Compounds > ecallantide
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

ecallantide

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Description

ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID118984459
MeSH IDM0499198

Synonyms (17)

Synonym
460738-38-9
ecallantide
dx-88
5q6tzn2hnm ,
protein (synthetic human plasma kallikrein-inhibiting)
dx 88
hsdb 8225
dx88
unii-5q6tzn2hnm
kalbitor
bitor
dx-88 cpd
fov2302
epi-kal-2
ecallantide [usan:inn]
plasma kallikrein
human plasma kallikrein-inhibitor (synthetic protein)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ecallantide (DX-88) is a potent and specific inhibitor of plasma kallikrein. E Callantide appears to be an effective and safe treatment for acute attacks of HAE.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ecallantide is a plasma kallikrein inhibitor indicated for treatment of HAE attacks in patients aged 16 years and older."( Use of ecallantide in pediatric hereditary angioedema.
Davis-Lorton, M; MacGinnitie, AJ; Stolz, LE; Tachdjian, R, 2013)		1.57
"Ecallantide is a human plasma kallikrein inhibitor indicated for treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema for patients 12 years of age and older. "( Characterization of anaphylaxis after ecallantide treatment of hereditary angioedema attacks.
Bernstein, JA; Biedenkapp, J; Chyung, Y; Craig, TJ; Li, HH; Lumry, WR; MacGinnitie, AJ; Riedl, M; Stolz, LE, )		1.85
"Ecallantide (DX-88) is a potent and specific inhibitor of plasma kallikrein. "( Ecallantide (DX-88), a plasma kallikrein inhibitor for the treatment of hereditary angioedema and the prevention of blood loss in on-pump cardiothoracic surgery.
Lehmann, A, 2008)		3.23
"Ecallantide is a novel potent inhibitor of human plasma kallikrein, a key mediator of the excessive formation of bradykinin associated with the signs and symptoms of an HAE attack."( EDEMA4: a phase 3, double-blind study of subcutaneous ecallantide treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Levy, RJ; Li, HH; Lumry, WR; McNeil, DL; Pullman, WE, 2010)		1.33
"Ecallantide appears to be an effective and safe treatment for acute attacks of HAE."( EDEMA4: a phase 3, double-blind study of subcutaneous ecallantide treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Levy, RJ; Li, HH; Lumry, WR; McNeil, DL; Pullman, WE, 2010)		2.05
"Ecallantide is a novel, specific and potent inhibitor of plasma kallikrein that was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of acute attacks of HAE in patients aged 16 years and older."( Ecallantide: a plasma kallikrein inhibitor for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Horn, PT; Stolz, LE, 2010)		2.52
"Ecallantide is a novel plasma kallikrein inhibitor developed for the treatment of acute HAE attacks."( Response time for ecallantide treatment of acute hereditary angioedema attacks.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Pullman, WE; Riedl, M, 2010)		1.42
"Ecallantide is a recombinant peptide in the same class as aprotinin that inhibits plasma kallikrein, a major component of the contact coagulation and inflammatory cascades. "( A phase 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the effects of tranexamic acid with ecallantide on blood loss from high-risk cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CONSERV-2 Trial).
Bokesch, PM; Grocott, HP; Levy, JH; Mazer, CD; Smith, PK; Szabo, G; Vetticaden, S; Wheeler, A; Wojdyga, R, 2012)		2.04
"Ecallantide is a potent and specific plasma kallikrein inhibitor approved for the treatment of acute attacks of HAE affecting any anatomic site."( Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ecallantide for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Sheffer, AL; Stolz, LE, 2012)		1.35
"Ecallantide is a novel agent approved for the treatment of acute attacks of HAE at any anatomical site. "( Ecallantide for treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Chambers, H; Martello, JL; Woytowish, MR, 2012)		3.26
"Ecallantide is a novel plasma kallikrein inhibitor effective for treatment of acute HAE attacks."( Ecallantide for treatment of acute hereditary angioedema attacks: analysis of efficacy by patient characteristics.
Campion, M; MacGinnitie, AJ; Pullman, WE; Stolz, LE, )		2.3
"Ecallantide is a promising new therapy for HAE attacks."( Critical role of kallikrein in hereditary angioedema pathogenesis: a clinical trial of ecallantide, a novel kallikrein inhibitor.
Lumry, W; Schmalbach, T; Schneider, L; Vegh, A; Williams, AH, 2007)		2.01

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ecallantide has a favorable safety profile, with the most common adverse effects being gastrointestinal effects, headache, and injection site reactions."( Ecallantide for treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Chambers, H; Martello, JL; Woytowish, MR, 2012)		2.54
"Ecallantide has been studied for the treatment of HAE in three Phase II studies and two Phase III studies."( Ecallantide for treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Chambers, H; Martello, JL; Woytowish, MR, 2012)		2.54

