| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 5282492 |
| CHEMBL ID | 1200376 |
| CHEBI ID | 135798 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 49469 |
| MeSH ID | M0065187 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| (11beta,16beta)-9-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16-methyl-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4-dien-17-yl benzoate |
| betamethasone benzoate |
| einecs 244-897-9 |
| 9-fluoro-11beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 17-benzoate |
| benisone |
| w 5975 |
| uticort |
| pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 17-(benzoyloxy)-9-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16-methyl-, (11beta,16beta)- |
| betamethasone 17-benzoate |
| ms 1112 |
| betamethasone benzoate (usp) |
| 22298-29-9 |
| D02286 |
| uticort (tn) |
| CHEBI:135798 |
| w-5975 , |
| CHEMBL1200376 |
| [(8s,9r,10s,11s,13s,14s,16s,17r)-9-fluoro-11-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] benzoate |
| 877k0xw47a , |
| unii-877k0xw47a |
| betamethasone benzoate [usan:usp] |
| betamethasone benzoate [usp impurity] |
| betamethasone benzoate [vandf] |
| betamethasone benzoate [usan] |
| pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 17-(benzoyloxy)-9-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16-methyl-, (11.beta.,16.beta.)- |
| betamethasone benzoate [who-dd] |
| betamethasone benzoate [mart.] |
| betamethasone benzoate [orange book] |
| betamethasone benzoate [usp-rs] |
| betamethasone 17-benzoate [mi] |
| SCHEMBL49469 |
| flurobate |
| bethamethasone 17-benzoate |
| 9-fluoro-11.beta.,17,21-trihydroxy-16.beta.-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 17-benzoate |
| 9-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16-methyl-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4-dien-17-yl benzoate, (11.beta.,16.beta.)-# |
| parbetan |
| euvaderm |
| SOQJPQZCPBDOMF-YCUXZELOSA-N |
| beben |
| pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11.beta.,17,21-trihydroxy-16.beta.-methyl-, 17-benzoate |
| (11.beta.,16.beta.)-9-fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione17-benzoate |
| DTXSID2022670 , |
| AKOS027382207 |
| betamethasone-17-benzoate |
| HY-U00161 |
| CS-7216 |
| betamethasonebenzoate(200mg) |
| Q27269802 |
| betamethasone benzoate (usp impurity) |
| betamethasone benzoate (usan:usp) |
| betamethasone benzoate (mart.) |
| dtxcid502670 |
| betamethasone benzoate (usp-rs) |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects." | ( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004) | 0.32 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "The occluded vasoconstrictor assay was used to assess the effect of penetration enhancers on the topical bioavailability of a representative steroid, betamethasone 17-benzoate, with dimethylisosorbide (DMI) as a reference solvent." | ( Optimization of bioavailability of topical steroids: penetration enhancers under occlusion. Barry, BW; Southwell, D; Woodford, R, 1984) | 0.27 |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| 21-hydroxy steroid | |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 4 (80.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1 (20.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (22.64) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 1 (16.67%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 0 (0.00%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 0 (0.00%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 5 (83.33%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Phase 1, Open-Label, Randomized Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single Dose Dexamethasone and Betamethasone Administered Orally and Intramuscularly in Healthy Female Subjects [NCT03668860] | Phase 1 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-09-20 | Completed | ||
| Single Dose Antenatal Corticosteroids (SNACS) Pilot Randomized Control Trial for Women at Risk of Preterm Birth [NCT04494529] | Phase 3 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-03-01 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2a Trial Evaluating the Anti-psoriatic Effect of LP0113 Aerosol Spray Compared With Its Vehicle and With Daivobet® Gel, LEO 90100 Aerosol Foam, Betamethasone Dipropionate Aerosol Spray and Calcipotriol Aerosol Spray in the Treatment of Psoriasis V [NCT02416258] | Phase 2 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-04-30 | Completed | ||
| An Investigator Initiated Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Tolerability of Enstilar Foam (Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate) in Patients With Nail Psoriasis [NCT04227288] | Phase 4 | 3 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-01 | Completed | ||
| Treatment of FUS-Related ALS With Betamethasone - The TRANSLATE Study [NCT03707795] | Early Phase 1 | 6 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-08-21 | Completed | ||
| Study Role of the Local Treatments on the Microbiome Modulation in the Psoriatic Skin. Study Monocentric, Interventional, Randomized and Single-blind [NCT03584360] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-09-24 | Completed | ||
| A Comparative Study of Betamethasone (Diprospan) and Triamcinolone Acetonide as Single Intra-Articular Injection in Knee Osteoarthritis, A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05139875] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-01-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Crossover Study to Evaluate the Comparative Bioavailability, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety of GTX-102 Administered as an Oral Spray Compared to Intramuscular Injection and an Oral Solution of Betamethasone in Healthy Subjects [NCT05531890] | Phase 1 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-09-13 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Phase 1b, Randomised, Controlled, Observer-blinded Trial to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamic Effects of LEO 134310 Cutaneous Solution in Descaled Skin of Adults With Chronic Plaque Psoriasis [NCT03669757] | Phase 1 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-09-27 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Antenatal Corticosteroids on Neonatal Morbidity. [NCT03446937] | 150 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-01 | Completed | |||
| Phase II Study of Navigator vs Standard Needle Injection for Hip [NCT02066844] | Phase 2 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Therapeutic Effect of Botulinum Toxin A for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis. [NCT03054610] | Phase 1 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multicentre Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Combining Topical Antibiotic/Steroid/Moisturizer Therapy Compared to Standard of Care in the Treatment of Severe Atopic Dermatitis, a Phase II Randomized, Clinical Trial [NCT03052348] | 78 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-11-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Effects of Antenatal Corticosteroid in Twin Neonates With Late Preterm Birth: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03547791] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 808 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-05-05 | Recruiting | ||
| Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel-group Study Comparing Taro Product to RLD and Both Active Treatments to a Placebo Control in the Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis [NCT03880357] | Phase 1 | 485 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-10-22 | Completed | ||
| Validation of a Novel Composite of Skin Biomarkers as a Primary Outcome Measure for Evaluating the Safety of Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis: a Randomized Controlled Trial (Phase 2) Comparing the Effects of Crisaborole 2% Ointment to Betamethasone Valera [NCT04194814] | Phase 2 | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-11-20 | Completed | ||
| A 28-day, Double-blind, Randomized, Reference-controlled Open Psoriasis Plaque Test for Within Subject Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Mapracorat 0.1% Ointment and 4 Reference Products in Symptomatic Volunteers With Stable Plaque-type Psoriasis [NCT03399526] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-02-11 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1b, Randomised, Controlled, Assessor-blinded Proof of Principle Trial to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamics Effects of Microarray Patches Containing Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Dipropionate in Descaled Skin of Adults With Chronic Plaq [NCT03898583] | Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-04-15 | Completed | ||
| Phototherpy Versus Tap Water Iontophoresis for Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Children, Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT04444726] | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-20 | Completed | |||
| Comparison of Nigella Sativa Oil With Conventional Management on Clinical Outcomes in Oral Submucous Fibrosis [NCT04476420] | Phase 3 | 39 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-02-11 | Completed | ||
| Real-life Evaluation of an Applicator, as a New Mode of Administration of Daivobet® Gel, on Adherence to Treatment and SAtisfaction of Patients With PSOriasis [NCT02856542] | 1,560 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-05-23 | Completed | |||
| Bioequivalence of Two Augmented Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% Topical Creams [NCT00800293] | 116 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2002-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Multi-center,Single Blind, Parallel-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Calcipotriol Betamethasone Ointment Plus Calcipotriol Ointment in Sequential Therapy to Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT02191007] | 230 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Local Betamethasone Versus Triamcinolone Injection in Management of Thyroid-Related Upper Lid Retraction With and Without Proptosis [NCT04976816] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 92 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-12-01 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Enstilar Foam in Combination With Apremilast (Otezla) in Patients With Moderate Plaque Psoriasis [NCT03441789] | Phase 4 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-09-18 | Completed | ||
| A Comparative Clinical and Immunohistochemical Study Between Topical Pimecrolimus and Corticosteroid in Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus [NCT02443311] | Phase 4 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Topical Pentoxifylline; Metformin Versus Betamethasone in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata: a Clinical and Dermoscopic Study. [NCT06087796] | Phase 1 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-10-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Prednisolone Acetate 0.5% Cream Versus Betamethasone Valerate 0.1% Cream in the Treatment of Pediatric and Adult Dermatosis [NCT01011621] | Phase 3 | 170 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Dose Reduction of Antenatal Betamethasone Given to Prevent the Neonatal Complications Associated With Very Preterm Birth: a Randomized, Multicentre, Double Blind Placebo-controlled Non Inferiority Trial [NCT02897076] | Phase 3 | 3,250 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multiple-Site Study to Evaluate the Therapeutic Equivalence of a Generic Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate Topical Foam, 0.005%/0.064% (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd) to [NCT03731091] | Phase 3 | 494 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Managment of Refractory Cases of Chronic Non Bacterial Prostatitis by TRUS Guided Injection of Betamethason [NCT04210739] | Early Phase 1 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-07-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled, Rising Dose, Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic and Preliminary Efficacy Study of Ruxolitinib Phosphate Cream When Applied to Patients With Plaque Psoriasis [NCT00820950] | Phase 2 | 29 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Single Dose of Antenatal Corticosteroids (SNACS) Randomized Controlled Trial for Pregnancies at Risk of Preterm Delivery: To Keep Babies and Children Safe [NCT05114096] | Phase 4 | 3,254 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-07-20 | Recruiting | ||
