3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one profile

3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5488186
CHEMBL ID	1836264
CHEBI ID	168442
SCHEMBL ID	803408
MeSH ID	M0086787

Synonym
3,8-dihydroxybenzo[c]chromen-6-one
CHEBI:168442
1143-70-0
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one
urolithin a
3,8-hydroxydibenzo-alpha-pyrone
6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one, 3,8-dihydroxy-
unii-ilj8nef6dt
3,8-dihydroxyurolithin
ilj8nef6dt ,
2-biphenylcarboxylic acid, 2',4,4'-trihydroxy-, delta-lactone
CHEMBL1836264
S5312
SCHEMBL803408
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-benzo[c]chromen-6-one
6h-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, 3,8-dihydroxy-
AC-31959
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one
DTXSID40150694
AKOS028108778
J-003086
Y10574
RIUPLDUFZCXCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
urolithin a, >=97% (hplc)
CS-6305
HY-100599
3,8-dihydroxy-urolithin
mfcd20275235
DB15464
DS-19328
Q15634120
uro-a
3,8-dihydroxybenzo(c)chromen-6-one
urolithin-a
CCG-266776
FT-0778244
EX-A4345
SY070232
A901528
EN300-7415486

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"0% UA mixed in diet) showed no alterations in clinical parameters, blood chemistry, or hematology, and did not indicate any target organs, or any specific toxic mechanisms."	( Safety assessment of Urolithin A, a metabolite produced by the human gut microbiota upon dietary intake of plant derived ellagitannins and ellagic acid. Andreux, P; Blanco-Bose, W; Heilman, J; Rinsch, C; Tran, N, 2017)	0.46
"A range of health benefits are attributed to consuming urolithin A (UA), such as improved muscle health, anti-aging activity, and neuroprotection, whereas few studies raise possible adverse effects at high doses, including genotoxicity and estrogenic effects."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Postbiotic Supplement Urolithin A Predicts its Bioavailability Is Orders of Magnitude Lower than Concentrations that Induce Toxicity, but also Neuroprotective Effects. Aichinger, G; Beekmann, K; Stevanoska, M; Sturla, SJ, 2023)	0.91
" Concentrations at which either toxic or beneficial effects are previously observed in vitro appear unlikely to be achieved in vivo."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Postbiotic Supplement Urolithin A Predicts its Bioavailability Is Orders of Magnitude Lower than Concentrations that Induce Toxicity, but also Neuroprotective Effects. Aichinger, G; Beekmann, K; Stevanoska, M; Sturla, SJ, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, there is no physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model available for UA, thus limiting reliable assessment of effects observed from in vitro experimentation."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Postbiotic Supplement Urolithin A Predicts its Bioavailability Is Orders of Magnitude Lower than Concentrations that Induce Toxicity, but also Neuroprotective Effects. Aichinger, G; Beekmann, K; Stevanoska, M; Sturla, SJ, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The present study confirms the microbial origin of the recently reported in vivo generated hydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives in humans and is a further step in the study of the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagic acid and ellagitannins."	( Identification of urolithin a as a metabolite produced by human colon microflora from ellagic acid and related compounds. Cerdá, B; Espín, JC; Periago, P; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2005)	0.33
" This warrants future human tissue bioavailability studies and further clinical studies in men with CaP."	( Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland. Aronson, WJ; Belldegrun, A; Harris, DM; Heber, D; Henning, SM; Lee, RP; Moro, A; Pantuck, AJ; Rettig, M; Sartippour, M; Seeram, NP; Suchard, MA; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore establishing the bioavailability of polyphenols from these extract preparations is necessary."	( Pomegranate juice and extracts provide similar levels of plasma and urinary ellagitannin metabolites in human subjects. Chen, S; Dreher, M; Heber, D; Henning, SM; Lee, RP; Li, Z; McKeever, R; Nguyen, M; Seeram, NP; Suchard, MA; Thames, G; Wang, D; Zerlin, A; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" This method is biologically more relevant because it reflects bioavailability of the test compound to the cells, and the antioxidant action is determined in the cellular environment."	( Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of Pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay. Bialonska, D; Ferreira, D; Kasimsetty, SG; Khan, SI, 2009)	0.35
