almagate profile

pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	56603655
MeSH ID	M0128441

Synonym
pegaptanib sodium
pegaptanib
macugen
eyeoo1
nx183
7-[[(2s)-2,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxycarbonylamino)hexanoyl]amino]heptoxy-methylphosphinic acid
gtpl6836
Q27088289

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"All reported adverse events, serious adverse events, and deaths."	( Pegaptanib sodium for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year safety results of the two prospective, multicenter, controlled clinical trials. Adamis, AP; Cunningham, ET; D'Amico, DJ; Guyer, DR; Katz, B; Masonson, HN; Patel, M, 2006)	0.33
" The most common ocular adverse events were transient, mild to moderate in intensity, and attributed to the injection preparation and procedure."	( Pegaptanib sodium for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year safety results of the two prospective, multicenter, controlled clinical trials. Adamis, AP; Cunningham, ET; D'Amico, DJ; Guyer, DR; Katz, B; Masonson, HN; Patel, M, 2006)	0.33
" Visual acuity measurements, biomicroscopy, funduscopy, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and adverse event assessments were performed."	( Safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab followed by pegaptanib maintenance as a treatment regimen for age-related macular degeneration. Hughes, MS; Sang, DN, )	0.13
" Adverse events were limited to transient irritation or redness."	( Safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab followed by pegaptanib maintenance as a treatment regimen for age-related macular degeneration. Hughes, MS; Sang, DN, )	0.13
"Safety assessments included blood chemistries, urinalyses, vital signs, electrocardiograms, serum antipegaptanib antibody assays, adverse events, VAs, and intraocular pressures."	( Pegaptanib 1-year systemic safety results from a safety-pharmacokinetic trial in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Adamis, AP; Apte, RS; Masonson, H; Modi, M; Patel, M; Whitfield, L, 2007)	0.34
" Few systemic adverse events were noted."	( Pegaptanib 1-year systemic safety results from a safety-pharmacokinetic trial in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Adamis, AP; Apte, RS; Masonson, H; Modi, M; Patel, M; Whitfield, L, 2007)	0.34
" Most ocular adverse events were related to the injection procedure itself and were mild or moderate in severity."	( Pegaptanib 1-year systemic safety results from a safety-pharmacokinetic trial in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Adamis, AP; Apte, RS; Masonson, H; Modi, M; Patel, M; Whitfield, L, 2007)	0.34
"These studies, together with data from clinical trials, provide strong evidence that inhibition of VEGF(165) by pegaptanib in the eye is a safe therapy for the treatment of ocular neovascular disease."	( Local tolerance and systemic safety of pegaptanib sodium in the dog and rabbit. Foy, JW; Modi, M; Patel, M; Rittenhouse, K, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events were mainly ocular in nature, mild, transient and injection-related."	( Pegaptanib sodium for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: third-year safety results of the VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularisation (VISION) trial. Adamis, AP; Buggage, R; Cunningham, E; Goldbaum, M; Guyer, D; Katz, B; Masonson, H; Patel, M; Singerman, LJ, 2008)	0.35
"Review of current literature suggests that intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are generally a safe and effective treatment for neovascular AMD for up to 2-3 years."	( Safety and efficacy of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for age-related macular degeneration. Jeganathan, VS; Verma, N, 2009)	0.35
"The off-label use of Avastin eye drops and GS101 eye drops against insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, which have been tested in phase II trial, both seem to be relatively efficient and safe ways to inhibit progressive corneal neovascularisation."	( [Topical inhibition of angiogenesis at the cornea. Safety and efficacy]. Bachmann, B; Bock, F; Cursiefen, C; Hos, D; König, Y; Parthasarathy, A; Regenfuss, B, 2009)	0.35
" However, within these trials, there is some circumstantial evidence that links systemic VEGF inhibition to systemic adverse events, particularly systemic thromboembolic events."	( Safety implications of vascular endothelial growth factor blockade for subjects receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies. Csaky, K; Do, DV, 2009)	0.35
"Even at higher doses, bevacizumab and ranibizumab showed no toxic effects on RGC in vivo in either untreated rats or in the NMDA-induced RGC damage model."	( Toxicity testing of the VEGF inhibitors bevacizumab, ranibizumab and pegaptanib in rats both with and without prior retinal ganglion cell damage. Bartz-Schmidt, KU; Bolz, S; Choragiewicz, TJ; Fiedorowicz, M; Henke-Fahle, S; Schuettauf, F; Thaler, S; Tura, A; Yoeruek, E; Ziemssen, F; Zrenner, E, 2010)	0.36
" For ranibizumab, the principal ocular adverse event detected in clinical trials was a low frequency of ocular inflammation, and systemic adverse events included a slightly elevated risk of nonocular hemorrhage and stroke."	( Systemic and ocular safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for ocular neovascular disease. Tolentino, M, )	0.13
" The number of responders and adverse events were monitored."	( [Long-term efficacy and safety profile of pegaptanib sodium for age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization--evaluation of extended phase II clinical trial]. , 2011)	0.37
" The objective of the present study was to systematically assess and compare the incidences of adverse events of anti-VEGFs."	( A systematic review of the adverse events of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. De Jong-Hesse, Y; Hendrikse, F; La Heij, EC; Ringens, PJ; Schouten, JS; van der Reis, MI, 2011)	0.37
" We used the terms pegaptanib, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, intravitreal, and specific and general terms for adverse events."	( A systematic review of the adverse events of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. De Jong-Hesse, Y; Hendrikse, F; La Heij, EC; Ringens, PJ; Schouten, JS; van der Reis, MI, 2011)	0.37
"Two hundred and seventy-eight articles were included, and the incidences of adverse events were calculated separately for effect, safety, and specific side effect studies."	( A systematic review of the adverse events of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. De Jong-Hesse, Y; Hendrikse, F; La Heij, EC; Ringens, PJ; Schouten, JS; van der Reis, MI, 2011)	0.37
"The reported rates of serious adverse events were low after anti-VEGF injections."	( A systematic review of the adverse events of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. De Jong-Hesse, Y; Hendrikse, F; La Heij, EC; Ringens, PJ; Schouten, JS; van der Reis, MI, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were summarized from the first injection to 42 days after the last injection."	( A retrospective, pooled data analysis of the safety of pegaptanib sodium in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration in subjects with or without diabetes mellitus. Dombi, T; Kwok, KK; Sultan, MB, 2012)	0.38
"Pegaptanib proved to be efficacious and safe for the treatment of diabetic macular edema throughout the 12-month followup."	( Efficacy and safety of the intravitreal treatment of diabetic macular edema with pegaptanib: a 12-month follow-up. Brillante, C; De Paolis, G; Impallara, D; La Torre, G; Malarska, K; Muscella, R; Pacella, E; Pacella, F; Smaldone, G; Turchetti, P, 2013)	0.39
" Pre-marketing, phase III randomized controlled trials (RCT), postmarketing clinical trials, observational longitudinal studies, and case reports involving adverse events (AE) were included."	( Safety monitoring of ophthalmic biologics: a systematic review of pre- and postmarketing safety data. Alves, C; Batel Marques, F; Mendes, D; Penedones, A, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab and pegaptanib in the WHO database in order to have a real-life information on these drugs, which now is only based on data coming from clinical trials."	( Comparative safety profiles of intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab and pegaptanib: the analysis of the WHO database of adverse drug reactions. Amato, R; Biagi, C; Buccellato, E; Conti, V; Covezzoli, A; Donati, M; Melis, M; Montanaro, N; Motola, D; Pazzi, L; Vaccheri, A; Venegoni, M, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment safety was estimated using the proportions of adverse events, namely increased intraocular pressure (IOP), cataracts, vitreous haemorrhage (VH) and retinal tear."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of drug therapies for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Li, M; Qian, T; Wan, Y; Xu, X; Zhao, M, 2018)	0.48