| Xamiol® Gel in BODY Psoriasis : lonG-term Management of Psoriasis vUlgARis With Xamiol® Gel in Daily Clinical Practice of Russian Dermatologists. A Long-term Observational, Prospective Study [NCT02636101] | 603 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Pimecrolimus 1% Cream vs. Betamethasone Valerate 0.1% Cream in the Treatment of Facial Discoid Lupus Erythematosus: a Double-Blind Randomized, Pilot Study. [NCT00608673] | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Phase 3 Study, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel to Evaluate Ketoconazole and Betamethasone Dipropionate(Candicort®) Compared to Clotrimazole and Dexamethasone Acetate(Baycuten N®) in Relief of Fungal Infections/Dermatophytosis Symptoms. [NCT02582177] | Phase 3 | 125 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-06-11 | Completed | ||
| Topical Cetirizine Versus Topical Betamethasone in Treatment of Localized Alopecia Areata [NCT05803070] | 59 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2023-09-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| [NCT00914836] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to difficulties in the department) | |||
| Nebulized Adrenalin and Oral Betamethasone in Children With Bronchiolitis Attending Pediatric Emergencies : a Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02586961] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 195 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Removal of Adrénaline lots for safety reasons.) | ||
| One-year Prospective, Observational Study of the Journey of Patients With Plaque Psoriasis Prescribed Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Aerosol Foam or Other Topical Therapy [NCT02935582] | 1,214 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2017-01-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind Controlled Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Cervical and Thoracic Interlaminar Epidural Injections in Thoracic and Cervical Disc Herniation, Discogenic Pain, and Post-Cervical Laminectomy Syndrome [NCT01071369] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Epidural Steroid Injection Using Dexamethasone or Betamethasone in Patients With Spinal Pain: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study [NCT01885481] | 600 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Completed | |||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked, Dose-Ranging Study To Compare The Ocular Safety, Tolerability, And Efficacy Of SURF-200 Ophthalmic Solution (0.02% And 0.04% Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate) To Vehicle In Subjects With A Diagnosis Of Dry Eye Disea [NCT04734210] | Phase 2 | 139 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-01-07 | Completed | ||
| [NCT01946386] | Phase 1 | 35 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Calcipotriol Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel Compared to Betamethasone Dipropionate in the Gel Vehicle, Calcipotriol in the Gel Vehicle, and the Gel Vehicle Alone in Scalp Psoriasis [NCT00216827] | Phase 3 | 1,485 participants | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Steroids in the Treatment of Abnormal Scars (Keloids, Hypertrophic Scars) [NCT04593706] | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-11-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Investigator Initiated Study for Optimal Maintenance Treatment With Calcipotriol /Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel in Korean Patients With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT02004574] | Phase 4 | 201 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of the Effect of Central Sensitization on Steroid Injection Response in Patients With Shoulder Pain Secondary to Rotator Cuff Lesion [NCT05926895] | 36 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-02 | Recruiting | |||
| Comparison Between Subacromial Ultrasound Guided and Systemic Steroid Injection for Frozen Shoulder: a Randomized Double Blind Study [NCT04931511] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-06-01 | Terminated(stopped due to Since the COVID-19 pendemic, the regular follow-up of participant became very hard. The participant were not willing to go back to the hospital for repeat measurement. So we stop the study and plan to redesign the protocol.) | ||
| The Maintenance Effect of Enstilar Foam in Combination With Otezla [NCT04555707] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-06-24 | Recruiting | ||
| A Double-Blind, Within-Subject Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Proof of Concept, Comparison Study of SHP-141C Topical Cream in Psoriasis, Using the Microplaque Assay. [NCT01646567] | Phase 1 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Prospective, Observational, Non-interventional, Multicenter Study on the Efficacy and Tolerability of Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Aerosol Foam (Enstilar®) in Patients With Plaque Psoriasis Under Daily Practice Conditions [NCT02881346] | 410 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-09-30 | Completed | |||
| The Effects of Topical Corticosteroid Use on Insulin Sensitivity and Bone Turnover [NCT04114097] | Phase 4 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-08-22 | Completed | ||
| A Phase I Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Topically Applied GSK2981278 Ointment in a Psoriasis Plaque Test [NCT02548052] | Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-10-22 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Multicenter, Sham Controlled, Double-Masked, Phase 2/3 Study Assessing Efficacy and Safety of Betamethasone Microsphere in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema [NCT01411254] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| Nickel Desensitization Using Topical Therapy [NCT01413477] | 24 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-08-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| A Multi Centre, Parallel, Randomised Study of the Skin Tolerance of Betamethasone Creams on Atopic Eczema and the Influence of Moisturiser Treatment on the Recurrence of Eczema [NCT00576238] | Phase 3 | 55 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised Trial of a Moisturising Cream in Preventing Recurrence of Hand Eczema [NCT00576550] | Phase 4 | 53 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Calcipotriol Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel Compared to Betamethasone Dipropionate in the Gel Vehicle and Calcipotriol in the Gel Vehicle in Scalp Psoriasis [NCT00216840] | Phase 3 | 1,350 participants | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Long-term Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis With Calcipotriol Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel [NCT00216879] | Phase 3 | 800 participants | Interventional | 2005-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Observational and Prospective Study in Patients With Nail Psoriasis Treated With Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate Aerosol Foam to Evaluate the Change in the Severity of Psoriasis and in the Quality of Life [NCT04380597] | 10 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2019-03-26 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 3 Study Comparing Once Daily Treatment With Calcipotriol 50 mcg/g Plus Betamethasone 0.5 mg/g (as Dipropionate) Topical Suspension With Betamethasone 0.5 mg/g (as Dipropionate) in the Topical Suspension Vehicle, Calcipotriol 50 mcg/g in the Topica [NCT01188928] | Phase 3 | 1,152 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Nonaromatic Naphthalan - Composition Study and Biological Effects on Epithelial Tissues [NCT02920658] | Phase 2 | 57 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Psoriasis Plaque Test Comparing LEO 29102 Cream and Its Different Combinations to Daivobet® Ointment and a Vehicle Control for the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT00875277] | Phase 2 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of add-on Topical Timolol in the Management of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-induced Paronychia: A Prospective Randomized Open-labelled Trial [NCT06140186] | Phase 3 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-04-01 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Sham Controlled, Multicenter, Double-Masked, Phase 2/3 Study Assessing Efficacy and Safety of Betamethasone Microsphere in Patients With Macular Edema Following Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion [NCT01512901] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Evaluator Blinded, Within Subject, Single-Centre Evaluation of the Vasoconstriction Properties of MC2-01 Cream, Compared to 5 Other Corticosteroids in Healthy Subjects [NCT03758365] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-11-05 | Completed | ||
| Double-blind Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Quadriderme® (Betamethasone Diproprionate, Clotrimazole and Gentamicin) Compared With Betamethasone Diproprionate Combined With Gentamicin Sulfate and With Betamethasone Diproprionate in the Treatment [NCT00671528] | Phase 4 | 3 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to terminated early due to lack of recruitment [only 3 of 207 subjects were enrolled]) | ||
| Safety and Efficacy of TACLONEX Ointment in Adolescent Patients (Aged 12 to 17 Years) With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT00817219] | Phase 2 | 33 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Topical Rebamipide Versus Topical Betamethasone for Management of Oral Ulcers in Behcet's Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT06084624] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Calcipotriol Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel Compared to Betamethasone Dipropionate in the Gel Vehicle, Calcipotriol in the Gel Vehicle and the Gel Vehicle Alone in Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT00263718] | Phase 2 | 360 participants | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Calcipotriol Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel Compared to DAIVONEX/DOVONEX Scalp Solution in Patients With Scalp Psoriasis [NCT00243464] | Phase 3 | 300 participants | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Parallel, Multi-Center Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Daivobet® Ointment in Patients With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT00248456] | Phase 4 | 320 participants | Interventional | 2005-10-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00418353] | 0 participants | Interventional | 2002-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Efficacy and Safety of LEO 90105 Ointment (Calcipotriol Hydrate Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate) in Japanese Subjects With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT01422434] | Phase 3 | 676 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-07-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT01536938] | Phase 2 | 303 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Enstilar Versus Vehicle on Target Lesions in Moderate Plaque Type Psoriasis Patients [NCT03848871] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-12 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo and Active Comparator-controlled Trial, Double-blind for the IPs, Observer-blind for the Active Comparator, to Assess the Potency of SOR007 (Uncoated Nanoparticle Paclitaxel) Ointment in a Psoriasis Plaque Test [NCT03004339] | Phase 1 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Patient Preference of Taclonex Ointment to Taclonex Scalp Suspension in Adult Subjects With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT01707043] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Comparative Study Between Topical Betamethasone Cream or Topical Olive Oil Cream in Prophylaxis Against Acute Radiodermatitis in Breast Cancer Patients. [NCT05285943] | Phase 4 | 132 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-11-04 | Recruiting | ||
| Efficacy of Excimer Laser Combined With Either Topical Tazarotene or Topical Betamethasone Valerate Versus Excimer Laser Alone in Treatment of Localized Chronic Plaque Psoriasis; Clinical and Dermoscopic Study [NCT05555797] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-10-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Psoriasis Plaque Test Study With LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, in Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT01347255] | Phase 2 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-05-31 | Completed | ||
| An Evaluation of the Efficacy, Safety, Preference and Duration of Response of Clobex® (Clobetasol Propionate) Spray and Taclonex® (Calcipotriene 0.05%/Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064%) Ointment in Subjects With Stable Plaque Psoriasis [NCT00437255] | Phase 4 | 122 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Timing of Late Preterm Corticosteroid Administration and Neonatal Hypoglycemia [NCT04869709] | Phase 4 | 210 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-07-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| The Impact of Stress on Fetal Brain Development [NCT03831126] | 24 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2019-02-01 | Recruiting | |||