"The study of fruit and vegetable processing and its effects on the levels of health-promoting constituents and their bioavailability and metabolism is very relevant to understanding the role of these constituents in human health."	( Strawberry processing does not affect the production and urinary excretion of urolithins, ellagic acid metabolites, in humans. Cerdá, B; Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Larrosa, M; Tomás-Barberán, FA; Truchado, P; Vidal-Guevara, ML, 2012)	0.38
" Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating the bioavailability of these high molecular weight polyphenols."	( Urolithins are the main urinary microbial-derived phenolic metabolites discriminating a moderate consumption of nuts in free-living subjects with diagnosed metabolic syndrome. Andrés-Lacueva, C; Bulló, M; Espín, JC; García-Villalba, R; Jáuregui, O; López-Uriarte, P; Rabassa, M; Salas-Salvadó, J; Tomás-Barberán, F; Tulipani, S; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" Ellagitannins exhibit low bioavailability and are transformed in the gut to ellagic acid and its microbiota metabolites urolithin A (Uro-A) and urolithin B (Uro-B)."	( Ellagitannin metabolites, urolithin A glucuronide and its aglycone urolithin A, ameliorate TNF-α-induced inflammation and associated molecular markers in human aortic endothelial cells. Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Giménez-Bastida, JA; González-Sarrías, A; Larrosa, M; Tomás-Barberán, F, 2012)	0.38
" The results indicate that bioavailability of ellagitannins appears to be dependent on the composition of gut microbiota."	( Effects of ellagitannin-rich berries on blood lipids, gut microbiota, and urolithin production in human subjects with symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Aura, AM; Espín, JC; Kankainen, M; Kolehmainen, M; Leppänen, T; Maukonen, J; Moilanen, E; Nohynek, L; Oksman-Caldentey, KM; Poutanen, K; Puupponen-Pimiä, R; Seppänen-Laakso, T; Tómas-Barberán, FA; Törrönen, R, 2013)	0.39
" Due to the not well-established bioavailability of ellagitannins, the mechanisms of observed therapeutic effects following oral administration still remain unclear."	( Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials. Granica, S; Kiss, AK; Melzig, MF; Piwowarski, JP; Schopohl, P; Stefańska, J; Zwierzyńska, M, 2014)	0.4
"A pilot intervention study was conducted in human volunteers (n = 4) to establish the bioavailability of urolithins, which are the terminal end-products of ellagitannin metabolism by the gastrointestinal microflora."	( Pilot walnut intervention study of urolithin bioavailability in human volunteers. Gehres, N; Haubner, R; Owen, RW; Pfundstein, B; Ulrich, CM; Würtele, G, 2014)	0.4
" Due to the questionable bioavailability of ellagitannins their gut microbiota metabolites-urolithins have come to be regarded as potential factors responsible for biological activities observed in vivo."	( Urolithins, gut microbiota-derived metabolites of ellagitannins, inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Granica, S; Kiss, AK; Moeslinger, T; Piwowarski, JP, 2015)	0.42
"We investigated the effect of mixing soy protein isolate and pomegranate juice (PJ) on the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagitannins (ETs) in healthy volunteers."	( Soy protein isolate does not affect ellagitannin bioavailability and urolithin formation when mixed with pomegranate juice in humans. Heber, D; Henning, SM; Hsu, M; Lee, R; Li, Z; ManLam, H; Thames, G; Yang, J, 2016)	0.43
"The consumption of foodstuffs yielding circulating compounds able to maintain endothelial function by improving nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability can be considered as an effective strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention."	( Effects on Nitric Oxide Production of Urolithins, Gut-Derived Ellagitannin Metabolites, in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Bonadonna, RC; Brighenti, F; Cito, M; Dei Cas, A; Del Rio, D; Fantuzzi, F; Mena, P; Spigoni, V, 2016)	0.43
