Basilar Skull Fracture

Fractures which extend through the base of the SKULL, usually involving the PETROUS BONE. Battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES, TRAUMATIC; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p876)

Synonyms(7)

Synonym
Battle Sign
Skull Fracture, Basilar
Skull Fracture, Transphenoid Basilar
Skull Fracture, Basilar, Childhood
Skull Fracture, Frontobasilar
Basilar Skull Fracture
Battle's Sign

Research Excerpts

Overview

Excerpt	Reference
"In trauma practice, basilar skull fracture is an extremely common finding while transverse/sigmoid venous sinus thrombosis is generally considered quite a rare complication."	( Fakhry, S; Malek, B; Rizzo, A; Watson, J; Zhao, X, 2008)

Research

Studies (13)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	1 (7.69)	23.3326
1990's	0 (0.00)	12.5806
2000's	4 (30.77)	18.1394
2010's	8 (61.54)	28.8240
2020's	0 (0.00)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies
acetazolamide	low	2
penicillin g	low	1
pilocarpine	low	1
chloramphenicol	low	1
durapatite	low	1
fluorescein	low	1
tricalcium phosphate	low	1
transferrin	low	2
propiconazole	low	4
octacalcium phosphate	low	1
atropine	low	1
phenylephrine hydrochloride	low	1
warfarin	low	1

Protein Targets (389)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	2	0	0	2
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II	0	0	1	1
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II	0	0	1	1
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Carbonic Anhydrase Ii	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Carbonic Anhydrase Ii	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	3	0	0	3
Chain A, Endochitinase	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Endochitinase	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Endochitinase	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Class Iii Chitinase Chia1	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase II	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Chain B, Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
thioredoxin reductase	3	0	0	3
GALC protein	2	0	0	2
GLI family zinc finger 3	6	0	0	6
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	2	0	0	2
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	6	0	0	6
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	5	0	0	5
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	4	0	0	4
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	6	0	0	6
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
arylsulfatase A	2	0	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	4	0	0	4
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	3	0	0	3
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	3	0	0	3
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	5	0	0	5
geminin	3	0	0	3
peripheral myelin protein 22	2	0	0	2
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	1	0	0	1
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	1	1	0	2
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	3	0	3
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	3	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 12	0	2	1	5
Prolyl endopeptidase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 11	0	1	0	2
Bile salt export pump	0	5	0	5
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form	0	1	0	1
Renin	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 1	0	2	1	7
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	2	1	6
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 1A2	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	2	1	5
Cathepsin B	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	3	0	3
Steryl-sulfatase	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	1	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2C8	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2D6	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A6	0	2	1	3
Cytochrome P450 2C9	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	1	0	1
Androgen receptor	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	1	1	0	2
Translocator protein	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	1	1	0	2
Cannabinoid receptor 1	0	1	0	1
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2B6	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	2	1	4
Carbonic anhydrase 6	0	2	1	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	1	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Adenosine receptor A1	0	1	0	1
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1	0	1	0	1
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4	0	0	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	1	1	0	2
Endochitinase	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	1	1	0	2
Adenosine receptor A2a	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	0	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2C19	0	1	0	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	2	1	5
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 7	0	2	1	4
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
D(1A) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	1	1	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	1	1	0	2
Cholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1	0	1	0	1
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	1	0	1
Squalene synthase	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 9	0	2	1	5
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Sigma intracellular receptor 2	0	1	0	1
Delta carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	1	0	1
Renin	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Endochitinase A1	0	1	0	1
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	2	1	4
GABA theta subunit	1	1	0	2
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 15	0	1	0	2
Acidic mammalian chitinase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	2	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase 7	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	1	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 14	0	2	1	5
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 2, isoform A	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	0	2	1	5
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	3	0	0	3
AR protein	5	0	0	5
pregnane X nuclear receptor	5	0	0	5
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	0	1	0	1
DNA polymerase beta	1	0	0	1
short transient receptor potential channel 6 isoform 1	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	3	2	8
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	2	1	5
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	4	1	8
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	4	1	8
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	4	1	8
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	4	1	8
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	3	1	6
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	4	1	9
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	3	3	9
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	0	1	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	2	1	5
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	1	0	1
Histamine H2 receptor	2	0	0	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH	0	0	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	0	1	1	2
interleukin 8	1	0	0	1
TDP1 protein	3	0	0	3
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	2	0	0	2
EWS/FLI fusion protein	2	0	0	2
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	3	0	0	3
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	5	0	0	5
G	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2D6	1	0	0	1
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	5	0	0	5
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	2	0	0	2
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	3	0	0	3
activating transcription factor 6	2	0	0	2
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	2	0	0	2
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	4	0	0	4
heat shock protein beta-1	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	2	0	0	2
streptokinase A precursor	0	0	2	2
lethal factor (plasmid)	1	0	0	1
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase	0	0	0	1
Interferon beta	2	0	0	2
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	1	0	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S6	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S7	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L15	0	1	0	1
Cellular tumor antigen p53	5	0	0	5
50S ribosomal protein L10	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L11	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L7/L12	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L19	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L1	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L20	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L27	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L28	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L29	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L31	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L31 type B	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L32	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L33	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L34	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L35	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L36	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S10	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S11	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S12	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S13	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S16	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S18	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S19	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S20	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S2	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S3	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S4	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S5	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S8	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S9	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L13	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L14	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L16	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L23	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S15	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L17	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L21	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L30	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L6	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S14	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S17	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S1	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L18	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L2	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L3	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L24	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L4	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L22	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L5	0	1	0	1
30S ribosomal protein S21	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L25	0	1	0	1
50S ribosomal protein L36 2	0	1	0	1
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	1	0	0	1
Methionine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial	0	0	1	1
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	1	0	0	1
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	2	0	0	2
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1	1	0	0	1
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	2	0	0	2
acetylcholinesterase	1	0	0	1
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	1	0	0	1
SMAD family member 2	2	0	0	2
SMAD family member 3	2	0	0	2
Microtubule-associated protein tau	1	0	0	1
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	2	0	0	2
progesterone receptor	3	0	0	3
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	2	0	0	2
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor	1	0	0	1
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	1	0	0	1
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	1	0	0	1
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 2	0	0	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-19	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	0	1	0	2
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase 1	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase SHV-1	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase SHV-1	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase OXA-10	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 15 member 1	0	1	0	1
Beta-lactamase TEM	0	1	0	2
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	2	0	0	2
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
B2 metallo-beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 15 member 2	0	1	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-13	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Efflux transporter	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase Toho-1	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Class D beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 15 member 2	0	1	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Metallo-b-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase IMP-1	0	0	0	1
BlaVIM-1	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	0	1	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase class B VIM-2	0	0	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	0	1	0	2
Beta-lactamase VIM-1	0	0	0	1
glp-1 receptor, partial	2	0	0	2
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	3	0	0	3
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	1	0	0	1
IDH1	1	0	0	1
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	1	0	0	1
beta-2 adrenergic receptor	1	0	0	1
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein	1	0	0	1
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-1	0	0	1	1
chromobox protein homolog 1	3	0	0	3
Vpr	1	0	0	1
lamin isoform A-delta10	2	0	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	0	1	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	1	0	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	1	0	0	1
Spike glycoprotein	2	0	0	2
GLS protein	1	0	0	1
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	1	0	0	1
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor DM1	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A13	0	1	1	2
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	1	0	0	1
pregnane X receptor	1	0	0	1
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	1	0	0	1
nonstructural protein 1	1	0	0	1
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	1	0	0	1
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	1	0	0	1
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 2	0	0	0	1
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	1	0	0	1
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	1	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor 2	1	0	0	1
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	1	0	0	1
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	1	0	0	1
Ataxin-2	1	0	0	1
heat shock protein 90, putative	0	0	0	1
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	1	0	0	1
Chain A, HADH2 protein	1	0	0	1
Chain B, HADH2 protein	1	0	0	1
PPM1D protein	1	0	0	1
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
Albumin	0	0	1	1
Albumin	0	0	1	1
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 7	0	1	0	1
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1	0	1	0	1
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1	0	1	0	1
Protease	0	1	0	1
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1	0	1	0	1
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1	0	2	0	2
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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