| The Effect of Betamethasone Dipropionate on Patients With Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis [NCT05220293] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-02-23 | Recruiting | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked Study To Evaluate The Safety, Tolerability, And Efficacy Of SURF-100 Ophthalmic Solution (A Mycophenolic Acid/Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate Combination) In Subjects With Dry Eye Disease [NCT04734197] | Phase 2 | 351 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-01-11 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind Controlled Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Caudal Epidural Injections in Lumbar Disc Herniations, Spinal Stenosis, Discogenic Pain, and Post-Lumbar Laminectomy Syndrome [NCT00370799] | Early Phase 1 | 240 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Comparison of the Efficacy Between Transforaminal Steroid Epidural Injection and Epidural Neuroplasty for the Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Disc：A Single Center, Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03101033] | 92 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-05-31 | Completed | |||
| Can an App Supporting Psoriasis Patients Improve Adherence to Topical Treatment? A Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02858713] | Phase 4 | 134 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-09 | Completed | ||
| Single-site, Double Blinded, Randomized Investigation of Corticosteroid Versus Placebo Injection Under Ultrasound Guidance in Patients With Syndesmotic Ligament Injury or High Ankle Sprain [NCT02892500] | Phase 2 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-04-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Inability to enroll subjects) | ||
| A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multiple-Site Study to Evaluate the Therapeutic Equivalence of a Generic Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate Topical Suspension, 0.005%/0.064% (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Lt [NCT03331523] | Phase 3 | 643 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-10-20 | Completed | ||
| Non-surgical Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Night Splint Versus Local Corticosteroid Infiltration: Clinical Randomized Trial [NCT03196817] | Phase 4 | 84 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| An Explorative Clinical Trial to Evaluate an Intra Patient Comparison Design of Topical Agents in Adults With Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis [NCT02376049] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Effect of ZILRETTA Versus CELESTONE on Quality of Life, Pain, Neuromuscular Function, and Physical Performance [NCT05058209] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-11-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Intra-sinus Application of Betamethasone Dipropionate Nasal Cream on Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis Post Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) [NCT05882903] | Phase 2 | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-08-17 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparison of Post-Inflammatory Pigment Alteration After Psoriasis Treatment (PIPA - Dermavant) [NCT05981118] | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Biologics and Blistering - Using a Contact Dermatitis Model With Biologic Medications to Study Skin Inflammation Through Suction Blistering [NCT05535738] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 45 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-11-15 | Recruiting | ||
| Treatment Results for Patients With Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA): a Multicenter Prospective Study [NCT04207931] | Phase 4 | 250 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-04-30 | Recruiting | ||
| A Comparative Study on Clinical Efficacy of Clobetasol and Betamethasone in Orabase in Combination With Clotrimazole, in Oral Lichen Planus [NCT03026478] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-05-06 | Recruiting | ||
| A Single-Centre, Explorative, Randomised, Investigator-Blinded, Negative-Controlled, Phase I Clinical Trial With Intra-Individual Comparison of Treatments to Assess Steroid Induced Skin Atrophy on Healthy Skin [NCT02355639] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| An Open-Label, Multicenter Study of Patient-Reported Satisfaction Following Twice Daily Dosing With Betamethasone Dipropionate Spray, 0.05% in Subjects With Moderate Plaque Psoriasis [NCT02749799] | Phase 4 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-02-29 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Phase III, Three-parallel Arm, Assessor Blind, Multi-centre Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of AKP02 Cutaneous Spray Versus Enstilar Cutaneous Foam in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Psoriasis. [NCT05249972] | Phase 3 | 294 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-01-24 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing TOLMAR Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Suspension to Reference Listed Drug in the Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis [NCT03122353] | Phase 1 | 699 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-04-11 | Completed | ||
| Calcipotriol /Betamethasone Ointment Versus Fractional CO2 Laser Plus Calcipotriol /Betamethasone Ointment in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis: Randomized Comparative Study [NCT06011083] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-08-01 | Completed | |||
| A Study to Investigate the Irritation Potential on Healthy Intact Skin and Effect on Psoriatic Skin of Topical Applications of GW786034 [NCT00358384] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-26 | Completed | ||
| Betamethasone (Betapred®) as Premedication for Reducing Postoperative Vomiting and Pain After Tonsillectomy - a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT03783182] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-09-10 | Recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
The speed of action, measured as the number of days required to achieve total remission of all signs and symptoms of the disease. (NCT00671528)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days
| Intervention | Days (Number) |
|---|---|
| Quadriderme® Cream | 15 |
| Betamethasone Diproprionate and Gentamicin Sulfate Cream | 15 |
| Betamethasone Diproprionate Cream | 8 |
(NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 Weeks
| Intervention | mmol/g (Mean) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 0.717 |
The ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)-challenge test involves injecting a synthetic subunit of ACTH into the patient,and measuring the cortisol produced by the adrenal glands 30 and 60 minutes after the injection. (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 0 |
PASI 50 is at least 50% reduction in PASI from baseline. PASI is Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and is based on the investigator'sassessment of extent and severity of the disease. It can range from 0 (best) to 64.8(worst). The PASI used in this trial is modified to exclude assessment of the head, as trial treatment is not used here. (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 28 |
PASI is Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and is based on the investigator's assessment of extent and severity of the disease. It can range from 0 (best) to 64.8(worst). The PASI used in this trial is modified to exclude assessment of the head, as trial treatment is not used here. (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | -72.5 |
PASI 75 is at least 75% reduction in PASI from baseline. PASI is Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and is based on the investigator's assessment of extent and severity of the disease. It can range from 0 (best) to 64.8(worst). The PASI used in this trial is modified to exclude assessment of the head, as trial treatment is not used here. (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 17 |
The investigator made an assessment of the disease severity (Plaque thickening, Scaling and Erythema) using a 6-point scale (Clear, Almost clear, Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Very severe). This assessment represented the average lesion severity on the trunk and limbs. (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 20 |
The patient made an assessment of the disease severity using a 5-point scale (Clear, Very Mild, Mild, Moderate, and Severe). (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 23 |
"The number of participants experiencing each type of adverse drug reaction. Adverse drug reactions were defined as adverse events for which the investigator had not described the causal relationship to trial medication as not related." (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 2 |
The ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)-challenge test involves injecting a synthetic subunit of ACTH into the patient,and measuring the cortisol produced by the adrenal glands 30 and 60 minutes after the injection. (NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 0 |
(NCT00817219)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| TACLONEX Ointment | 0.005 |
The INCB018424 skin flux was estimated from the overall mean steady-state plasma concentrations for each participant. (NCT00820950)
Timeframe: Days 8, 15, 22, and 28
| Intervention | ng/cm^2/h (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1 Cohort A: Ruxolitinib 0.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 54.2 |
| Part 1 Cohort B: Ruxolitinib 1.0% Cream Versus Vehicle | 151 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Ruxolitinib 1.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 422 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: Ruxolitinib vs. Calcipotriene (Dovonex®) | 363 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: Ruxolitinib vs. Betamethasone Dipropionate (Diprolene® AF) | 383 |
Lesion area was estimated on Day 1 and Day 28 using a tracings of the lesion on transparency paper and measurement of the area. (NCT00820950)
Timeframe: Day 28
| Intervention | cm^2 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort A: Vehicle | 0.35 |
| Part 1 Cohort A: Ruxolitinib 0.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 1.53 |
| Cohort B: Vehicle | 0.45 |
| Cohort B: Ruxolitinib 1.0% Cream Versus Vehicle | -3.18 |
| Cohort C: Vehicle | -4.03 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Ruxolitinib 1.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | -11.45 |
| Cohort D: INCB18424 | -5.22 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: Ruxolitinib vs. Calcipotriene (Dovonex®) | -2.54 |
| Cohort E: INCB18424 | 1.53 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: Ruxolitinib vs. Betamethasone Dipropionate (Diprolene® AF) | -0.48 |
A TEAE is any AE either reported for first time or worsening of a pre-existing event after first dose of study drug. (NCT00820950)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Part 1 Cohort A: Ruxolitinib 0.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 6 |
| Cohort B: Ruxolitinib 1.0% Cream Versus Vehicle | 1 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Ruxolitinib 1.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 5 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: Ruxolitinib vs. Calcipotriene (Dovonex®) | 4 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: Ruxolitinib vs. Betamethasone Dipropionate (Diprolene® AF) | 2 |
The INCB018424 bioavailability will be estimated from the overall mean steady-state plasma concentrations for each subject in this study and the estimated systemic clearance of INCB018424 following oral-dose administration in another study. Bioavailability is defined as the proportion of a drug which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect. (NCT00820950)
Timeframe: Days 8, 15, 22, and 28
| Intervention | Percentage of dosage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1 Cohort A: Ruxolitinib 0.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 2.8 |
| Cohort B: Ruxolitinib 1.0% Cream Versus Vehicle | 3.0 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Ruxolitinib 1.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | 3.0 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: Ruxolitinib vs. Calcipotriene (Dovonex®) | 2.7 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: Ruxolitinib vs. Betamethasone Dipropionate (Diprolene® AF) | 2.7 |
The investigator assessed the severity of the clinical signs erythema, scaling, and thickness for each test site by using a 5-point scale from 0 (no evidence) to 4.0 (severe). (NCT00820950)
Timeframe: Baseline, Days 8, 15, 22, 28 and 56