" However, the low bioavailability of ellagitannins and their extensive metabolization in the gastrointestinal tract into ellagic acid and urolithins suggest that the health benefits of consuming ellagitannins rely on the direct effects of their metabolites."	( Urolithins impair cell proliferation, arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis in UMUC3 bladder cancer cells. Batista, MT; Carmo, A; Cruz, MT; Gomes, C; Liberal, J, 2017)	0.46
" However, orally consumed geraniin, an ellagitannin, shows low bioavailability and undergoes metabolization to urolithins by gut microbiota."	( An increased autophagic flux contributes to the anti-inflammatory potential of urolithin A in macrophages. Boakye, YD; Groyer, L; Heiss, EH, 2018)	0.48
" We aimed to improve oral bioavailability of UA by formulating it into biodegradable nanoparticles that use a surface-conjugated ligand targeting the gut-expressed transferrin receptor."	( Oral delivery of nanoparticle urolithin A normalizes cellular stress and improves survival in mouse model of cisplatin-induced AKI. Arora, M; Ganugula, R; Kumar, MNVR; Nabity, MB; Sheikh-Hamad, D; Zou, D, 2019)	0.51
" Although results from recent studies indicate that polyphenols and UroA also provide neuroprotective effects, these compounds differ in their bioavailability and may, therefore, have unique effects on limiting neuroinflammation."	( Differential Effects of Whole Red Raspberry Polyphenols and Their Gut Metabolite Urolithin A on Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia. Albusharif, M; Chaidez, V; Chung, S; Polenz, L; Ramer-Tait, AE; Schlange, S; Toney, AM; Works, D, 2020)	0.56
" Our purpose was to develop a delivery system to improve the bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy of Uro-A."	( Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of PEGylated Urolithin A Liposomes. Chen, L; Hu, J; Li, S; Meng, Y; Qiu, Z; Wang, G; Yi, S; Yu, H; Zhang, C; Zheng, G, 2021)	0.62
"Foods rich in ellagic tannins are first hydrolyzed into ellagic acid in the stomach and small intestine, and then converted into urolithins with high bioavailability by the intestinal flora."	( Ellagic acid and intestinal microflora metabolite urolithin A: A review on its sources, metabolic distribution, health benefits, and biotransformation. Chen, W; Cui, S; Mao, B; Tang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhao, J, 2023)	0.91
" Because EA is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, urolithins are considered to play a major role in bioactivity."	( Urolithin A Attenuates Cao, M; Chen, Q; Li, S; Li, TY; Qing, LT; Wang, YX; Wu, CM; Yan, SY; Yu, ZH; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
"Urolithin A (UroA) is gut metabolites of ellagitannins possessing a vast range of biological activities, but its poor water solubility and low bioavailability hinder its potential applications."	( Liposomes encapsulation by pH driven improves the stability, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of urolithin A: A comparative study. Chen, MS; Ding, Q; Hu, Y; Lu, FY; Tu, ZC; Wang, LH; Wei, LF; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
" The bioavailability and inhibitory activity of UADs against UA-glucuronidation were evaluated using differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers."	( Urolithin A conjugation with NSAIDs inhibits its glucuronidation and maintains improvement of Caco-2 monolayers' barrier function. Granica, S; Korczak, M; Piwowarski, JP; Popowski, D; Roszkowski, P; Skowrońska, W; Żołdak, KM, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" We randomly distributed 48 Wistar rats into six groups and used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the effects of two main factors-diet type (standard and high-fat) and ET dosage (without, low, and 3× higher)-applied to rats for 4 weeks."	( Protective Effects of a Strawberry Ellagitannin-Rich Extract against Pro-Oxidative and Pro-Inflammatory Dysfunctions Induced by a High-Fat Diet in a Rat Model. Fotschki, B; Jurgoński, A; Juśkiewicz, J; Kosmala, M; Kołodziejczyk, K; Majewski, M; Milala, J; Ognik, K; Żary-Sikorska, E, 2020)	0.56