Treatment

Ecallantide-treated attacks revealed clinically relevant reduction in symptom severity at 4 hours postdosing. 72.5% (29/40) of patients treated with ecallantide versus 25.0% (2/8) of placebo patients reported significant improvement in symptoms within 4 hours (P = .0169)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ecallantide-treated attacks revealed clinically relevant reduction in symptom severity at 4 hours postdosing based on mean change in MSCS score (-1.4 ± 0.9 ecallantide versus -0.9 ± 0.6 placebo) and TOS (73.9 ± 35.50 ecallantide versus 45.0 ± 43.78 placebo)."( Use of ecallantide in pediatric hereditary angioedema.
Davis-Lorton, M; MacGinnitie, AJ; Stolz, LE; Tachdjian, R, 2013)		1.57
"Ecallantide treatment ameliorated the symptoms of HAE attacks: 72.5% (29/40) of patients treated with ecallantide versus 25.0% (2/8) of placebo patients reported significant improvement in symptoms within 4 hours (P = .0169). "( Critical role of kallikrein in hereditary angioedema pathogenesis: a clinical trial of ecallantide, a novel kallikrein inhibitor.
Lumry, W; Schmalbach, T; Schneider, L; Vegh, A; Williams, AH, 2007)		2.01
"Treatment with ecallantide within 6 hours of symptom onset leads to more rapid and sustained improvement of symptoms."( Response to ecallantide treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema based on time to intervention: results from the EDEMA clinical trials.
Banta, E; Craig, TJ; Horn, P, )		0.85

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event reporting system (AERS) database."( Thrombotic events associated with C1 esterase inhibitor products in patients with hereditary angioedema: investigation from the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2012)		0.38
" Bayesian statistical methodology within the neural network architecture was implemented to identify potential signals of a drug-associated adverse event."( Thrombotic events associated with C1 esterase inhibitor products in patients with hereditary angioedema: investigation from the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2012)		0.38
" The AERS is incapable of establishing a causal link and detecting the true frequency of an adverse event associated with a drug; however, potential signals of C1 esterase inhibitor product-associated thrombotic events among patients with hereditary angioedema were identified in the extracted combination cases."( Thrombotic events associated with C1 esterase inhibitor products in patients with hereditary angioedema: investigation from the United States Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database.
Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2012)		0.38
" Safety parameters included adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of ecallantide in treatment of recurrent attacks of hereditary angioedema: open-label continuation study.
Bernstein, JA; Campion, M; Craig, TJ; Iarrobino, R; Li, HH; Lumry, WR; MacGinnitie, AJ; Pullman, WE; Riedl, M; Soteres, DF; Stolz, LE, )		0.44
"Avoralstat (n = 71) was generally well tolerated with no signals for a safety concern; there were no serious adverse events (AEs) or discontinuations due to AEs, and compared to placebo (n = 18), no notable difference in AEs."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of avoralstat, an oral plasma kallikrein inhibitor: phase 1 study.
Babu, YS; Collier, J; Collis, P; Cornpropst, M; Fang, L; Sheridan, WP; Wilson, R; Zhang, J; Zong, J, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Berotralstat is a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable small-molecule plasma kallikrein inhibitor that has been approved to prevent attacks of HAE in adults and children 12 years of age and older."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations of berotralstat for prophylactic treatment of attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Cornpropst, M; Ma, SC; Mathis, A; Sale, M; Sheridan, WP, 2022)		0.72
" During the discovery of BCX7353, we also identified a novel series of small molecules containing a quaternary carbon as potent and orally bioavailable Plasma Kallikrein (PKal) inhibitors."( Discovery and optimization of orally bioavailable and potent plasma Kallikrein inhibitors bearing a quaternary carbon.
Babu, YS; Chen, X; Chintareddy, V; Juarez, L; Kellogg-Yelder, D; Kotian, P; Muppa, S; Parker, C; Polach, K; Raman, K; Vadlakonda, S; Vogeti, LN; Williams, J; Wu, M; Zhang, W, 2022)		0.72
" The optimization of P4 and the central core together with the particularly favorable properties of 3-fluoro-4-methoxypyridine P1 led to the development of sebetralstat, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable PKa inhibitor in phase 3 for on-demand treatment of HAE attacks."( Sebetralstat (KVD900): A Potent and Selective Small Molecule Plasma Kallikrein Inhibitor Featuring a Novel P1 Group as a Potential Oral On-Demand Treatment for Hereditary Angioedema.
Clark, DE; Davie, RL; Edwards, HJ; Evans, DM; Hampton, SL; Hodgson, ST; McEwan, PA; Pethen, SJ; Roe, MB; Rushbrooke, LJ; Smith, AJ; Stocks, MJ, 2022)		0.72