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The mean apparent terminal half-life was 10 days."	( Pegaptanib 1-year systemic safety results from a safety-pharmacokinetic trial in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Adamis, AP; Apte, RS; Masonson, H; Modi, M; Patel, M; Whitfield, L, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of pegaptanib was undertaken in Western and Asian AMD patients to determine the influence of renal function on apparent pegaptanib clearance (CL)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pegaptanib in patients with neovascular, age-related macular degeneration. Basile, AS; Hutmacher, M; Kowalski, K; Masayo, O; Nakane, M; Nickens, D; Nielsen, J; Whitfield, L, 2012)	0.38
"To use novel OCT parameters in assessing the differential pharmacodynamic effects of bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA), pegaptanib (Macugen; OSI Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY), and verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) in a recently completed phase III/IV clinical trial."	( Assessment of differential pharmacodynamic effects using optical coherence tomography in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Heussen, FM; Keane, PA; Mokwa, N; Ouyang, Y; Patel, PJ; Sadda, SR; Tufail, A; Walsh, AC, 2012)	0.38
" In the emerging era of neovascular AMD therapeutics, the capacity of OCT to provide such detailed pharmacodynamic information in a noninvasive manner is likely to attain increased importance."	( Assessment of differential pharmacodynamic effects using optical coherence tomography in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Heussen, FM; Keane, PA; Mokwa, N; Ouyang, Y; Patel, PJ; Sadda, SR; Tufail, A; Walsh, AC, 2012)	0.38