Product Category	Products
Vitamins & Supplements	1
Professional Supplements	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
1Life Science NAD+ Longevity Blood Sugar Support -- 60 Veggie Caps	1Life Science	Vitamins & Supplements	Urolithin A, Berberine HCl, Chromium, NAD +, NMN, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Liposomal Urolithin A Supplement - Resveratrol Betaine CoQ10 -- 60 Capsules	Codeage	Professional Supplements	Urolithin A, Betaine Anhydrous, Coenzyme Q10, Trans-Resveratrol	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
geroprotector	Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
coumarins
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
ellagic acid degradation to urolithins	0	11

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID620593	Drug level in ICR mouse plasma assessed as total compound level after 6 hrs in presence of beta-glucuronidase by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID1873268	Anti-obesity activity in high-fat diet induced C57BL/6 obese mouse model assessed as body weight change at 30 mg/kg, po administered once daily for 10 weeks relative to control	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237	Recent advances in natural anti-obesity compounds and derivatives based on in vivo evidence: A mini-review.
AID620598	Drug level in human plasma after 6 hrs	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620595	Drug level in ICR mouse plasma assessed as free compound level after 6 hrs in presence of beta-glucuronidase by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620599	Drug level in ICR mouse plasma assessed as free compound level after 1 hr in presence of beta-glucuronidase by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis relative to total compound level	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620587	Antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in ICR mouse at 300 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr before carrageenan challenge measured after 6 hrs by plethysmometer relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620589	Antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in ICR mouse at 300 mg/kg, po administered 6 hr before carrageenan challenge measured after 3 to 24 hrs by plethysmometer	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620590	Antioxidant activity against AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in ICR mouse assessed as increase in ORAC score in plasma at 300 mg/kg, po after 1 hr relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID1683914	Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli 0147:K89:K88 at 20 to 500 uM measured every 5 mins for 24 hrs by turbidometric analysis	2020	Journal of natural products, 12-24, Volume: 83, Issue:12
AID620592	Drug level in ICR mouse plasma assessed as total compound level after 1 hr in presence of beta-glucuronidase by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620586	Antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in ICR mouse at 300 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr before carrageenan challenge measured after 3 hrs by plethysmometer relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620594	Drug level in ICR mouse plasma assessed as free compound level after 1 hr in presence of beta-glucuronidase by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620597	Drug level in human plasma after 0.5 hrs	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID1683913	Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli DSM 2840 at 20 to 500 uM measured every 5 mins for 24 hrs by turbidometric analysis	2020	Journal of natural products, 12-24, Volume: 83, Issue:12
AID620591	Antioxidant activity against AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in ICR mouse assessed as decrease in ORAC score in plasma at 300 mg/kg, po after 6 hr relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID620588	Antiinflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in ICR mouse at 300 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr before carrageenan challenge measured after 24 hrs by plethysmometer relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID1683908	Induction of porcine IPEC-J2 cells monolayer development assessed as increase in transepithelial electrical resistance at 50 uM after 6 days by voltammetric method	2020	Journal of natural products, 12-24, Volume: 83, Issue:12
AID620600	Drug level in ICR mouse plasma assessed as free compound level after 6 hrs in presence of beta-glucuronidase by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis relative to total compound level	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19	In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A.
AID1873250	Anti-obesity activity in male C57BL/6 mouse model of high-fat diet induced obesity assessed as body weight change at 30 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 10 weeks relative to control	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237	Recent advances in natural anti-obesity compounds and derivatives based on in vivo evidence: A mini-review.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (0.48)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	12 (5.80)	29.6817
2010's	94 (45.41)	24.3611
2020's	100 (48.31)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	14 (6.73%)	5.53%
Reviews	18 (8.65%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	176 (84.62%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.05	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.17	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.06	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.47	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.31	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.27	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.41	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.25	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.17	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.48	1	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7,8-dihydroxyflavone 7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.	3.51	1	0	dihydroxyflavone	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.41	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.69	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.25	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.6	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.6	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.11	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.41	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.08	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.25	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.25	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.72	2	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.11	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.76	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	3.51	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.51	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.48	1	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.13	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.41	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.08	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.57	2	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.76	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tomatidine tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.	3.27	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; azaspiro compound; oxaspiro compound
narciclasine narciclasine: antitumor alkaloid from bulbs of Narcissus species	3.51	1	0	phenanthridines	metabolite
isoalantolactone isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.	3.51	1	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; sesquiterpene lactone	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
strictinin strictinin: antioxidant from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.); structure in first source	2.6	1	0
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	2.6	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	3.51	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid: catechol methyltransferase inhibitor; N1 same as NM	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.05	1	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
asperuloside asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.	3.51	1	0	acetate ester; beta-D-glucoside; gamma-lactone; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	3.48	1	1	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
diphyllin diphyllin: extract of Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb), a highly poisonous plant; do not confuse with diphyllin or diphylline which is the main heading AMINOPHYLLINE; do not confuse with the theophylline derivative DYPHYLLINE	3.51	1	0	lignan
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.51	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
geraniin Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source	3.57	2	0
celastrol [no description available]	3.51	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
glabridin [no description available]	3.51	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
4-hydroxyhippuric acid p-hydroxyhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-hydroxy derivative of hippuric acid.	3.48	1	1	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
dihydroresveratrol dihydroresveratrol: structure in first source. dihydroresveratrol : A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.	2.17	1	0	stilbenol	plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.51	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	3.51	1	0
tellimagrandin i tellimagrandin I: isolated from Filipendula palmata; RN given for (D)-isomer	2.6	1	0	tannin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.49	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
ganoderic acid a [no description available]	3.51	1	0	triterpenoid
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.49	2	0	stilbene
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.25	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.16	1	0
Geraniin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	tannin
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.6	1	0
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.17	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.63	2	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
formononetin [no description available]	3.51	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.25	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
butein [no description available]	3.51	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
daidzein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	11.76	49	5	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.1	1	0
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.41	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'.	3.51	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
corylin corylin: from Psoralea corylifolia (Leguminosae), has osteoblastic proliferation stimulating activity; structure in first source	3.51	1	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.06	1	0
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	3.41	1	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.41	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	3.41	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
urolithin b urolithin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	8.44	35	1	coumarins
urolithin d urolithin D: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	3.22	5	0	hydroxycoumarin
panduratin a panduratin A: isolated from Kaempferia pandurata; structure in first source	3.51	1	0	diarylheptanoid	metabolite
lipstatin lipstatin: isolated from Streptomyces toxytricini; inhibitor of pancreatic lipase; structure given in first source	3.51	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.17	1	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
astragaloside IV [no description available]	3.51	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; pro-angiogenic agent
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.76	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agrimoniin agrimoniin: tannin of Agrimonia pilosa; structure given in first source. agrimoniin : A dimeric hydrolysable tannin in which 2 moles of potentillin monomer are linked via a dehydrogalloyl group; an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., which induces interleukin-1.	2.15	1	0	tannin
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	3.7	1	0
nsc 23766 NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.	2.25	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist
glycolipids [no description available]	2.1	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.39	2	0
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	4.75	6	1	tannin
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.13	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	16.68	185	13	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
urolithin c urolithin C: inhibits cell proliferation; from Epilobium sp. herbs; structure in first source	6.44	14	1	coumarins
3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester 3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester: a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
chebulic acid chebulic acid: from the ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula	2.11	1	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	8.77	21	4
punicalin punicalin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa	2.05	1	0	tannin
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	3.27	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.47	1	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.47	1	1	guanosines	biomarker

