warfarin and coumatetralyl

The occurrence of 10 commonly used anticoagulant rodenticides in centrifuged sludge of 27 wastewater treatment plants was evaluated using solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Activated carbon, alumina, and Florisil cartridges with methanol/dichloromethane as eluting solvents were tested in combination with primary-secondary amine (PSA) to optimize an efficient sample cleanup. PSA in combination with Florisil was the best methodology to extract anticoagulant rodenticides in sludge providing recoveries between 42 ± 0.5 and 100 ± 2 %. Warfarin, bromadiolone, ferulenol, and coumachlor were the most ubiquitous compounds in sludge at concentrations up to 84.2 ng g(-1) for the latter. Coumatetralyl, dicoumarol, and brodifacoum were detected sporadically at levels between 6.1 and 17.4 ng g(-1). On the contrary, acenocoumarol, difenacoum, and flocoumafen were not detected in any sample. Finally, we estimated the amount of anticoagulant rodenticides discharged via sludge in order to determine the potential impact to agricultural soil according to different sludge usage practices in the region investigated. This study demonstrates that anticoagulant rodenticides are accumulated in sludge during activated sludge treatment and that the application of sludge as fertilizers may pose a future environmental risk, if not controlled.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Anticoagulants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumarins; Rodenticides; Sewage; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Warfarin; Wastewater

Anticoagulants are biocides widely used as pest control agents in agriculture, urban infrastructures, and domestic applications for the control of rodents. Other anticoagulants such as warfarin and acenocoumarol are also used as drugs against thrombosis. After use, anticoagulants are discharged to sewage grids and enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Our hypothesis is that WWTP effluents can be a source of anticoagulants to receiving waters and that these can affect aquatic organisms and other nontarget species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of 11 anticoagulants in WWTPs receiving urban and agricultural wastewaters. Warfarin was the most ubiquitous compound detected in influent waters and was partially eliminated during the activated sludge treatment, and low nanograms per liter concentration were found in the effluents. Other detected compounds were coumatetralyl, ferulenol, acenocoumarol, flocoumafen, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difenacoum at concentrations of 0.86-87.0 ng L(-1). Considering water volumes of each WWTP, daily emissions were estimated to be 0.02 to 21.8 g day(-1), and thus, WWTPs contribute to the loads of anticoagulants to receiving waters. However, low aquatic toxicity was observed using Daphnia magna as a model aquatic organism.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Anticoagulants; Daphnia; Environment; Risk Assessment; Rodenticides; Sewage; Spain; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Warfarin; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical

A high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS-MS) method was developed and validated to determine simultaneously coumafuryl and coumateralyl in animal tissues using warfarin as an internal standard (IS). Animal tissue samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned by Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. After pretreatment, the separation was performed on a XDB C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase of acetic acid-ammonium acetate (5 mmol l(-1), pH = 4.5)/methanol (30:70, v/v). Detection was carried out on a mass spectrometer by negative electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The calibration curves were linear (r(2) > 0.998) in the concentration range 0.75-100.0 ng g(-1) with a lower limit of quantification of 0.75 ng g(-1) for coumafuryl, and 0.5 ng g(-1) for coumateralyl in liver and kidney samples. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.6% and 10.9%, respectively. Recoveries of coumafuryl and coumateralyl were in the range 81.5-89.5%. The developed assay has been applied to the determination of trace residues of coumafuryl and coumateralyl in animal tissues to investigate suspected poisoning of human and animals.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Calibration; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Rodenticides; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tissue Distribution; Warfarin

A simple, accurate and sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of warfarin, coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The five 4-hydroxycoumarin rodenticides in whole blood were extracted by ethyl acetate, separated on XDB C,, column( 150 mm x 2. 1 mm, 5 [microm) by using the mobile phase consisting of methanol-0. 2% acetic acid aqueous solution (88: 12, v/v) at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min and detected with a variational time program for fluorescence wavelength. Each analyte was qualitatively determined with its fluorescence excitation spectrum, fluorescence emission spectrum and retention time being compared with those of the reference standard, and quantified with external calibration method. The linear range was 0. 01 - 10. 00 mg/L and the limit of quantification was 0. 01 mg/L except warfarin of which the corresponding results were 0. 05 - 10. 00 mg/L and 0. 05 mg/L. The recoveries were between 81% and 98% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 3. 8% and 8. 5%. This method can be used in the diagnosis of the clinical poisoned patients.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Rodenticides; Warfarin

From 1971 through 1997, we documented 51 cases (55 individual animals) of poisoning of non-target wildlife in New York (plus two cases in adjoining states) (USA) with anticoagulant rodenticides--all but two of these cases occurred in the last 8 yrs. Brodifacoum was implicated in 80% of the incidents. Diphacinone was identified in four cases, bromadiolone in three cases (once in combination with brodifacoum), and chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl were detected once each in the company of brodifacoum. Warfarin accounted for the three cases documented prior to 1989, and one case involving a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in 1995. Secondary intoxication of raptors, principally great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), comprised one-half of the cases. Gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), raccoons (Procyon lotor) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were the most frequently poisoned mammals. All of the deer originated from a rather unique situation on a barrier island off southern Long Island (New York). Restrictions on the use of brodifacoum appear warranted.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Animals, Wild; Anticoagulants; Bird Diseases; Deer; Hemorrhage; Indans; New York; Phenindione; Poisoning; Raccoons; Raptors; Rodenticides; Sciuridae; Warfarin

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Anticoagulants; Cats; Liver; Reference Standards; Rodenticides; Structure-Activity Relationship; Warfarin

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Gerbillinae; Hemoglobins; Male; Rats; Rodenticides; Warfarin

The response of Meriones shawi to seven rodenticides was investigated in laboratory feeding tests. The species proved to be much less susceptible to anticoagulants than most other species of rodent pests. Brodifacoum (at 0.005%), although giving complete mortality after only 8 days' continuous feeding, was more toxic than warfarin (0.025%), coumatetralyl (0.0375%), difenacoum (0.005%) and bromadiolone (0.005%). Calciferol (0.1%), though toxic, was significantly unpalatable. Zinc phosphide (5.0%) presented for 2 days in a choice test against unpoisoned food gave 80% mortality and appears to be the most suitable of these compounds for the control of M. shawi in the field.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Ergocalciferols; Gerbillinae; Phosphines; Rodent Control; Rodenticides; Warfarin; Zinc Compounds

The rodenticides brodifacoum, difenacoum, coumatetralyl and warfarin are determined in animal relicta by high-performance exclusion chromatography on porous silica. The first three compounds are not separated, but are subsequently differentiated by adsorption or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the appropriate eluate fraction collected from the exclusion column. The method is rapid, and clean-up (on Sep-Pak silica cartridges) is simple. Mean recoveries from spiked substrates were generally above 80% at levels of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg. Routine limits of determination are about 0.05-0.1 mg/kg for warfarin and about 0.02 mg/kg for the other compounds. If analysis for warfarin is not required, the latter limit can be lowered to about 1 microgram/kg by a slight modification to the clean-up step.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Anticoagulants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Liver; Reference Values; Rodenticides; Stomach; Swine; Warfarin

Results are presented of feeding tests carried out with three common anticoagulant rodenticides viz., coumatetralyl, fumarin and warfarin on three common species of commensal rodents i.e., Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus and Bandicota bengalensis. All three species of rodents were susceptible to anticoagulant rodenticides. However, the action of these compounds in B. bengalensis was comparatively slow. Coumatetralyl was found to be the most effective rodenticide followed by fumarin and warfarin. Liquid baits of these compounds are more effective in comparison to food baits.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Animals; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Muridae; Rats; Rodenticides; Warfarin