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To evaluate the effectiveness of pegaptanib combined with intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin as treatment of wet macular degeneration."	( Pegaptanib combined with intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin as treatment of wet macular degeneration. Bennett, MD; Bryan, JS; Yee, W, )	0.13
"This retrospective review included patients who received pegaptanib combined with 165 microg of moxifloxacin every 6 weeks."	( Pegaptanib combined with intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin as treatment of wet macular degeneration. Bennett, MD; Bryan, JS; Yee, W, )	0.13
"Pegaptanib combined with intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin appears to be effective treatment of wet macular degeneration."	( Pegaptanib combined with intravitreal injection of moxifloxacin as treatment of wet macular degeneration. Bennett, MD; Bryan, JS; Yee, W, )	0.13
"To investigate efficacy of intravitreal injection of pegaptanib and laser photocoagulation for treatment of stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affecting zone I and posterior zone II, and to compare the results in terms of regression, development of peripheral retinal vessels, and final structural outcome with conventional laser photocoagulation or combined with cryotherapy."	( Intravitreal pegaptanib combined with diode laser therapy for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity in zone I and posterior zone II. Autrata, R; Borek, I; Doležel, Z; Holoušová, M; Krejcírová, I; Senková, K, )	0.13
"02 mL, Pfizer) with conventional diode laser photocoagulation in group 1 (68 eyes of 34 infants) or only laser therapy combined with cryotherapy in group 2 (84 eyes of 42 infants), bilaterally."	( Intravitreal pegaptanib combined with diode laser therapy for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity in zone I and posterior zone II. Autrata, R; Borek, I; Doležel, Z; Holoušová, M; Krejcírová, I; Senková, K, )	0.13

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Their affinity and specificity for a given protein make it possible to isolate a ligand to virtually any target, and adjusting their bioavailability expands their clinical utility."	( Aptamers: an emerging class of therapeutics. Nimjee, SM; Rusconi, CP; Sullenger, BA, 2005)	0.33
" A 1-compartment model parameterized in terms of the absorption rate constant, apparent volume of distribution, and CL was used to describe the pegaptanib plasma concentration data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pegaptanib in patients with neovascular, age-related macular degeneration. Basile, AS; Hutmacher, M; Kowalski, K; Masayo, O; Nakane, M; Nickens, D; Nielsen, J; Whitfield, L, 2012)	0.38

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In the combined analysis of the primary end point (for a total of 1186 patients), efficacy was demonstrated, without a dose-response relationship, for all three doses of pegaptanib (P<0."	( Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Adamis, AP; Cunningham, ET; Feinsod, M; Gragoudas, ES; Guyer, DR, 2004)	0.32
" No clear superiority of any particular dosage strength of pegaptanib was demonstrated, and no significant differences or trends favoured usual care on any domain score or the NEI-VFQ 25 composite score."	( Quality of life in patients with age-related macular degeneration: results from the VISION study. Leys, A; Patel, M; Shah, SN; Zlateva, G, 2008)	0.35
" The pegaptanib dosing regimens were designed to achieve pegaptanib plasma concentrations of approximately 90, 270, or 900 ng/mL."	( Local tolerance and systemic safety of pegaptanib sodium in the dog and rabbit. Foy, JW; Modi, M; Patel, M; Rittenhouse, K, 2007)	0.34
" Ongoing trials are evaluating the effectiveness of different dosing regimens, monitoring strategies, and combination therapies to determine the optimal niche for this new class of drugs in AMD management."	( The evolving role of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Dadgostar, H; Waheed, N, 2008)	0.35
" Studies are also needed to assess adverse events outside the proposed RCTs, to consider the optimal dosing regimes of these drugs and the benefits of re-treatment after initial treatment, and to review costing in more detail."	( Ranibizumab and pegaptanib for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Clegg, AJ; Colquitt, JL; Jones, J; Price, A; Takeda, A; Tan, SC, 2008)	0.35
" The time course and dose-response of photoreceptor cells in the rabbit retina after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab or pegaptanib sodium were examined by histologic analysis with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, caspase-3 and -9 immunostaining, and in situ terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) of DNA fragments of paraffin-embedded sections."	( Comparative evaluation of apoptotic activity in photoreceptor cells after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and pegaptanib sodium in rabbits. Avci, B; Avci, R; Inan, UU; Kaderli, B, 2009)	0.35
" A number of studies have shown that OCT imaging allows identification of functionally relevant factors like subretinal fluid or retinal thickness, which are important for the establishment of optimized individual dosing regimen during anti-angiogenesis therapies."	( Antivascular endothelial growth factors in age-related macular degeneration. Bolz, M; Mitsch, C; Pollreisz, A; Schmidt-Erfurth, U, 2010)	0.36
"An intravitreal (IVT) ophthalmic dosing paradigm was designed based on clinical efficacy, nonclinical pharmacokinetics (PK), and disease progression modeling."	( Integrating disease progression models, non-clinical pharmacokinetic data and treatment response endpoints to optimize intravitreal dosing regimens. Amantea, M; Basile, AS; Johnson, TR; Klamerus, KJ; Nickens, DJ; Sultan, MB; Zhou, D, 2014)	0.4
" Research evaluating variable dosing regimens with anti-VEGF agents, effects of long-term use, combination therapies (e."	( Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Hawkins, BS; Krzystolik, MG; Lindsley, K; Solomon, SD; Vedula, SS, 2014)	0.4
" Future Cochrane Reviews should incorporate research evaluating variable dosing regimens of anti-VEGF agents, effects of long-term use, use of combination therapies (e."	( Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Hawkins, BS; Krzystolik, MG; Lindsley, K; Solomon, SD; Vedula, SS, 2019)	0.51