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.7	9	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.49	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	5.37	6	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.36	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.06	24	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.06	24	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.31	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.77	8	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.77	8	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.41	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.41	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	3.01	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.23	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.13	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.41	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.69	2	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.13	4	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.41	1	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.41	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.41	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.41	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.41	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.07	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.07	3	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.41	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.9	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.41	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.41	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.41	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.6	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.33	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.33	1	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.41	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.41	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.41	1	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	2.41	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.41	1	0
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.41	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.41	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.33	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.33	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.41	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.52	4	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.82	2	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.6	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.6	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.41	7	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.6	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	4.15	2	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.6	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.6	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.6	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	3.52	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.21	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.73	3	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.58	2	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.25	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	3.16	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	3.16	4	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.25	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.25	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.87	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.63	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.25	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.25	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.04	4	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	4.45	2	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.31	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.31	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.31	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	3.23	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	3.23	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.31	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	6.13	3	2
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	4.9	2	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	5.14	3	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	6.13	3	2
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.52	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.15	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.15	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.15	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	4.44	4	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.17	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.62	8	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	4.44	4	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.17	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.54	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.54	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.77	3	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	5.65	9	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	5.65	9	2
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.21	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.21	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.1	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.11	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.15	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	3.44	1	1

3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (40)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (2 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (1)

Bioassays (19)

Research

Studies (207)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.10

Study Types

3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (40)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (2 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (1)

Bioassays (19)

Research

Studies (207)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.10

Study Types

Related Drugs (105)

Related Conditions (166)