Dosage Studied

Three patients with AAE were treated a total of 12 times with various dosing regimens. ecallantide resulted in significantly greater reduction in MSCS scores from baseline to 4 hours after dosing.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
") is a highly specific recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor that halts the production of bradykinin and can be dosed subcutaneously."( The therapeutic potential of a kallikrein inhibitor for treating hereditary angioedema.
Levy, JH; O'Donnell, PS, 2006)		0.33
" Additional end points included treatment outcome score 4 hours after dosing and maintenance of significant overall improvement through 24 hours."( EDEMA4: a phase 3, double-blind study of subcutaneous ecallantide treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Levy, RJ; Li, HH; Lumry, WR; McNeil, DL; Pullman, WE, 2010)		0.61
" Mean (SD) change from baseline in mean symptom complex severity score 4 hours after dosing was significantly greater with ecallantide use (-0."( EDEMA4: a phase 3, double-blind study of subcutaneous ecallantide treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Levy, RJ; Li, HH; Lumry, WR; McNeil, DL; Pullman, WE, 2010)		0.82
" For time to onset of sustained improvement, the difference in the distribution of the curves between the 2 groups reached significance by 2 hours after dosing (P(log rank) = ."( Response time for ecallantide treatment of acute hereditary angioedema attacks.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Pullman, WE; Riedl, M, 2010)		0.69
"Compared with placebo, ecallantide resulted in significantly greater reduction in MSCS scores from baseline to 4 hours after dosing (ecallantide [mean ± SD], -0."( Ecallantide (DX-88) for acute hereditary angioedema attacks: integrated analysis of 2 double-blind, phase 3 studies.
Campion, M; Horn, PT; Levy, RJ; Li, HH; Pullman, WE; Sheffer, AL, 2011)		2.12
" A post hoc integrated analysis of the EDEMA4 and EDEMA3-DB clinical trials was performed based on the time to patient's treatment, defined as the time from initial recognition of moderate-to-severe symptoms to dosing (cohort, 0-2, >2-4, >4-6, >6-8, and >8 hours)."( Response to ecallantide treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema based on time to intervention: results from the EDEMA clinical trials.
Banta, E; Craig, TJ; Horn, P, )		0.51
" Dosing strategies include fixed dosing and weight-based dosing."( New treatment options for acute edema attacks caused by hereditary angioedema.
Shah, S; Thomas, MC, 2011)		0.37
" C1 inhibitor should be considered first-line treatment for acute edema attacks because of its fast onset of action and effectiveness, though it is not clear whether fixed or weight-based dosing is preferred."( New treatment options for acute edema attacks caused by hereditary angioedema.
Shah, S; Thomas, MC, 2011)		0.37
" Three patients with AAE were treated a total of 12 times with various dosing regimens of ecallantide based on the protocols established for the studies using ecallantide in HAE (Evaluation of DX-88's Effects in Mitigating Angioedema trials)."( Ecallantide for treatment of acute attacks of acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency.
Cicardi, M; Cohn, JR; Fung, SM; Patel, NS; Zanichelli, A, )		1.8
" Disease control, quality of life, adverse events, and administered dosage per month were compared for 6 months on on-demand therapy and the following 6 months under prophylactic therapy."( Nanofiltrated C1-esterase-inhibitor in the prophylactic treatment of bradykinin-mediated angioedema.
Bas, M; Buchberger, M; Greve, J; Hahn, J; Hajdu, Z; Hoffmann, TK; Nordmann, M; Schuler, PJ; Strassen, U, 2016)		0.43
" FFP has limited evidence demonstrating a benefit for treatment of ACEI-induced angioedema without consistent dosing strategies."( Novel Therapies for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.
Riha, HM; Rivera, JV; Summers, BB; Van Berkel, MA, 2017)		0.46
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (284)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19907 (2.46)18.7374
1990's5 (1.76)18.2507
2000's75 (26.41)29.6817
2010's152 (53.52)24.3611
2020's45 (15.85)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 48.06