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	195 (49.12)	29.6817
2010's	198 (49.87)	24.3611
2020's	4 (1.01)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	48 (10.48%)	5.53%
Reviews	145 (31.66%)	6.00%
Case Studies	50 (10.92%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.22%)	0.25%
Other	214 (46.72%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
taurine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.44	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.02	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.03	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.98	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.16	1	0	oxopurine
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.43	2	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	7.78	18	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.03	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.03	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.02	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.31	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.05	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.04	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.05	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	7.49	11	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.11	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.52	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
anecortave acetate anecortave acetate: derived from cortisone (11 OH replaced by 9-11 double bond)	5.94	7	0	organic molecular entity
clofarabine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.08	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ae0047 AE0047: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.03	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.21	1	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.08	1	0
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.02	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	4.04	1	0	stilbene
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.13	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.05	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.02	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	4.04	1	0
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	12.79	29	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.15	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	4.35	4	1	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
oligonucleotides [no description available]	12.47	23	7
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.43	2	0
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	3.17	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.03	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.06	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.18	1	0
naloxegol naloxegol: A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.. naloxegol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.	12.79	29	0	aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; phenols; polyether; tertiary alcohol	cathartic; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
rb 006 [no description available]	3.27	1	0
as 1411 AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source	4.06	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.04	1	0
nusinersen nusinersen: an antisense oligonucleotide that induces SMN protein expression	3.25	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.05	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.02	1	0
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	3.25	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	19.03	201	27
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	8.87	18	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	10.95	19	3
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	17.77	87	22
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	19.03	201	27
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	10.95	19	3
Day Blindness [description not available]	4.88	5	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.92	6	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	3.17	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.5	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.46	14	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.41	4	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	4.71	6	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.41	4	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	4.71	6	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.31	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	7.04	20	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	3.06	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.06	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	3.06	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	3.06	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	3.06	1	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	17.59	80	25
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	17.59	80	25
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.49	2	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	16.91	102	24
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.45	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	8.45	16	1
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	7.6	6	1
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	8.45	16	1
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.6	6	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	12.03	27	9
Apoplexy [description not available]	5.04	5	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	3.7	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	5.04	5	0
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	11.67	27	6
Myopia, Pathological [description not available]	4.93	4	2
Myopia, Degenerative Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.	4.93	4	2
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	4.15	3	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	4.15	3	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	7.83	20	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	7.83	20	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.59	3	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.08	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	6.8	10	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.68	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	5.26	8	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	5.26	8	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	8.79	16	1
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	8.79	16	1
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	2.47	2	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	5.14	10	1
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	5.14	10	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	4.23	6	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	4.23	6	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	3.86	2	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	3.86	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	6.89	9	1
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	2.11	1	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.75	3	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	6.89	9	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.7	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.11	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	3.39	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.03	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	3.39	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	3.03	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	3.03	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	3.03	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.11	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.11	1	0
Glaucoma, Neovascular A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.	3.38	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	6.31	9	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	5.04	3	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	5.76	5	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	5.76	5	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	3.3	6	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	2.45	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	2.04	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.04	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	2.44	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ocular Infections [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.44	2	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	2.04	1	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	2.73	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Angioid Streaks Small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina.	2.46	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.05	1	0
Acute Retinal Necrosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.36	2	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	2.05	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.45	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.05	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.05	1	0
Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	3.46	1	1
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.98	1	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.97	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.45	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.98	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.74	3	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	2.06	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.47	2	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.06	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.06	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.45	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.06	1	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	3.88	4	0
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	2.06	1	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	3.85	2	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	3.46	1	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	3.46	1	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.99	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.99	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.46	1	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.47	1	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.08	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.94	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.94	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	4.27	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	4.27	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.03	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.03	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.03	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.94	1	0
Hemangioma, Capillary A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.34	1	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	4.34	1	1
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	4.34	1	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hives [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.44	2	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	2.03	1	0
Drusen, Retinal [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.03	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.03	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.66	2	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.95	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	2.05	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	2.03	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.96	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.96	1	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	2.05	1	0

almagate

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almagate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (8)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (397)

Study Types

Related Drugs (61)

Related Conditions (198)