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 8 - Erythema | Day 8 - Scaling | Day 8 - Thickness | Day 15 - Erythema | Day 15 - Scaling | Day 15 - Thickness | Day 22 - Erythema | Day 22 - Scaling | Day 22 - Thickness | Day 28 - Erythema | Day 28 - Scaling | Day 28 - Thickness | Day 56/ET - Erythema | Day 56/ET - Scaling | Day 56/ET - Thickness | |
| Part 1 Cohort A: Ruxolitinib 0.5% Cream | -0.5 | -0.2 | -0.7 | -0.7 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -1.0 | -0.6 | -0.6 | -0.4 | -0.4 | -0.2 | -0.3 | -0.2 | -0.3 |
| Part 1 Cohort A: Vehicle Cream | -0.5 | -0.2 | -0.7 | -0.7 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.8 | -0.4 | -0.2 | -0.6 | -0.2 | -0.4 | -0.5 | -0.2 | -0.3 |
| Part 1 Cohort B: Ruxolitinib 1.0% Cream | -1.0 | -0.2 | -0.3 | -1.0 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -1.5 | -0.8 | -0.5 | -1.7 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
| Part 1 Cohort B: Vehicle Cream | -0.8 | 0.0 | -0.2 | -0.8 | -0.2 | -0.2 | -1.0 | -0.5 | -0.3 | -1.2 | -0.7 | -0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Ruxolitinib 1.5% Cream | -1.2 | -1.2 | -0.8 | -1.2 | -1.0 | -0.8 | -1.2 | -1.2 | -1.2 | -1.0 | -1.2 | -1.5 | -0.5 | -0.7 | -0.8 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Vehicle Cream | -0.7 | -0.7 | -0.3 | -0.5 | -0.7 | -0.5 | -0.3 | -0.5 | -0.8 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -1.2 | -0.5 | -0.7 | -0.7 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: Calcipotriene (Dovonex®) | -0.8 | -0.6 | -0.6 | -0.8 | -0.4 | -0.8 | -1.0 | -0.6 | -0.8 | -1.2 | -0.8 | -1.0 | -1.2 | -0.7 | -1.0 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: INCB18424 | -1.2 | -0.6 | -0.4 | -1.0 | -0.2 | -0.6 | -1.8 | -0.6 | -1.0 | -1.4 | -0.8 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -0.8 | -1.2 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: Betamethasone Dipropionate (Diprolene® AF) | -1.3 | -0.8 | -0.8 | -1.2 | -1.2 | -0.6 | -1.6 | -1.0 | -0.8 | -1.8 | -1.2 | -1.2 | -0.6 | -0.4 | -0.4 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: INCB18424 | -1.0 | -0.8 | -0.5 | -1.0 | -0.8 | -0.6 | -1.4 | -0.8 | -1.0 | -1.2 | -0.8 | -1.0 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 0.0 |
The total target lesion score was calculated by summing the scores for erythema, scaling, and thickness for that particular target lesion. The investigator assessed the severity of the clinical signs erythema, scaling, and thickness for each test site by using a 5-point scale from 0 (no evidence) to 4.0 (severe). (NCT00820950)
Timeframe: Baseline, Days 8, 15, 22, 28 and 56
| Intervention | Score on Scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 8 | Day 15 | Day 22 | Day 28 | Day 56/ET | |
| Part 1 Cohort A: Ruxolitinib 0.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | -1.3 | -1.3 | -2.2 | -1.0 | -1.3 |
| Part 1 Cohort A: Vehicle | -1.3 | -1.3 | -1.4 | -1.2 | -1.5 |
| Part 1 Cohort B: Ruxolitinib 1.0% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | -1.7 | -2.0 | -3.0 | -3.8 | 0.5 |
| Part 1 Cohort B: Vehicle | -1.0 | -1.3 | -1.8 | -2.2 | 0.5 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Ruxolitinib 1.5% Cream vs. Vehicle Cream | -3.2 | -3.0 | -3.5 | -3.7 | -2.0 |
| Part 1 Cohort C: Vehicle Cream | -1.7 | -1.7 | -1.7 | -2.2 | -1.8 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: INCB18424 | -2.4 | -2.0 | -3.6 | -3.4 | -3.2 |
| Part 2 Cohort D: Ruxolitinib vs. Calcipotriene (Dovonex®) | -2.2 | -2.2 | -2.6 | -3.2 | -3.0 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: INCB18424 | -2.3 | -2.4 | -3.2 | -3.0 | 0.0 |
| Part 2 Cohort E: Ruxolitinib vs. Betamethasone Dipropionate (Diprolene® AF) | -2.8 | -3.0 | -3.4 | -4.2 | -1.4 |
3 skin biopsies (punch biopsies of 3 mm) per participant were taken on Day 29 after the clinical scoring and ultrasound measurement. (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At end of treatment
| Intervention | %, positive area/total area (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Epidermal differentiation: CK10 | Epidermal differentiation: CK16 | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | 0.89 | 0.00 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | 0.89 | 0.00 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 0.77 | 0.08 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 0.76 | 0.11 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | 0.93 | 0.01 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 0.75 | 0.02 |
"The severity of the symptoms was rated on screening and on study Days 1 (baseline), 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 29 (end of treatment) according to the 0-3 with half-point TCS grading scale.~The (sub)investigator made the following clinical assessments by use of the scale below:~Score; Intensity; Description~Erythema:~0; No evidence; Normal skin color 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Pink light red 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Red 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Intense red" (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At Day 4, Day 8, Day 11, Day 15, Day 18, Day 22 and Day 25
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 5 (Day 4) | Visit 8 (Day 8) | Visit 11 (Day 11) | Visit 14 (Day 15) | Visit 17 (Day 18) | Visit 20 (Day 22) | Visit 23 (Day 25) | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -0.21 | -0.67 | -0.94 | -1.23 | -1.33 | -1.48 | -1.54 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.38 | -0.88 | -1.19 | -1.40 | -1.63 | -1.85 | -1.94 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | -0.02 | -0.31 | -0.46 | -0.60 | -0.75 | -0.83 | -0.85 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | -0.04 | -0.08 | -0.23 | -0.40 | -0.44 | -0.46 | -0.42 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -0.40 | -0.92 | -1.17 | -1.46 | -1.71 | -1.75 | -1.83 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | -0.08 | -0.29 | -0.44 | -0.77 | -0.98 | -1.04 | -1.08 |
"The severity of the symptoms was rated on screening and on study Days 1 (baseline), 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 29 (end of treatment) according to the 0-3 with half-point TCS grading scale.~The (sub)investigator made the following clinical assessments by use of the scale below:~Score; Intensity; Description~Infiltration:~0; No evidence 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild Slight definite infiltration 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Moderate infiltration 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Very marked infiltration" (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At Day 4, Day 8, Day 11, Day 15, Day 18, Day 22, and Day 25
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 5 (Day 4) | Visit 8 (Day 8) | Visit 11 (Day 11) | Visit 14 (Day 15) | Visit 17 (Day 18) | Visit 20 (Day 22) | Visit 23 (Day 25) | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -0.10 | -0.38 | -0.77 | -0.98 | -1.10 | -1.25 | -1.35 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.29 | -0.79 | -1.29 | -1.79 | -1.94 | -1.98 | -2.02 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | -0.04 | -0.13 | -0.31 | -0.42 | -0.58 | -0.56 | -0.73 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.13 | -0.25 | -0.33 | -0.31 | -0.38 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -0.27 | -0.73 | -1.06 | -1.35 | -1.50 | -1.67 | -1.67 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 0.00 | -0.29 | -0.46 | -0.69 | -0.75 | -0.90 | -1.06 |
"The severity of the symptoms was rated on screening and on study Days 1 (baseline), 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 29 (end of treatment) according to the 0-3 with half-point TCS grading scale.~The (sub)investigator made the following clinical assessments by use of the scale below:~Score; Intensity; Description~Scaling:~0; No evidence; No scaling 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Slight roughness, mainly fine scales 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Coarse scaling 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Coarse, thick scales" (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At Day 4, Day 8, Day 11, Day 15, Day 18, Day 22, and Day 25
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 5 (Day 4) | Visit 8 (Day 8) | Visit 11 (Day 11) | Visit 14 (Day 15) | Visit 17 (Day 18) | Visit 20 (Day 22) | Visit 23 (Day 25) | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -0.31 | -0.88 | -1.15 | -1.33 | -1.56 | -1.54 | -1.81 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.52 | -1.19 | -1.92 | -2.04 | -2.13 | -2.19 | -2.21 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | -0.13 | -0.44 | -0.63 | -0.73 | -0.90 | -0.81 | -1.17 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | -0.17 | -0.27 | -0.40 | -0.52 | -0.65 | -0.54 | -0.75 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -0.33 | -1.17 | -1.48 | -1.67 | -1.83 | -1.75 | -2.00 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | -0.21 | -0.63 | -0.71 | -1.00 | -1.15 | -1.27 | -1.46 |
"The (sub)investigator made the following clinical assessments by use of the scale below:~Score; Intensity; Description~Erythema:~0; No evidence; Normal skin color 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Pink light red 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Red 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Intense red~Scaling:~0; No evidence; No scaling 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Slight roughness, mainly fine scales 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Coarse scaling 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Coarse, thick scales~Infiltration:~0; No evidence 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild Slight definite infiltration 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Moderate infiltration 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Very marked infiltration The TCS was defined as the sum of erythema plus scaling plus thickness scores. The TCS therefore ranged from 0 (all symptoms absent) to 9 (all symptoms severe)." (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: From baseline (Day 1) to end of treatment (Day 29)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Erythema | Infiltration | Scaliness | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -1.71 | -1.46 | -1.79 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -1.88 | -2.04 | -2.19 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | -0.90 | -0.85 | -1.29 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | -0.42 | -0.46 | -0.73 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -1.85 | -1.75 | -1.96 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | -1.19 | -1.17 | -1.60 |
Skin biopsies were taken on Day 29. The evaluation of immunohistochemical sections were performed on cross sections of the skin tissue. The same pathologist did all evaluations, and samples were masked to ensure a blind fashion study. In evaluating the morphology of epidermis (Stratum corneum and Stratum granulosum), the tissue was classified by the characteristic epidermal thickness. This was measured in the absolute number of µm measured on blinded haematoxylin and eosin (HE) sections.. (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At end of treatment
| Intervention | µm (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 254.6 |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | 73.81 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 187.5 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 176.4 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | 68.48 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | 66.90 |
"The (sub)investigator made the following clinical assessments by use of the scale below:~Score; Intensity; Description~Erythema:~0; No evidence; Normal skin color 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Pink light red 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Red 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Intense red~Scaling:~0; No evidence; No scaling 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Slight roughness, mainly fine scales 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Coarse scaling 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Coarse, thick scales~Infiltration:~0; No evidence 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild Slight definite infiltration 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Moderate infiltration 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Very marked infiltration~The TCS was defined as the sum of erythema plus scaling plus thickness scores. The TCS therefore ranged from 0 (all symptoms absent) to 9 (all symptoms severe)." (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At Day 4, Day 8, Day 11, Day 15, Day 18, Day 22, and Day 25