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index48.06 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.82 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.54 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index74.99 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (48.06)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials26 (8.36%)5.53%
Reviews81 (26.05%)6.00%
Case Studies15 (4.82%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.64%)0.25%
Other187 (60.13%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (13)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Evaluation of Ecallantide for the Acute Treatment of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Induced Angioedema [NCT01343823]Phase 279 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-01Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis suggested a trend favoring ecallantide; observed response rate to placebo was substantially higher than described in medical literature.)
A 3-Part Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Ecallantide in Prepubertal Paediatric Patients Experiencing Acute Attacks of Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) [NCT01253382]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-01Withdrawn
KALAHARI-1: Kallikrein Antagonist (DX-88 [Ecallantide]) Effect on Blood Loss Associated With Heart Surgery Requiring Institution of Bypass [NCT00448864]Phase 275 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-01Terminated(stopped due to Experience gained from this study is sufficient to design and facilitate the follow-on study.)
Evaluation of Ecallantide for Acute Treatment of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Induced Angioedema [NCT01036659]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-05-31Recruiting
An Open-label, Dose Escalating Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of a Single Administration of FOV2302 (Ecallantide) in Patients With Macular Edema Associated With Central Retinal Vein Occlusion [NCT00969293]Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Terminated
CONSERV-1 (Clinical Outcomes and Safety Trial to Investigate Ecallantide's Effect on Reducing Surgical Blood Loss Volume) A Phase 2 Randomized Placebo-controlled Dose-ranging Study in Subjects Exposed to Cardio-pulmonary Bypass During Primary Coronary Art [NCT00816023]Phase 2276 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
EDEMA4: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of DX-88 (Ecallantide) for the Treatment of Acute Attacks of Hereditary Angioedema [NCT00457015]Phase 396 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-01Completed
CONSERV - 2 (Clinical Outcomes and Safety Trial to Investigate Ecallantide's Effect on Reducing Surgical Blood Loss Volume) - A Phase 2 Randomized Double-Blind Active-Controlled Study in Subjects Exposed to Cardio-pulmonary Bypass During Cardiac Surgery a [NCT00888940]Phase 2243 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study (72 Patients, Randomized 1:1) Followed by a Repeat-dosing Phase to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of DX-88 (Ecallantide; Recombinant Plasma Kallikrein Inhibitor) for the Treatment of Acute Attacks of Hereditary Ang [NCT00262080]Phase 391 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Phase 4, Long-Term Observational Safety Study to Evaluate Immunogenicity and Hypersensitivity With Exposure to KALBITOR (Ecallantide) for the Treatment of Acute Attacks of HAE [NCT01059526]81 participants (Actual)Observational2010-02-01Completed
EDEMA2: An Open-Label Study to Assess the Efficacy and Tolerability of Repeated Doses of DX-88 (Recombinant Plasma Kallikrein Inhibitor) in Patients With Hereditary Angioedema [NCT01826916]Phase 277 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-01Completed
Open-label Patient Continuation of DX-88 (Ecallantide) for Acute Hereditary Angioedema Attacks [NCT00456508]Phase 3147 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-01Completed
A Multicenter, Open-Label Study to Assess the Tolerability and Safety of a Single, Subcutaneous Administration of Ecallantide in Children and Adolescents With Hereditary Angioedema [NCT01832896]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI indicated departure from institution, inability to complete study.)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Treatment Outcome Score at 4 Hours Post-Dose
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hours Post-dose
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hours Post-dose Over Multiple Treatment Episodes
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Symptom Complexes of Treated Attack at Baseline(DOUBLE-BLIND PART)
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Time to Significant Improvement in Overall Response
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Time to Significant Improvement in Overall Response Over Multiple Treatment Episodes
NCT00262080 (7) [back to overview]Treatment Outcome Score at 4 Hours Post-Dose Over Multiple Treatment Episodes
NCT00448864 (4) [back to overview]Cumulative Chest Tube Drainage at 24 Hours Postoperatively
NCT00448864 (4) [back to overview]Cumulative Chest Tube Drainage During the First 12 Hours Postoperatively
NCT00448864 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events
NCT00448864 (4) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Concentration Time Curve
NCT00456508 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hrs Post Dosing
NCT00456508 (3) [back to overview]Time to Significant Improvement
NCT00456508 (3) [back to overview]Treatment Outcome Score (TOS) at 4 Hrs Post Dosing, Based on the Patient Assessment of Baseline Severity of Symptoms
NCT00457015 (5) [back to overview]Patients With a Successful Response at 4 Hours Post-dosing, Based on the Change From Baseline in the MSCS Score
NCT00457015 (5) [back to overview]Patients With Significant Improvement in Overall Response
NCT00457015 (5) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Maintaining a Significant Improvement in Overall Response Through 24 Hours
NCT00457015 (5) [back to overview]Treatment Outcome Score at 4 Hours Post-Dose
NCT00457015 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hours Post-dose
NCT00816023 (2) [back to overview]Cumulative Volume of Packed Red Blood Cells Transfused at 12 Hours Post Surgery
NCT00816023 (2) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent Adverse Events
NCT00888940 (2) [back to overview]Cumulative Volume of Packed Red Blood Cells Transfused
NCT00888940 (2) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent Adverse Events.
NCT01059526 (4) [back to overview]Occurrence of Adverse Events Related to Disordered Coagulation (Hypercoagulability and Hypocoagulability) Upon Exposure to KALBITOR
NCT01059526 (4) [back to overview]Occurrence of Anaphylaxis or Other Adverse Events Suggestive of Hypersensitivity
NCT01059526 (4) [back to overview]Occurrence of Seroconversion to Anti-ecallantide Antibodies Upon Exposure to KALBITOR.
NCT01059526 (4) [back to overview]Overall Patient Response Assessment
NCT01343823 (2) [back to overview]Safety and Efficacy of Ecallantide
NCT01343823 (2) [back to overview]Time to Symptom Resolution Based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Treatment Outcome Score at 4 Hours Post-Dose

Treatment Outcome Score (TOS) is a validated, comprehensive measure of symptom response to treatment. At 4 hours , patient assessment of response characterized by their change from baseline in symptom severity and collected by anatomic site of attack involvement, was recorded on a categorical scale (significant improvement [100] to significant worsening [-100]). The response at each anatomic site was weighted by baseline severity and then the weighted scores across all involved sites were averaged to calculate the TOS. Clinically meaningful improvement was indicated by a TOS of 30 or higher. (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-dose (DOUBLE-BLIND PART)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Ecallantide49.5
Placebo18.5

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Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hours Post-dose

Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) score is a validated, comprehensive point-in-time measure of symptom severity. At baseline and 4 hours, patients rated the severity on a categorical scale (0 = normal, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) for symptoms at each affected anatomical location. Ratings were averaged to obtain the MSCS score. A decrease in MSCS score reflected an improvement in symptoms; clinically meaningful improvement (minimally important difference) was indicated by a reduction in the score of 0.30 or more. (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours post-dose (DOUBLE-BLIND PART)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
MSCS Score at baselineMSCS Score at 4 hours post-doseChange from baseline in MSCS at 4 hours post-dose
Ecallantide2.171.26-0.91
Placebo2.241.75-0.48

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Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hours Post-dose Over Multiple Treatment Episodes

The Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) score is a validated, comprehensive point-in-time measure of symptom severity. At baseline and 4 hours, patients rated the severity on a categorical scale (0 = normal, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) for symptoms at each affected anatomical location. Ratings were averaged to obtain the MSCS score. A decrease in MSCS score reflected an improvement in symptoms; clinically meaningful improvement was indicated by a reduction in the score of 0.30 or more. (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours post-dose (REPEAT-DOSING PART)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Episode 1 (n = 17)Episode 2 (n = 51)Episode 3 (n = 30)Episode 4 (n = 21)Episode 5 (n = 11)Episode 6 (n = 9)
Ecallantide-1.16-1.12-1.31-1.38-0.89-0.87

