Compounds > isosilybin a
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

isosilybin a

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

isosilybin A: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID11059920
CHEMBL ID592676
SCHEMBL ID20152105
MeSH IDM0514069

Synonyms (26)

Synonym
isosilybin a
isosilibinin a
CHEMBL592676
142796-21-2
(2r,3r)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2r,3r)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl]-4-chromanone
isosilybin a [mi]
isosilybin a (constituent of milk thistle) [dsc]
silybin b2
hhn3q9h3dk ,
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-((2r,3r)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3,5,7-trihydroxy-, (2r,3r)-
iso-silybin a
unii-hhn3q9h3dk
DTXSID20453675
(2r,3r)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2r,3r)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one
SCHEMBL20152105
CS-0101837
HY-N7043
Q27279939
(2r,3r)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-((2r,3r)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)chroman-4-one
MS-28966
bdbm50526629
E88732
isosilybin a + b
isosilybin a (constituent of milk thistle)
7-(4-bromobenzoyl)isosilybin a
AKOS040760487

Research Excerpts

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Isosilybin A treatment also decreased the AR and PSA level in 22Rv1, LAPC4, and LNCaP cells."( Isosilybin A induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells via targeting Akt, NF-κB, and androgen receptor signaling.
Agarwal, R; Deep, G; Gangar, SC; Kroll, DJ; Oberlies, NH, 2010)		2.52

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Additionally, the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after the subjects were administered one capsule three times daily for 28 consecutive days."( An assessment of pharmacokinetics and antioxidant activity of free silymarin flavonolignans in healthy volunteers: a dose escalation study.
Bernstein, HJ; Brinda, BJ; Chavin, KD; Markowitz, JS; Patrick, KS; Zhu, HJ, 2013)		0.39
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusIC50 (µMol)9.40000.03403.987110.0000AID1603425; AID1603430
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusKi6.72500.00063.28838.8900AID1603426; AID1603428; AID1603431; AID1603433
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Polyphenol oxidase 2Agaricus bisporusKis16.35002.90005.33008.8500AID1603429; AID1603434
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (55)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID462345Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 3 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462340Toxicity in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation at 3 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by WST8 dye reduction assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1129261Agonist activity at human PPAR-gamma expressed in HEK293 cells at 30 ug/ml after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay in presence of T00709072014Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4
Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
AID1603440Binding affinity to mushroom tyrosinase assessed as binding constant by fluorescence spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID755106Inhibition of CYP2C9 in human liver microsomes using (S)-warfarin as substrate after 30 mins2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle.
AID462353Effect on tyrosinase mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as tyrosinase mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 1 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1239598Disruption of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 after 24 hrs by microtiter plate assay2015Journal of natural products, Aug-28, Volume: 78, Issue:8
Hydnocarpin-Type Flavonolignans: Semisynthesis and Inhibitory Effects on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation.
AID462350Effect on tyrosinase mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as tyrosinase mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 3 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462354Effect on tyrosinase mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as tyrosinase mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 10 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1239597Toxicity in Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth2015Journal of natural products, Aug-28, Volume: 78, Issue:8
Hydnocarpin-Type Flavonolignans: Semisynthesis and Inhibitory Effects on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation.
AID1603431Mixed type inhibition of diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as reduction in dopachrome formation using L-DOPA substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry based Dixon plot analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462333Inhibition of theophylline-stimulated melanogenesis in mouse B16-4A5 cells at 30 uM after 72 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462347Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 30 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603428Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as inhibition constant for free enzyme-inhibitor complex by measuring reduction in dopachrome formation using L-Tyrosine substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID1214760Inhibition of OATP2B1 (unknown origin) expressed in MDCK2 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]estrone-3-sulfate uptake at 10 uM after 3 mins by beta-counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5
Interaction of silymarin flavonolignans with organic anion-transporting polypeptides.
AID755105Inhibition of CYP3A4/5 in human intestinal microsomes using midazolam as substrate after 4 mins2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle.
AID1129264Reduction of pioglitazone-mediated human PPAR-gamma activation expressed in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4
Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
AID462344Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 1 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462342Toxicity in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation at 30 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by WST8 dye reduction assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID755108Antiviral activity against HCV JFH-1 infected in human Huh7.5.1 cells assessed as viral core protein expression at 6.2 to 62.1 uM after 72 hrs by Western blot analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle.
AID462336Inhibition of theophylline-stimulated melanogenesis in mouse B16-4A5 cells at 1 uM after 72 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603437Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as reduction in steady state rate monophenolase activity for oxidation of L-tyrosine substrate at 0.5 to 16 uM by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID755112Cytotoxicity against human Huh7.5.1 cells after 72 hrs2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle.
AID1129260Agonist activity at human PPAR-gamma expressed in HEK293 cells at 30 ug/ml after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2014Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4
Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
AID1603429Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as inhibition constant for enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex by measuring reduction in dopachrome formation using L-Tyrosine substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462341Toxicity in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation at 10 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by WST8 dye reduction assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603436Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as lag time period of monophenolase for oxidation of L-tyrosine substrate at 16 uM by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (Rvb = 60 secs)2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID1603426Mixed type inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as reduction in dopachrome formation using L-Tyrosine substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry based Dixon plot analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID1603433Inhibition of diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as inhibition constant for free enzyme-inhibitor complex by measuring reduction in dopachrome formation using L-DOPA substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462359Effect on TRP1 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP1 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 30 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1129263Transactivation of human PPAR-gamma expressed in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2014Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4
Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
AID1603435Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as increase in lag period of monophenolase for oxidation of L-tyrosine substrate at 0.5 to 16 uM by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID1603430Inhibition of diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as reduction in dopachrome formation using L-DOPA substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462355Effect on tyrosinase mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as tyrosinase mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 30 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1239596Inhibition of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 after 24 hrs by microtiter plate assay2015Journal of natural products, Aug-28, Volume: 78, Issue:8
Hydnocarpin-Type Flavonolignans: Semisynthesis and Inhibitory Effects on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation.
AID462362Effect on TRP2 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP2 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 10 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603438Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as reduction in N-acetyl-L-dopaquinone formation at 25 uM using N-acetyl-L-tyrosine substrate incubated up to 60 mins by HPLC analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462335Inhibition of theophylline-stimulated melanogenesis in mouse B16-4A5 cells at 3 uM after 72 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603425Inhibition of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as reduction in dopachrome formation using L-Tyrosine substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462363Effect on TRP2 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP2 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 30 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462356Effect on TRP1 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP1 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 1 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462348Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 100 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1214758Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]estradiol-17beta-glucuronide uptake at 10 uM after 3 mins by beta-counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5
Interaction of silymarin flavonolignans with organic anion-transporting polypeptides.
AID462358Effect on TRP1 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP1 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 10 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462360Effect on TRP2 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP2 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 1 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462361Effect on TRP2 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP2 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 3 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462339Toxicity in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation at 1 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by WST8 dye reduction assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603439Binding affinity to mushroom tyrosinase assessed as Stern-Volmer quenching constant by fluorescence spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID1603441Binding affinity to mushroom tyrosinase by fluorescence spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462357Effect on TRP1 mRNA expression in mouse B16-4A5 cells assessed as TRP1 mRNA/beta-actin mRNA expression ratio at 3 uM in presence of 1 mM theophylline after 72 hrs by RT-PCR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462346Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 10 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462334Inhibition of theophylline-stimulated melanogenesis in mouse B16-4A5 cells at 10 uM after 72 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID462367Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as inhibition of melanin production from dopachrome by autoxidation at 100 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
AID1603434Inhibition of diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase assessed as inhibition constant for enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex by measuring reduction in dopachrome formation using L-DOPA substrate by UV-Vis spectrophotometry2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Tyrosinase inhibitory study of flavonolignans from the seeds of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle).
AID462338Inhibition of theophylline-stimulated melanogenesis in mouse B16-4A5 cells after 72 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (24)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's3 (12.50)29.6817
2010's20 (83.33)24.3611
2020's1 (4.17)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 19.15