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 5 (Day 4) | Visit 8 (Day 8) | Visit 11 (Day 11) | Visit 14 (Day 15) | Visit 17 (Day 18) | Visit 20 (Day 22) | Visit 23 (Day 25) | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -0.63 | -1.92 | -2.85 | -3.54 | -4.00 | -4.27 | -4.71 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -1.19 | -2.85 | -4.40 | -5.23 | -5.69 | -6.02 | -6.17 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | -0.19 | -0.88 | -1.40 | -1.75 | -2.23 | -2.21 | -2.75 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | -0.27 | -0.42 | -0.75 | -1.17 | -1.42 | -1.31 | -1.54 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -1.00 | -2.81 | -3.71 | -4.48 | -5.04 | -5.17 | -5.50 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | -0.29 | -1.21 | -1.60 | -2.46 | -2.88 | -3.21 | -3.60 |
"Skin biopsies were taken on Day 29. The evaluation of immunohistochemical sections were performed on cross sections of the skin tissue. The same pathologist did all evaluations, and samples were masked to ensure a blind fashion study. The extent of the following parameters were measured in scored semi-quantitatively (semi) on blinded haematoxylin and eosin (HE) sections. Semi-quantitative scoring was categorized as No (0), mild (1), moderate (2), marked (3) or severe (4). In evaluating the morphology of epidermis (Stratum corneum and Stratum granulosum) the tissue was classified by the characteristics seen below:~Morphology of epidermis~Stratum corneum (semi (extent of))~Stratum granulosum (semi (extent of))~Parakeratosis (semi (extent of))~Infiltration of inflammatory cells (semi (extent of))" (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At end of treatment
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infiltration of inflammatory cells | Parakeratosis | Stratum Corneum | Stratum Granulosum | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.17 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.17 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 1.52 | 1.39 | 1.52 | 1.04 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 1.50 | 1.67 | 1.83 | 1.42 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 1.53 | 1.35 | 1.41 | 1.00 |
The lesion thickness was measured by ultrasound at baseline, Day 8, Day 15, Day 22 and end of treatment. (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At Day 8, Day 15, Day 22 and end of treatment
| Intervention | mm (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 8 (Day 8) | Visit 14 (Day 15) | Visit 20 (Day 22) | Visit 26 (Day 29) | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -0.14 | -0.45 | -0.54 | -0.63 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.39 | -0.68 | -0.68 | -0.78 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 0.03 | -0.16 | -0.15 | -0.30 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 0.05 | -0.05 | -0.07 | -0.13 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -0.30 | -0.51 | -0.57 | -0.68 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 0.00 | -0.25 | -0.24 | -0.38 |
"3 skin biopsies (punch biopsies of 3 mm) per participant were taken on Day 29 after the clinical scoring and ultrasound measurement.~By measurement of the cell-cycle marker, Ki-67 protein, an evaluation of the degree of skin cell proliferation and thereby epidermal proliferation could be obtained. Cells counted per mm^2 were cells that were positive for the indicated biomarker." (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At end of treatment
| Intervention | cells/mm^2 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 554.1 |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | 19.45 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 443.3 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 354.3 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | 20.50 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | 93.49 |
"The (sub)investigator made the following clinical assessments by use of the scale below:~Score; Intensity; Description~Erythema:~0; No evidence; Normal skin color 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Pink light red 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Red 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Intense red~Scaling:~0; No evidence; No scaling 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild; Slight roughness, mainly fine scales 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Coarse scaling 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Coarse, thick scales~Infiltration:~0; No evidence 0.5; Doubtful or very mild 1.0; Mild Slight definite infiltration 1.5; Mild to moderate 2.0; Moderate; Moderate infiltration 2.5; Moderate to severe 3.0; Severe; Very marked infiltration~The TCS was defined as the sum of erythema plus scaling plus thickness scores. The TCS therefore ranged from 0 (all symptoms absent) to 9 (all symptoms severe)." (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: From baseline (Day 1) to end of treatment (Day 29)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | -1.60 |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | -4.96 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | -3.04 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | -3.96 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | -5.56 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -6.10 |
"Skin biopsies were taken on Day 29. The evaluation of immunohistochemical sections were performed on cross sections of the skin tissue. The same pathologist did all evaluations, and samples were masked to ensure a blind fashion study.~In evaluating the morphology of epidermis (Stratum corneum and Stratum granulosum), the tissue was classified by the characteristic of frequency of neutrophil microabscesses (Monroe´s abscess). This was measured in absolute number of cells that were positive for the marker on blinded haematoxylin and eosin (HE) sections." (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At end of treatment
| Intervention | cells/mm^2 (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 0.14 |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | 0.00 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 0.15 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 0.17 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | 0.00 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | 0.05 |
"3 skin biopsies (punch biopsies of 3 mm) per participant were taken on Day 29 after the clinical scoring and ultrasound measurement.~Cells counted per mm^2 were cells that were positive for the indicated biomarker." (NCT00875277)
Timeframe: At end of treatment
| Intervention | cells/mm^2 (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macrophages: CD163 | Dendritic cells CD1a | T-cell biomarker CD3 | Angiogenesis: CD31 | T-cell biomarker: CD4 | T-cell biomarker: CD45RO | Macrophages: CD68 | T-cell biomarker: CD8 | |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream | 197.4 | 42.14 | 124.5 | 216.3 | 59.17 | 101.6 | 120.3 | 60.05 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | 172.9 | 56.34 | 143.9 | 186.6 | 66.95 | 218.2 | 156.8 | 65.05 |
| LEO 29102 Cream | 291.2 | 229.3 | 464.2 | 331.1 | 246.4 | 630.1 | 323.1 | 220.7 |
| LEO 29102 Cream Vehicle | 313.9 | 233.8 | 593.8 | 430.7 | 284.3 | 752.0 | 370.8 | 280.5 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate | 178.2 | 34.31 | 126.1 | 184.2 | 55.56 | 121.6 | 142.1 | 66.35 |
| LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol Cream | 383.5 | 244.0 | 492.7 | 348.8 | 239.0 | 643.6 | 303.8 | 253.2 |
The IGA was chosen as the primary efficacy assessment. The primary endpoint is subjects with 'Controlled disease' according to the IGA. 'Controlled disease' is defined as clear or almost clear for subjects with moderate disease at baseline and clear for subjects with mild disease at baseline. (NCT01188928)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| LEO 80185 | 64 |
| Betamethasone | 60 |
| Calcipotriol | 5 |
| Topical Suspension Vehicle | 2 |
The IGA was chosen as the primary efficacy assessment. The primary endpoint is subjects with 'Controlled disease' according to the IGA. 'Controlled disease' is defined as clear or almost clear for subjects with moderate disease at baseline and clear for subjects with mild disease at baseline. (NCT01188928)
Timeframe: week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| LEO 80185 | 140 |
| Betamethasone | 103 |
| Calcipotriol | 14 |
| Topical Suspension Vehicle | 6 |
At all treatment phase visits the (sub)investigator made an assessment of the extent and severity of clinical signs of the subject's psoriasis using a modified PASI score (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) To make up the score, the three features of a psoriatic plaque redness, scaling and thickness are each assigned a number from 0 to 4 with 4 being worst. The extent of involvement of each region of the body is scored from 0 to 6. Adding up the scores give a range of 0 to 72. (NCT01188928)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of change in PASI (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 80185 | -46.4 |
| Betamethasone | -42.7 |
| Calcipotriol | -32.2 |
| Topical Suspension Vehicle | -17.4 |
At all treatment phase visits the (sub)investigator made an assessment of the extent and severity of clinical signs of the subject's psoriasis using a modified PASI score (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) To make up the score, the three features of a psoriatic plaque redness, scaling and thickness are each assigned a number from 0 to 4 with 4 being worst. The extent of involvement of each region of the body is scored from 0 to 6. Adding up the scores give a range of 0 to 72. (NCT01188928)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of change in PASI (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 80185 | -55.8 |
| Betamethasone | -48.6 |
| Calcipotriol | -43.6 |
| Topical Suspension Vehicle | -20.9 |
"Absolute change in score of each clinical sign (erythema, scaling, infiltration) at end of treatment (Day 29) and at individual visits (Days 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, and 25) compared to Baseline.~The investigator assessed the severity of the clinical signs erythema, scaling, and infiltration for each test site by using a 7-point scale (range 0 (no evidence) to 3 (severe)).~Negative changes in mean score represent improvement." (NCT01347255)
Timeframe: Baseline and Days 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, and 29 (End of Treatment)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erythema (Day 29) | Scaling (Day 29) | Infiltration (Day 29) | Erythema (Day 4) | Scaling (Day 4) | Infiltration (Day 4) | Erythema (Day 8) | Scaling (Day 8) | Infiltration (Day 8) | Erythema (Day 11) | Scaling (Day 11) | Infiltration (Day 11) | Erythema (Day 15) | Scaling (Day 15) | Infiltration (Day 15) | Erythema (Day 18) | Scaling (Day 18) | Infiltration (Day 18) | Erythema (Day 22) | Scaling (Day 22) | Infiltration (Day 22) | Erythema (Day 25) | Scaling (Day 25) | Infiltration (Day 25) | |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -1.50 | -2.02 | -1.73 | -0.33 | -0.23 | -0.17 | -0.67 | -0.73 | -0.56 | -0.83 | -1.23 | -0.90 | -1.04 | -1.40 | -1.06 | -1.35 | -1.74 | -1.43 | -1.44 | -1.81 | -1.50 | -1.56 | -1.98 | -1.67 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment | -1.75 | -2.13 | -2.13 | -0.33 | -0.17 | -0.13 | -0.73 | -0.75 | -0.60 | -1.08 | -1.29 | -1.00 | -1.29 | -1.65 | -1.31 | -1.37 | -1.87 | -1.61 | -1.79 | -2.06 | -1.85 | -1.79 | -2.15 | -2.10 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle | -0.56 | -0.90 | -0.42 | -0.19 | -0.19 | -0.08 | -0.13 | -0.21 | -0.08 | -0.29 | -0.46 | -0.23 | -0.33 | -0.46 | -0.23 | -0.35 | -0.67 | -0.30 | -0.52 | -0.67 | -0.38 | -0.56 | -0.85 | -0.44 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle w. Betamethasone | -1.44 | -2.02 | -1.50 | -0.33 | -0.31 | -0.13 | -0.60 | -0.81 | -0.42 | -0.75 | -1.06 | -0.58 | -1.06 | -1.40 | -0.85 | -1.20 | -1.52 | -1.11 | -1.29 | -1.73 | -1.35 | -1.44 | -1.98 | -1.52 |
Change in echo-poor band thickness from baseline to end of treatment, measured by ultrasound (NCT01347255)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29
| Intervention | millimetres (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment | -0.57 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle w. Betamethasone | -0.45 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle | -0.12 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.46 |
TCS range from 0 (all signs absent) to 9 (all signs severe). (NCT01347255)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline)/Day 29
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment | -6.00 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle w. Betamethasone | -4.96 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle | -1.88 |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -5.25 |
Change in total skin thickness measured by ultrasound at end of treatment (Day 29) and individual visits (Days 8, 15, and 22) compared to baseline (NCT01347255)
Timeframe: Baseline and Days 8, 15, 22, and 29.