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Number of Patients With Symptom Complexes of Treated Attack at Baseline(DOUBLE-BLIND PART)

Patient-reported severity of symptom complexes at baseline, by symptom complex and treatment group. Patients were to have at least one symptom complex that was moderate or severe. Patients could present with multiple symptom complexes, some of which could be mild. Mild=noticeable but do not impact daily living activities; Moderate=treatment or intervention is highly desirable and activities of daily living are impacted; Severe=require treatment or intervention due to inability to perform activities of daily living. The results are for number of patients with symptom complexes including mild, moderate and severe, provided the patients have at least one symptom complex that was moderate or severe (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Internal Head/Neck SymptomsStomach/GIGenital/ButtocksExternal Head/NeckCutaneous
Ecallantide9192521
Placebo4224814

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Time to Significant Improvement in Overall Response

"The overall response assessment is a patient-reported assessment of global response to therapy. Patients are asked to perform an overall response assessment at regular intervals, relative to baseline. Patients were asked overall how are you feeling compared to how they felt before study drug. Answer options were a lot worse, a little worse, same, a little better or a lot better or resolved. Significant improvement was the first time that the patient responded to the assessment as a little better or resolved." (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-dose (DOUBLE-BLIND PART)

,
Interventionparticipant (Number)
Patients with Significant ImprovementPatients with Censored Data
Ecallantide1917
Placebo1125

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Time to Significant Improvement in Overall Response Over Multiple Treatment Episodes

The overall response assessment is a patient-reported assessment of global response to therapy. Patients are asked to perform an overall response assessment at regular intervals, relative to baseline (ie,immediately before treatment) using the following 5-category scale from significant improvement (Score = 100)to significant worsening (Score = -100) (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-dose (REPEAT-DOSING PART)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Episode 1 (n=18)Episode 2 (n=51)Episode 3 (n=30)Episode 4 (n=21)Episode 5 (n=11)Episode 6 (n=9)
Ecallantide1037241465

[back to top]

Treatment Outcome Score at 4 Hours Post-Dose Over Multiple Treatment Episodes

Treatment Outcome Score (TOS) is a validated, comprehensive measure of symptom response to treatment. At 4 hours , patient assessment of response characterized by their change from baseline in symptom severity and collected by anatomic site of attack involvement, was recorded on a categorical scale (significant improvement [100] to significant worsening [-100]). The response at each anatomic site was weighted by baseline severity and then the weighted scores across all involved sites were averaged to calculate the TOS. Clinically meaningful improvement was indicated by a TOS of 30 or higher. (NCT00262080)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-dose (REPEAT-DOSING PART)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Episode 1 (n =18)Episode 2 (n = 51)Episode 3 (n = 30)Episode 4 (n = 21)Episode 5 (n = 11)Episode 6 (n = 9)
Ecallantide71.373.381.981.248.560.4

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Cumulative Chest Tube Drainage at 24 Hours Postoperatively

Mean volume of chest tube drainage during the first 24 hours postoperatively or until chest tube removal, whichever occurred first, is presented for each treatment group. (NCT00448864)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours post admission to ICU

InterventionMilliliters (Mean)
Ecallantide - Low Dose Regimen82.9
Ecallantide - High Dose Regimen149.8
Placebo225.3

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Cumulative Chest Tube Drainage During the First 12 Hours Postoperatively

Mean volume of chest tube drainage during the first 12 hours postoperatively or until chest tube removal, whichever occurred first, is presented for each treatment group. (NCT00448864)
Timeframe: Up to 12 hours post admission to intensive care unit (ICU)

InterventionMilliliters (Mean)
Ecallantide - Low Dose Regimen729.9
Ecallantide - High Dose Regimen935.8
Placebo1400.7

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events

A summary of serious and other non-serious adverse events regardless of causality is located in the Reported Adverse Events module. (NCT00448864)
Timeframe: up to 28 days post admission to ICU

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ecallantide - Low Dose Regimen25
Ecallantide - High Dose Regimen23
Placebo18

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Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Concentration Time Curve

Results are reported in terms of the Area Under Plasma Concentration Time Curve (AUC), measured as milligram hour per liter (mg*h/L) (NCT00448864)
Timeframe: 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after end of study drug infusion

Interventionmg*h/L (Mean)
Ecallantide - Low Dose Regimen1.39
Ecallantide - High Dose Regimen13.6

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Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hrs Post Dosing

Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) score is a validated point-in-time measure of symptom severity. At baseline and 4 hrs, patients rated the severity on a categorical scale (0=normal, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe) for symptoms at each affected anatomical location. Ratings were averaged to obtain the MSCS score. A decrease in MSCS score reflected an improvement in symptoms; clinically meaningful improvement was indicated by a reduction in the score of 0.30 or more. (NCT00456508)
Timeframe: 4 hrs post dose after every episode

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 1 (n=138)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 2 (n=98)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 3 (n=73)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 4 (n=52)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 5 (n=38)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 6 (n=32)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 7 (n=25)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 8 (n=22)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 9 (n=22)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 10 (n=16)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 11 (n=16)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 12 (n=12)change in MSCS at 4 hrs episode 13 (n=12)
DX-88 (Ecallantide)-1.04-1.06-1.07-1.15-1.16-1.07-1.24-1.31-1.20-1.27-1.22-1.36-1.10

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Time to Significant Improvement

"Time to significant improvement in overall response based on the period from 15 minutes after dosing through 4 hrs post dosing. Significant improvement was defined as a response of a lot better or resolved in the overall response assessment." (NCT00456508)
Timeframe: 15 min - 4 hrs post dose after every episode

Interventionestimated time in minutes (Median)
time to improvement in min. for episode 1 (n=145)time to improvement in min. for episode 2 (n=102)time to improvement in min. for episode 3 (n=77)time to improvement in min. for episode 4 (n=56)time to improvement in min. for episode 5 (n=41)time to improvement in min. for episode 6 (n=33)time to improvement in min. for episode 7 (n=27)time to improvement in min. for episode 8 (n=23)time to improvement in min. for episode 9 (n=23)time to improvement in min. for episode 10 (n=17)time to improvement in min. for episode 11 (n=16)time to improvement in min. for episode 12 (n=15)time to improvement in min. for episode 13 (n=13)
DX-88 (Ecallantide)225.2194.5225.4198.1240.0225.2NA210.5169.3170.5226.5177.2195.2

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Treatment Outcome Score (TOS) at 4 Hrs Post Dosing, Based on the Patient Assessment of Baseline Severity of Symptoms

The Treatment Outcome Score (TOS)is a validated measure of response to therapy. Response assessment for each symptom complex (internal head/neck, stomach/GI, genital/buttocks, external head/neck or cutaneous) was to be weighted based on the severity of symptom complexes at baseline. Severity assessment at baseline was rated on a categorical scale (1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe) for symptoms at each affected symptom complex. Response assessment of each symptom complex post-dosing relative to baseline used a scale (100=significant improvement, 50=improvement, 0=same). The weighted values were used to calculate the composite TOS. A TOS greater than 0 denotes an improvement in symptoms compared with baseline severity. (NCT00456508)
Timeframe: 4 hrs post dose after every episode

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
TOS at 4 hrs for episode 1 (n=140)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 2 (n=98)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 3 (n=73)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 4 (n=52)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 5 (n=39)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 6 (n=32)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 7 (n=25)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 8 (n=22)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 9 (n=22)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 10 (n=16)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 11 (n=16)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 12 (n=13)TOS at 4 hrs for episode 13 (n=12)
DX-88 (Ecallantide)69.8070.0563.0862.6565.1360.4256.2079.7771.0676.3060.9476.9264.93

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Patients With a Successful Response at 4 Hours Post-dosing, Based on the Change From Baseline in the MSCS Score

A successful response was defined as improvement in existing laryngeal symptom complex,stabilization of an existing peripheral symptom complex, or a change from baseline in the MSCS score at 4 hours of at least -1.0. (NCT00457015)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours post-dosing

Interventionparticipants (Number)
KALBITOR (Ecallantide)45
Placebo28

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Patients With Significant Improvement in Overall Response

"Patients were to be asked to perform an overall response assessment at intervals during the first 4 hours post-dose. Assessments were to be made relative to baseline (ie, immediately before initial dosing) using a 5-category scale. Categories were: significant improvement = a lot better or resolved; improvement = a little better; same = response unchanged; worsening = a little worse; significant worsening = a lot worse. Significant improvement is the first time that a patient responded to the overall response assessment as a lot better or resolved." (NCT00457015)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-dose

Interventionparticipants (Number)
KALBITOR (Ecallantide)22
Placebo12

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Proportion of Patients Maintaining a Significant Improvement in Overall Response Through 24 Hours

"Maintenance of significant improvement was defined as achieving and maintaining a significant improvement in overall response through 24 hours after dosing. Patient response categories were: significant improvement = a lot better or resolved; improvement = a little better; same = response unchanged; worsening = a little worse; significant worsening = a lot worse." (NCT00457015)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-dosing

Interventionparticipants (Number)
KALBITOR (Ecallantide)21
Placebo10

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Treatment Outcome Score at 4 Hours Post-Dose

Treatment Outcome Score (TOS) is a validated, comprehensive measure of symptom response to treatment. At 4 hours , patient assessment of response characterized by their change from baseline in symptom severity and collected by anatomic site of attack involvement, was recorded on a categorical scale (significant improvement [100; best value]to significant worsening [-100; worst value]). Clinically meaningful improvement was indicated by a TOS of 30 or higher. (NCT00457015)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-dose

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
KALBITOR (Ecallantide)53.4
Placebo8.1

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Change From Baseline in Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) Score at 4 Hours Post-dose

The Mean Symptom Complex Severity (MSCS) score is a validated, comprehensive point-in-time measure of symptom severity. At baseline and 4 hours, patients rated the severity on a categorical scale (0 = normal, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) for symptoms at each affected anatomical location. Ratings were averaged to obtain the MSCS score. A decrease in MSCS score reflected an improvement in symptoms; clinically meaningful improvement was indicated by a reduction in the score of 0.30 or more. (NCT00457015)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 hours post-dose

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
MSCS Score at baselineMSCS Score at 4 hours post-doseChange from baseline in MSCS at 4 hours post-dose
KALBITOR (Ecallantide)2.21.4-0.8
Placebo2.01.6-0.4

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Cumulative Volume of Packed Red Blood Cells Transfused at 12 Hours Post Surgery

(NCT00816023)
Timeframe: Start of surgery up to 12 hours after the end of surgery

InterventionmL (Mean)
Ecallantide Low Dose401.9
Ecallantide Medium Dose383.1
Ecallantide High Dose410.3
Placebo377.6

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Treatment-emergent Adverse Events

(NCT00816023)
Timeframe: Over the duration of the study.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
At least 1 TEAEAt least 1 Treatment-related AEAt least 1 AE of Severe IntensityAt least 1 Treatment-emergent SAEAt least 1 Treatment-related SAETEAE Resulting on Discontinuation of Study DrugTEAE Resulting in DeathTreatment-related TEAE Resulting in Death
Ecallantide High Dose62415191100
Ecallantide Low Dose65711151000
Ecallantide Medium Dose59913193010
Placebo63716151000

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Cumulative Volume of Packed Red Blood Cells Transfused

(NCT00888940)
Timeframe: 12 hours after the end of surgery

InterventionmL (Mean)
Ecallantide1223.2
Cyklokapron(R)623.5

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Treatment-emergent Adverse Events.

(NCT00888940)
Timeframe: Over the duration of the study.

,
Interventionevents (Number)
At Least 1 TEAEAt Least 1 Related TEAEAt Least 1 Severe TEAEAt Least 1 Serious TEAEAt Least 1 Related & Serious TEAEPremature Study Drug Discontinuations Due to TEAERelated TEAE Resulting in Discontinuation of DrugTEAE Resulting in DeathRelated TEAE Resulting in Death
Cyklokapron(R)945172812040
Ecallantide10053845420130

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Occurrence of Anaphylaxis or Other Adverse Events Suggestive of Hypersensitivity

Based on medical review of multiple preferred terms for treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) suggestive of Type 1 hypersensitivity; terms included adverse drug reaction, anaphylaxis, anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactoid reaction, hypersensitivity, erythema, flushing, hot flush, pharyngeal edema, laryngeal edema, pruritus, pruritus generalized, rash, rash erythematous, rhinitis allergic, rhinorrhea, throat irritation, urticaria, urticaria localized, dyspnea, and wheezing. Records of patients with any of these TEAE referred terms were reviewed further to assess potential hypersensitivity reactions, considering factors such as timing of TEAEs in relationship to dose (ie, occurred within 24 hours after start of KALBITOR treatment), accompanying symptoms, Investigator causality assessment (ie, reported as possibly, probably, or definitely related to study drug), and any other available clinical information. Anaphylaxis subset determined based on criteria established by the NIAID. (NCT01059526)
Timeframe: 12 months after first treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Type 1 hypersensitivityAnaphylaxis per NIAID criteria
Safety Population42

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Occurrence of Seroconversion to Anti-ecallantide Antibodies Upon Exposure to KALBITOR.

Seroconversion is the development of detectable specific antibodies in the blood serum. Serum was tested for development of antibodies (irrespective of immunoglobulin class) against ecallantide at screening and at all safety evaluations. Positive results were to undergo a confirmatory test. Confirmed positive samples were further titered. Patients who developed an antibody response were evaluated for the development of neutralizing antibodies. Patients also had their serum analyzed for IgE-specific antibodies to ecallantide at screening and during safety evaluations. Positive results underwent a confirmatory test. Confirmed positive samples were further titered. (NCT01059526)
Timeframe: 12 months after first treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Seroconversion based on all Ig antibody classesSeroconversion based on IgE to ecallantideSeroconversion based on neutralizing antibodies
Safety Population605

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Overall Patient Response Assessment

"The Overall Response Assessment was to be completed every 30 minutes after treatment until patient discharge. Patients evaluated their response to treatment as a lot better or resolved, a little better, the same, a little worse, or a lot worse. The data presented is based on the best response achieved following a single dose of KALBITOR (Dose A) for the first HAE treatment episode. Responses of a lot better or resolved and a little better were combined to form a category of Better. Similarly, a little worse and a lot worse were combined to form a category of Worse. Patients treated in a clinic (study site) could have been discharged after an hour and hence may have only had 2 post-treatment evaluations (30 and 60 minutes); response assessments may not have been consistently provided when patients were treated at an alternate site outside of the study site." (NCT01059526)
Timeframe: within 4 hours post dose

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BetterSameWorse
Patients Naive to KALBITOR1010
Patients Non- Naive to KALBITOR1520

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Safety and Efficacy of Ecallantide

"Compare the proportion of patients meeting prespecified discharge criteria in the group receiving ecallantide with conventional therapy to patients receiving placebo with conventional therapy. Patients were evaluated against 6 discharge eligibility criteria at 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 hours after study drug administration or until discharged from the ER. A responder was defined as a patient meeting all six discharge eligibility criteria as below: • Improvement of edema to a little better or a lot better as assessed by health care provider using a five point scale • Stable vital signs (within an acceptable range) • Absence of stridor • Absence of dyspnea or use of accessory muscles during respiration • Absence of drooling • Able to drink without difficulty" (NCT01343823)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo13
Ecallantide 10 mg17
Ecallantide 30 mg17
Ecallantide 60 mg17

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Time to Symptom Resolution Based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

"Compare the time to onset of symptom resolution between the ecallantide-treated and placebo-treated groups. The patient assessed severity of the angioedema attack using a VAS at baseline and following study drug administration every 15 minutes for the first 2 hours and then every 30 minutes through 6 hours post dosing or until the time of discharge from the ER (whichever occurred first). The scale ranged from totally resolved to very severe." (NCT01343823)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Interventionhours (Median)
Placebo0.50
Ecallantide 10 mg0.30
Ecallantide 30 mg0.27
Ecallantide 60 mg0.50

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0710halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		3.4820aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.1310monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.1310monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.1710acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
clotrimazole
[no description available]		7.3110conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.4220acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0310
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.0810nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.3911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0110organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		12.2361amino acid
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		7.31103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		3.391111beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.171017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.4110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.6920aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0610phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.2510organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.0110aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.7730arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.411011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
octylamine
octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		210primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.2510catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0510adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.0810organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.4720
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.1710arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.0410
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0810fluorescein isothiocyanate
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.0110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.0710iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.1510
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		3.171017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		210
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.614017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
n-chlorosuccinimide
N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.		2.0110dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.4920glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		2.0110gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.0210D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.6620iditolfungal metabolite
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.01107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
mci 9038
[no description available]		2.0110peptide
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.0110
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.8921amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.8330amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.4110peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		13.57872oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
apstatin
apstatin: inhibits aminopeptidase P; structure given in first source		2.0510
glycosides
[no description available]		1.9410
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.4220
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.4220one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		2.7330amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
pksi 527
PKSI 527: structure given in first source		2.0110
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0110organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		3.1410
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		2.7730
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.1710benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		3.9940peptide
deoxyribose
[no description available]		2.0210deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.5720cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.0210chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		10.2470
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.0110oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.4110polypeptide
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.0510
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.1310
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0110benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.8230
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		210
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		210angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
eye
[no description available]		2.1710
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0810
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		2.0110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		010.95213
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.4220
Angioedema, Hereditary, Type I
[description not available]		014.232617
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		010.95213
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.4220
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.5220
Angioedema, Hereditary
[description not available]		018.7812228
Angioedemas, Hereditary
Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		018.7812228
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.3110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.3110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.46130
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.0850
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.3110
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		04.0850
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.3110
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.1510
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.1510
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.1510
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		02.1710
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		015.043730
Hives
[description not available]		03.1210
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		03.1210
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		09.799
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		09.799
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.7571
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		04.1650
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		06.26120
Blood Clot
[description not available]		06.49180
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		04.1650
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		010.35122
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		06.26120
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		06.49180
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		011.351616
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		011.351616
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		012.321716
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		012.321716
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		012.321716
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		04.7621
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.6830
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.8220
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.6830
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		011.25168
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.9710
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.9710
Angioedema, Hereditary, Type III
[description not available]		03.730
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.3711
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.0610
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		02.0610
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.0610
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		03.4611
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.9910
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.9910
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.9910
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.9910
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9910
Infection
[description not available]		02.9910
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.9910
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.9910
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.9910
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.9910
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.9910
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.9910
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.9910
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		02.0710
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.0710
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		02.0710
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.8720
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.9510
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.9510
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.9510
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.0410
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.5320
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		06.9982
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05.1231
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		06.9982
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.5520
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.5520
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.7220
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.5720
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.5720
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3310
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.3650
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		03.3310
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.3310
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		05.3650
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		03.3310
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		04.4440
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		02.610
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		04.4440
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.610
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.6530
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.6530
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.2110
Deficiency, Factor 11
[description not available]		03.7430
Hereditary Autoinflammation Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.2510
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.2510
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3820
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.2510
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.3820
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		03.1710
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.1710
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		04.1830
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.1710
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		04.1830
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		03.1710
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.2510
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.2510
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.2510
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		05.4751
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		05.4751
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.8730
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.8730
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		02.3110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.3110
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.1510
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.1510
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.1710
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.1710
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.1710
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.1710
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.5611
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.1710
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.0910
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		03.0910
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.1710
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.1710
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		03.5611
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		03.5611
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.2110
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.3720
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.110
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.110
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.110
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.110
Post Exercise Hypotension
[description not available]		02.0810
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.1110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.9540
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.9540
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.1110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.1310
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.1310
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.1310
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.1310
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.3720
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.3720
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.1310
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.1310
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.7330
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.7330
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.1510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0410
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0510
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.0510
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0610
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.9810
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.9810
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.9810
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.0610
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.0610
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.0610
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.0710
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.0710
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.0710
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0710
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.0710
Leukostasis
Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.		02.0810
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.0810
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0810
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.4220
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.4220
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.4220
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.9210
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.9210
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.9210
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.9210
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.0110
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.0110
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.0110
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.0110
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.0110
Metastase
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0210
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0210
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.0210
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0210
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.0210
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0210
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.0210
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.3320
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.3320
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.9410
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.9410
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0310
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0310
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0310
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0310
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.0310
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.0310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.0310
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		0210
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		0210
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		03.3911
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		03.3911
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		0210
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		0210
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		0210
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		0210