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index19.15 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.30 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.82 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index15.26 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (19.15)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (4.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other24 (96.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.0510catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0510benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0510acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		3.4811purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.0810amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.0810dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.51204-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.4811imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.110aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0810primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.4811N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
4-anisic acid
4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.		2.0510methoxybenzoic acidplant metabolite
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0510methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		2.0510dihydroxybenzaldehyde
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.1310flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
silybin
silibinin : A flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.		7.9940aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
flavonolignan;
polyphenol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.1110cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
aromadedrin
aromadedrin: inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol. (+)-dihydrokaempferol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.		2.51204'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetrahydroxyflavanone		metabolite
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.1310
lariciresinol
lariciresinol: found in human urine. (+)-lariciresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2S,3R,4R-diastereomer).		2.0510aromatic ether;
lignan;
oxolanes;
phenols;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.0510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		3.0240taxifolinmetabolite
eriodictyol
eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0510beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
silychristin
silychristin : A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activities against lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase.		3.73901-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
flavonolignan;
polyphenol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0510cinnamic acidplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0810resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0510ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.1110chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
t 0070907
T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source		2.110carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
silybin
[no description available]		2.5520
3-hydroxyflavanone
3-hydroxyflavanone: structure in first source. 3'-hydroxyflavanone : A monohydroxyflavanone in which the hydroxy group is located at position 3'.		2.07103'-hydroxyflavanones;
monohydroxyflavanone		metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.49207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.05103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
coniferaldehyde
coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0510cinnamaldehydes;
guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.0510disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.0810F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.48116-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
2,3-dehydrosilybin
dehydrosilybin: inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 catalytic activity; structure in first source		2.1710flavonolignan
isosilybin b
[no description available]		3.1950
(+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol
(+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol : A dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol that has (2S,3R)-configuration. A natural product isolated from several plant species including Allium sativum and Codonopsis pilosula.		2.0510dehydrodiconiferyl alcoholantioxidant;
plant metabolite
silidianin
[no description available]		3.5170
balanophonin
balanophonin: from fruit wall of Cirsium vulgare; structure in first source		2.0510
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0510benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		10.44131
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.0810
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.0810
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.110
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		03.360
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		03.360