| Intervention | millimetres (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 29 | Day 8 | Day 15 | Day 22 | |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.62 | -0.33 | -0.49 | -0.59 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment | -0.81 | -0.37 | -0.57 | -0.68 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle | -0.23 | -0.07 | -0.12 | -0.18 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle w. Betamethasone | -0.66 | -0.28 | -0.40 | -0.59 |
Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS; range from 0 (all signs absent) to 9 (all signs severe)) at individual visits (Days 4, 8, 11, 15, 22, and 25) compared to baseline. (NCT01347255)
Timeframe: Baseline and Days 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 4 | Day 8 | Day 11 | Day 15 | Day 18 | Day 22 | Day 25 | |
| Daivobet® Ointment | -0.73 | -1.96 | -2.96 | -3.50 | -4.52 | -4.75 | -5.21 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment | -0.63 | -2.08 | -3.38 | -4.25 | -4.85 | -5.71 | -6.04 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle | -0.46 | -0.42 | -0.98 | -1.02 | -1.33 | -1.56 | -1.85 |
| LEO 90100 Cutaneous Spray, Ointment, Vehicle w. Betamethasone | -0.77 | -1.83 | -2.40 | -3.31 | -3.83 | -4.38 | -4.94 |
"The primary response criterion was the percentage change in m-PASI from baseline to Week 4.~The extent of and severity of redness, thickness and scaliness of psoriasis were recorded for each of three regions (arms, trunk and legs) and these were used to calculate mPASI using the following formula:~Arms: 0.2(R+T+S)E = X Trunk: 0.2(R+T+S)E = Y Legs: 0.2(R+T+S)E = Z where R = score for redness (using a scale from 0 to 4, where o is non signs and 4 is the most severe signs) T = score for thickness (using a scale from 0 to 4, where o is non signs and 4 is the most severe signs) S = score for scaliness (using a scale from 0 to 4, where o is non signs and 4 is the most severe signs) E = score for extent (using a scale from 0 to 6, where 0 is no involvement and 6 is 90-100% involvemnet) The sum of X + Y + Z gave the total m-PASI, which could range from 0 to 64.8." (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dovonex® Ointment | -50.5 |
| LEO 90105 Ointment | -64.3 |
| Rinderon® - DP Ointment | -53.6 |
"Percentage change in composite severity score of the target lesion from baseline to Week 4.~At Visit 1, the investigator selected a target lesion. Location was recorded as trunk, limb excluding elbow and/or knee.~At Visits 1-4, the investigator assessed the severity of the target lesion for each sign (redness, thickness and scaliness) on a scale from 0 to 8 where 0 is no signs of redness, thickness or scaliness and 8 is the most severe signs of redness, thickeness or scaliniess.~The individual scores for redness, thickness and scaliness were added together to give a single composite score for severity of the target lesion which could range from 0 to 24. The percentage change in the composite severity score from baseline to each visit was also calcutated." (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dovonex® Ointment | -57.1 |
| LEO 90105 Ointment | -70.5 |
| Rinderon® - DP Ointment | -58.6 |
The extent of and severity of redness, thickness and scaliness of psoriasis were recorded for each of three regions (arms, trunk and legs) and these were used to calculate mPASI. The m-PASI could range from 0 to 64.8. The least severe outcome is 0 and the most severe outcome is 64.8 (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 1
| Intervention | percentage of change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dovonex® Ointment | -23.7 |
| LEO 90105 Ointment | -39.1 |
| Rinderon® - DP Ointment | -29.5 |
"Subjects with 'clear' or 'almost clear' disease by physician's global assessment on the following 6 point scale: clear, almost clear, mild, moderate, severe, very severe.~The assessment represents the average lesion severity on the trunk and limbs. The assessment was based on the condition of the disease at the time of evaluation, and not in relation to the condition at a previous visit." (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dovonex® Ointment | 52 |
| LEO 90105 Ointment | 89 |
| Rinderon® - DP Ointment | 43 |
Assessment of disease severity (Plaque thickening, Scaling and Erythema) using a 5-point scale (Clear, Almost clear, Mild, Moderate, Severe), based on the condition of the disease at the time of evaluation. (NCT01536938)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| LEO 90100 | 45 |
| Betamethasone Dipropionate | 31 |
| Calcipotriol Aerosol Foam | 15 |
Subjective Subject Preference Survey The Subjective Subject Preference Survey consist of 15 questions relating to patients preference of study drug. The survey includes questions such as how the medication feels to touch, how greasy it is, and time it takes to apply. The final question asks patients to rate the overall appeal of the vehicle. Questions are scored on a 7-point scale, where a score of 1 is extremely unpleasant, 4 is neutral, and a score of 7 is extremely appealing. Total preference score based on the Subjective Subject Preference Survey could range from 15-105. (NCT01707043)
Timeframe: 3 days
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Taclonex Scalp Suspension First Then Taclonex Ointment | 78.9 |
| Taclonex Ointment First, Then Taclonex Scalp Suspension | 69.4 |
Subjective Subject Preference Survey The Subjective Subject Preference Survey consist of 15 questions relating to patients preference of study drug. The survey includes questions such as how the medication feels to touch, how greasy it is, and time it takes to apply. The final question asks patients to rate the overall appeal of the vehicle. Questions are scored on a 7-point scale, where a score of 1 is extremely unpleasant, 4 is neutral, and a score of 7 is extremely appealing. Total preference score based on the Subjective Subject Preference Survey could range from 15-105. (NCT01707043)
Timeframe: 3 days
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Taclonex Scalp Suspension First Then Taclonex Ointment | 81.1 |
| Taclonex Ointment First, Then Taclonex Scalp Suspension | 77.6 |
Change in the BSA of involvement with psoriasis from baseline to Day 14 was assessed. BSA was assessed at Baseline, Days 8, 14 and 29. (NCT02749799)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Day 14.
