a negative predictor (P = .08). Increased age was associated with fewer ulcer recurrences (P = .05). Predictors of increased ulcer recurrences were hypertension (P = .04) and increased follow-up time (P = .02). Calf vein thrombosis occurred after 3% (six of 189) of injections.. Thrombosis of IPVs with UGS increases venous ulcer healing in a difficult patient population. Complete closure of all IPVs in an ulcerated limb was the only predictor of ulcer healing. Men and patients taking warfarin have decreased rates of IPV thrombosis with UGS.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Polidocanol; Polyethylene Glycols; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sclerosing Solutions; Sclerotherapy; Sex Factors; Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Varicose Ulcer; Venous Thrombosis; Warfarin; Wound Healing; Young Adult

The subgroup of patients with venous ulcers requiring anticoagulation for co-morbid conditions has traditionally created a therapeutic dilemma. Perioperative management of anticoagulation can be costly and increase the risk of surgical complications. This group of patients is often elderly and shows poor compliance with compression hosiery. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in patients remaining on therapeutic anticoagulation.. Fifteen consecutive patients (CEAP [clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological elements] classification 5 or 6) were treated with standard GSV EVLA using tumescent anaesthesia and a diode 1470-nm radial laser fibre while maintaining international normalized ratio at therapeutic levels. Clinical and duplex follow-up at six weeks and three, six and 12 months were performed.. The GSV was successfully occluded in 14/15 (93%) of patients. The remaining patient had a second successful treatment three months later. No significant complications requiring intervention were encountered.. EVLA using the diode 1470-nm radial fibre is efficacious with minimal complications in patients therapeutically anticoagulated. This treatment should be added to the armamentarium in this problematic patient group.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Humans; Laser Therapy; Lasers, Semiconductor; Male; Middle Aged; Perioperative Care; Prospective Studies; Varicose Ulcer; Warfarin

Topics: Aged; Anticoagulants; Female; Humans; Protein S; Protein S Deficiency; Recurrence; Thrombophlebitis; Varicose Ulcer; Warfarin