| Intervention | percentage of BSA (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DFD-01 (Betamethasone Dipropionate) Spray, 0.05% | -1.3 |
"DLQI is a simple, compact, and practical questionnaire to assess limitations related to the impact of skin disease. The instrument contains ten items dealing with the participant's skin. The participant responds on a four-point scale, ranging from Very Much (score 3) to Not at All or Not relevant (score 0). The DLQI total score is derived by summing all item scores, which has a possible range of 0 to 30, with 30 corresponding to the worst quality of life, and 0 corresponding to the best. A lower score (i.e., negative change score) indicates improvement in the Quality of Life." (NCT02749799)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Day 14.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DFD-01 (Betamethasone Dipropionate) Spray, 0.05% | -6.6 |
The mean change in the IGA score from baseline to Day 14 was assessed. IGA score is a static assessment of disease severity and is based on overall severity of signs at each visit. It's a 4-point scale where '0' is absent disease and '4' is 'Severe/Very Severe' disease. A lower score at the end of the study compared to baseline (negative change), indicates an improvement in the disease condition. (NCT02749799)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Day 14.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DFD-01 (Betamethasone Dipropionate) Spray, 0.05% | -0.8 |
Rate of adherent patients, defined as dichotomized adherence rates obtained by number of days with applied medication with a selected cut-off of 80%, with adherence rates above 80% considered adherent (NCT02858713)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| App as Intervention + Enstilar© | 65 |
| Conventional Instructions + Enstilar© | 38 |
"Change from baseline to week 4~Description of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): A score from 0-30 [0, patients' quality of life not affected; 30, patients' quality of life severely affected by the skin disease]. The DLQI-scale is a summary of 10 questions on subscales, where patients' report how severely their quality of life has been affected for the last week (patient reported outcome measurements (PROM), each subscale have a score from 0 (not affected by skin disease) to 3 (severely affected by skin disease).~The minimum score is 0 and the highest score is 30, a high score means worse outcome." (NCT02858713)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 4, 8 and 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline to week 4 | Change from baseline to week 8 | Change from baseline to week 26 | |
| App as Intervention + Enstilar© | 4.12 | 4.59 | 4.23 |
| Conventional Instructions + Enstilar© | 4.54 | 5.17 | 5.00 |
"Change from baseline to week 4, 8 and 26~Lattice System Physican's Gloabal Assessment (LS-PGA) is a measure from 0-8 (0, patients skin clear; 8, patients' skin severely affected by psoriasis). The scale is a summary of three subscales: 1). thickness of psoriasis, 2). extent of scaling and 3). body surface ares (BSA) affected. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 8, a high score represents a worse outcome." (NCT02858713)
Timeframe: Week 4, 8 and 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline to week 4 | Change from baseline to week 8 | Change from baseline to week 26 | |
| App + Enstilar© | 1.86 | 2.25 | 1.98 |
| Conventional Instructions + Enstilar© | 1.46 | 2.16 | 1.80 |
ODI (Oswestry disability index) consists of 10 subscales, which evaluates pain intensity, and functional satus of personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex, social life, traveling. Each subscales range from 0 to 5, with the higher score indicating more severe functional damage. the ODI score ranges from 0 to 100. it equals the sum of all the subscales and divided by 50. If the patients answers 9 subscale questions, then the total sum should be divided by 45, and by this analogy. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: before treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 53.85 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 57.84 |
ODI (Oswestry disability index) consists of 10 subscales, which evaluates pain intensity, and functional satus of personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex, social life, traveling. Each subscales range from 0 to 5, with the higher score indicating more severe functional damage. the ODI score ranges from 0 to 100. it equals the sum of all the subscales and divided by 50. If the patients answers 9 subscale questions, then the total sum should be divided by 45, and by this analogy. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: at one-month post-treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 29.11 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 35.02 |
ODI (Oswestry disability index) consists of 10 subscales, which evaluates pain intensity, and functional satus of personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex, social life, traveling. Each subscales range from 0 to 5, with the higher score indicating more severe functional damage. the ODI score ranges from 0 to 100. it equals the sum of all the subscales and divided by 50. If the patients answers 9 subscale questions, then the total sum should be divided by 45, and by this analogy. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: at six-month post-treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 30.52 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 46.39 |
ODI (Oswestry disability index) consists of 10 subscales, which evaluates pain intensity, and functional satus of personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex, social life, traveling. Each subscales range from 0 to 5, with the higher score indicating more severe functional damage. the ODI score ranges from 0 to 100. it equals the sum of all the subscales and divided by 50. If the patients answers 9 subscale questions, then the total sum should be divided by 45, and by this analogy. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: at three-month post-treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 28.93 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 39.82 |
VAS (Visual analogue scale), with the highest score of 10, representing the most severe pain one could experience, and the lowest score of 0, representing no pain at all. The higher score means more severe pain. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: at six-month post-treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 2.81 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 4.06 |
VAS (Visual analogue scale), with the highest score of 10, representing the most severe pain one could experience, and the lowest score of 0, representing no pain at all. The higher score means more severe pain. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: at three-month post-treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 2.19 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 3.25 |
VAS (Visual analogue scale), with the highest score of 10, representing the most severe pain one could experience, and the lowest score of 0, representing no pain at all. The higher score means more severe pain. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: before treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 5.63 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 5.92 |
VAS (Visual analogue scale), with the highest score of 10, representing the most severe pain one could experience, and the lowest score of 0, representing no pain at all. The higher score means more severe pain. (NCT03101033)
Timeframe: at one-month post-treatment
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epidural Neuroplasty Group | 2.37 |
| Transforaminal Steroid Injection Group | 2.35 |
Psoriasis Area & Severity Index (PASI) is a tool used to measure the severity of psoriasis. It combines the assessment of the severity of lesions and the area affected into a single score ranging from 0(no disease) to 72(maximal disease.) (NCT03441789)
Timeframe: 4 weeks, 12 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| week 4 | week 12 | |
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 7 | 4 |
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 1 | 2 |
Psoriasis Area & Severity Index (PASI) is a tool used to measure the severity of psoriasis. It combines the assessment of the severity of lesions and the area affected into a single score ranging from 0(no disease) to 72(maximal disease.) (NCT03441789)
Timeframe: 16 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| PASI 90 | PASI 100 | |
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 4 | 1 |
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 2 | 0 |
The Investigator will rate the severity of of disease based on the assessment of 3 clinical signs (erythema, induration, desquamation) wherein 0=no signs of psoriasis, 1=almost clear, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=severe (NCT03441789)
Timeframe: 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| week 472517757 | week 472517758 | week 1272517758 | week 1272517757 | week 1672517758 | week 1672517757 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| severe | clear | almost clear | mild | moderate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PASI combines the assessment of the severity of lesions and the area affected into a single score ranging from 0(no disease) to 72(maximal disease.) The body is divided into 4 sections: head (10% of total body surface area,) arms (20%,) trunk(30%,) and legs (40%.) Each of these is scored by itself and the 4 scores then combined to obtain thePASI. For each body area, the percent of skin area involved is estimated and graded based on this value (0=0% of area involved, 1=<10%, 2=10-29%, 3=30-49%, 4=50-69%, 5=70-89%, 6=90-100%.) Within each area, the severity of disease is based on 3 clinical signs: erythema or redness, induration or thickness, and desquamation or scaliness. Each is graded on a scale from 0(none) to 4(maximum.) The sum of all 3 parameters is calculated for each body section, multiplied by the area score for that section and then multiplied by the weight of that section (.1for head, .2 arms, .3 trunk and .4 legs) (NCT03441789)
Timeframe: 16 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 7 |
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 2 |
The Itch VAS (Visual Analog Scale) is completed by subjects wherein they are asked to rate the severity of their itching over the last 48 hours on a scale from 0 (no itching) to 10 (unbearable itching); low scores indicate a better outcome. (NCT03441789)
Timeframe: 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks
| Intervention | scale unit (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| week 4 | week 12 | week 16 | |
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 5 | 4 | 4 |
The DLQI is a 10-question tool completed by subjects to ascertain the severity of disease based on the extent to which disease interferes with daily life. Each question is scored according to the response wherein Very Much =3, A lot=2, A little=1 and Not at all=0. The sum of all responses is then recorded on a scale from 0 to 30, lower scores indicating better quality of life. (NCT03441789)
Timeframe: 4 weeks, 12, weeks, 16 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| week 4 | week 12 | week 16 | |
| Otezla Plus Enstilar Foam | 2 | 5 | 3 |
| Otezla Plus Vehicle Foam | 5 | 5 | 6 |
The local tolerability of the creams will be assesed using a predefined scale: 0 = No reaction; 0.5 = Only slight erythema; 1 = Only erythema; 2 = Erythema with papules or oedema; 3 = Erythema, oedema with papules, oedema with vesicle; 4 = Blisters (NCT03758365)
Timeframe: Day 2
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC2-01 Cream72211385 | Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% Lotion72211385 | Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% Cream72211385 | Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1% Cream72211385 | Hydrocortisone Butyrate 0.1% Cream72211385 | Desonide 0.05% Cream72211385 | Vehicle Cream72211385 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erythema with papules or oedema | No reaction | Only Slight reaction | Only erythema | Erythema, oedema with papules, oedema with vesicle | Blisters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MC2-01 Cream + Comparators | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MC2-01 Cream + Comparators | 36 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Blanching of the skin will be assessed individually by two trained observers blinded to treatment. The observers will score the blanching of the skin from 0-4 (0 = No change in color skin; 1 = Slight (barely visible) blanching; 3 = Obvious blanching; 4 = Blanching judged to be maximal). The results is presented as Mean ± SD. (NCT03758365)
Timeframe: Day 2
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC2-01 Cream | Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% Lotion | Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% Cream | Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1% Cream | Hydrocortisone Butyrate 0.1% Cream | Desonide 0.05% Cream | Vehicle Cream | |
| MC2-01 Cream + Comparators | 1.66 | 3.05 | 2.45 | 1.92 | 2.06 | 2.11 | 0.14 |
A combined score of disease severity of target lesion which includes assessment of erythema (0=none, 2=pink, 4=red, 6=very red, 8=extremely red), induration (0=no evidence of plaque above normal skin level, 1=very slight, 2=slight definite elevation above normal skin level, 3=mild, 4=moderate elevation with rounded or sloped edges to plaque, 6=marked elevation with hard sharp edges to plaque), and scaling (0=no evidence of scaling on lesion, 2= mild mainly fine scales with some of lesion at least partially covered, 4=moderate somewhat coarser scale and most of lesion at least partially covered, 6= severe coarse thick scales and rough surface covering virtually all of lesion, 8=very severe coarse very thick scales and rough surface covering entire lesion (NCT03848871)
Timeframe: screening/baseline, week 2, week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline72169599 | Week 272169599 | Week 472169599 | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 Very Slight | 0 None | 6 Marked | 3 Mild | 2 Slight | 4 Moderate | |||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 13 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 11 | |||||||||||||||||
Percent of total body surface affected by psoriasis, calculated by multiplying the percent of a specified body area affected by psoriasis x the percent of total body surface area represented by the specified area (where head = 10% of total body surface, trunk = 30%, upper limbs = 20%, lower limbs = 40%) (NCT03848871)
Timeframe: screening/baseline, week 2, week 4
| Intervention | percentage of body covered by psoriasis (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 4 | |
| Enstilar Foam | 9.8 | 9.2 | 6.9 |
A combined score of disease severity of target lesion which includes assessment of erythema (0=none, 1= slightly pink, 2=pink, 4=red, 6=very red, 8=extremely red), induration (0=no evidence of plaque above normal skin level, 2=slight definite elevation above normal skin level, 4=moderate elevation with rounded or sloped edges to plaque, 6=marked elevation with hard sharp edges to plaque), and scaling (0=no evidence of scaling on lesion, 2= mild mainly fine scales with some of lesion at least partially covered, 4=moderate somewhat coarser scale and most of lesion at least partially covered, 6= severe coarse thick scales and rough surface covering virtually all of lesion, 8=very severe coarse very thick scales and rough surface covering entire lesion (NCT03848871)
Timeframe: screening/baseline, week 2, week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline72169599 | Week 272169599 | Week 472169599 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 None | 8 Extremely Red | 6 Very Red | 4 Red | 2 Pink | 1 Slightly Pink | |||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 13 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 14 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
Physician assessment of disease severity. 0=Clear, 1=Almost Clear, 2=Mild, 3=Moderate (NCT03848871)
Timeframe: screening/baseline, week 2, week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline72169599 | Week 272169599 | Week 472169599 | ||||||||||
| Almost Clear | Clear | Moderate | Mild | |||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 20 | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 0 | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 1 | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 13 | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 4 | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 9 | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 6 | |||||||||||
Size of target lesion recorded as height in cm x length in cm (NCT03848871)
Timeframe: screening/baseline, week 2, week 4
| Intervention | cm^2 (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 4 | |
| Enstilar Foam | 19 | 16 | 10 |
A combined score of disease severity of target lesion which includes assessment of erythema (0=none, 2=pink, 4=red, 6=very red, 8=extremely red), induration (0=no evidence of plaque above normal skin level, 2=slight definite elevation above normal skin level, 4=moderate elevation with rounded or sloped edges to plaque, 6=marked elevation with hard sharp edges to plaque, 8=very marked elevation with very hard sharp edges to plaque), and scaling (0=no evidence of scaling on lesion, 2= mild mainly fine scales with some of lesion at least partially covered, 4=moderate somewhat coarser scale and most of lesion at least partially covered, 6= severe coarse thick scales and rough surface covering virtually all of lesion, 8=very severe coarse very thick scales and rough surface covering entire lesion) (NCT03848871)
Timeframe: screening/baseline, week 2, week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline72169599 | Week 272169599 | Week 472169599 | |||||||||||||
| 8 Very Severe | 4 Moderate | 6 Severe | 2 Mild | 0 None | |||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 7 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 12 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 0 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 10 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 9 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 4 | ||||||||||||||
| Enstilar Foam | 15 | ||||||||||||||
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent |
| bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor |
| albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
| alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | triamino-1,3,5-triazine | |
| amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
| amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | diamine; organic thiophosphate | antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent |
| aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline | adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| theophylline [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene | anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| anastrozole [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite |
| azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| baclofen [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant |
| bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidines; tertiary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| betaxolol [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | propanolamine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol | |
| bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| brimonidine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine | adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent |
| bumetanide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
| buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| busulfan [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| butenafine butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes; tertiary amine | antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | quinolone; secondary alcohol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| carvedilol [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines | anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone | antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant |
| chloroxine chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound | antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; antiseborrheic |
| ciclopirox [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone | antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic |
| cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; phenazines | dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug |
| cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| dipivefrin dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; pivalate ester | adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent |
| disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent |
| doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | |
| enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | anaesthetic |
| enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
| etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| brl 42810 [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; acetate ester | antiviral drug; prodrug |
| felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent |
| felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| fluphenazine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
| fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug |
| fluphenazine enanthate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines | |
| flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| gemfibrozil [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | antilipemic drug |
| glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| granisetron [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; indazoles | |
| guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| halothane [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | |
| ifosfamide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organoiodine compound | radioopaque medium |
| iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| ioversol [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester | |
| itraconazole [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | piperazines | |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| lamotrigine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine | anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic |
| lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent |
| loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist |
| losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | anthracenes | |
| mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol | |
| mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; primary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
| midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol | alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound | |
| mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist |
| mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | analgesic; antineoplastic agent |
| nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound | |
| nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| nilutamide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| nizatidine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist |
| masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | catechols; lignan; tetrol | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite |
| norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid | analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| pamidronate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phosphonoacetic acid | |
| pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles | central nervous system stimulant |
| pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| pentoxifylline [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
| prazepam Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| praziquantel azinox: Russian drug | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; hydrazines | antineoplastic agent |
| propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| ranitidine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamine | |
| riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazoles | |
| rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alkylamine | |
| risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| salmeterol xinafoate salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ether; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ether; organofluorine compound | central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide | |
| sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
| tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane | keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent |
| temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; piperidines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aziridines | |
| ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| tioconazole tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; thiophenes | |
| tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazole; imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant |
| ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | |
| trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | triazolobenzodiazepine | sedative |
| trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | polyazaalkane; tetramine | copper chelator |
| trifluoperazine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
| trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
| zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative |
| zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles | cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
| vincristine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt | adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent |
| dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | formamides; volatile organic compound | geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent |
| cytarabine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor |
| medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester | adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| mestranol [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound | prodrug; xenoestrogen |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| estradiol dipropionate estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; barbiturates | drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic |
| estradiol 17 beta-cypionate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| testosterone enanthate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | heptanoate ester; sterol ester | androgen |
| betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 4.45 | 5 | 1 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carnitine | antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role) |
| megestrol acetate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | organic molecular entity | |
| levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| estradiol valerate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative | antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester | anti-inflammatory drug |
| methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate | |
| stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity | antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| cladribine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| beclomethasone [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug |
| estradiol enanthate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester | antipsoriatic |
| olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound | geroprotector |
| levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole | antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator |
| cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector |
| daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | indole alkaloid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist |
| ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| halazepam halazepam: structure | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| bitolterol bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; diester; ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; prodrug |
| zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| etoposide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines | |
| ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| guanadrel guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | guanidines; spiroketal | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide | anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker |
| sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine | antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist |
| permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes | agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide |
| sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes | anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic |
| cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| lodoxamide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | diester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| butoconazole butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | |
| naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
| pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker |
| nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
| pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
| cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-acylurea | antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid | dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| sparfloxacin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | |
| zileuton [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; ureas | anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phosphonic acids; pyrimidone | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent |
| topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor |
| gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; organic amino compound | |
| remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester | intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative |
| atorvastatin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic) | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| lamivudine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol | allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| irinotecan [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| cefprozil [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| 2,5-dimethylisosorbide [no description available] | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | ||
| methylprednisolone aceponate methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| dexamethasone 17-valerate dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 21-hydroxy steroid | |
| dexamethasone dipropionate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | fenfluramine | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| erythromycin propionate erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | erythromycin derivative | |
| dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | razoxane | antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent |
| antebate betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone | |
| flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| moexipril [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| methotrexate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| docetaxel [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antineoplastic agent |
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine | local anaesthetic |
| estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester | estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen |
| estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent |
| ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | coformycins | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
| cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | L-asparagine derivative; quinolines | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine | |
| bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | penicillanic acid ester | prodrug |
| erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester | |
| amcinonide amcinonide: structure | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; spiroketal | anti-inflammatory drug |
| betamethasone acetate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | |
| acarbose [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol; glycoside | |
| tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
| mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic |
| mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | epoxide; phosphonic acids | antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor |
| zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| teniposide [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| sch 22219 alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester | anti-inflammatory drug |
| mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| cholinophyllin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fludarabine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| thiothixene [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-methylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent |
| benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent |
| enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| terbinafine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
| thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid | chelator |
| streptozocin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tamoxifen [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; thiocarboxamide | antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug |
| dezocine dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | phenols; primary amino compound | opioid analgesic |
| dapiprazole [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; miotic; ophthalmology drug |
| flosequinan [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| alprostadil [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
| olopatadine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bw b1090u [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| 7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid | antibacterial drug |
| etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| epoprostenol [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins I | mouse metabolite |
| dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; thiophenes | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carbacephem; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester | anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker |
| calcipotriene [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; triol | antipsoriatic; drug allergen |
| clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist |
| fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug |
| halobetasol halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic |
| rimexolone [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid | |
| vinorelbine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound | |
| oxiconazole oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; oxime O-ether | antiinfective agent |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| cefixime [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester | bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug |
| indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide | HIV protease inhibitor |
| enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
| cefuroxime [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen |
| ceftriaxone [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug |
| ceftazidime [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | |
| famotidine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| aztreonam [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| cci 15641 [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | |
| cefpodoxime [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| dirithromycin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | prodrug |
| cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; prodrug |
| ceftizoxime [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
| dantrolene [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fosinopril [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nystatins | |
| mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonic acid | |
| cefamandole nafate [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | antibacterial drug; prodrug |
| chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| piroxicam [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| meclocycline [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
| didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| ganciclovir [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
| valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | L-valyl ester | antiviral drug |
| olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols | antiviral drug |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| rifabutin [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |