ponceau 4r profile

Ponceau 4R is an azo dye, a synthetic organic compound that is used as a food coloring agent. It is also used in some cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has been linked to certain health concerns and has been banned in several countries. Ponceau 4R is synthesized by diazotizing 2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid and coupling the resulting diazonium salt with 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. The synthesis of Ponceau 4R involves a series of chemical reactions that include diazotization, coupling, and sulfonation. The diazotization reaction involves the conversion of a primary aromatic amine to a diazonium salt. The coupling reaction involves the reaction of the diazonium salt with a coupling component, which in this case is 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. The sulfonation reaction involves the introduction of a sulfonic acid group into the molecule. Ponceau 4R is a synthetic food coloring agent. The dye is a red color and is used to color foods such as candies, cereals, and beverages. It is also used in some cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. While some studies have linked Ponceau 4R to certain health concerns, the use of this dye is subject to controversy, and it has been banned in several countries due to concerns about its potential toxicity. Some studies have linked Ponceau 4R to cancer, but these studies have been inconclusive and have not been widely accepted by the scientific community. However, research continues to explore the potential health effects of Ponceau 4R, including its effects on the nervous system, the immune system, and the digestive system. The study of Ponceau 4R is important because it is widely used in food and other products. It is essential to understand the potential health effects of this compound and to determine whether it is safe for human consumption. This dye is studied to assess its potential health risks and to determine the safe limits of its use. Research into the potential health effects of Ponceau 4R is ongoing.'

ponceau 4R: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	17466
MeSH ID	M0052594

Synonym
trisodium 7-hydroxy-8-[(z)-(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
food red number 102
new coccine red no. 102
zolfosol
cochenillerot a [german]
neucoccin [german]
edicol supra ponceau 4rs
einecs 220-036-2
cerven kysela 18 [czech]
c.i. acid red 28
l-rot 4 [german]
c.i. acid red 18 (van)
cerven potravinarska 7 [czech]
1-(4-sulpho-1-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-6,8-disulphonic acid, trisodium salt
ci 16255
crimson sx
ccris 2652
rouge de cochenille a [french]
7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo)-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt
coccine nouvelle [french]
1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo)-, trisodium salt
trisodium 1-(1-naphthylazo)-2-hydroxynaphthalene-4',6,8-trisulphonate
schultz nr. 213 [german]
victoria scharlach 4 r extra [german]
cerven kosenilova a [czech]
7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo)-1,3-naphthalenedisulfon- ic acid, trisodium salt
c.i. 185
red dye no. 102
nsc 4301
hsdb 5537
purple sx
nsc-4301
brilliant scarlet 3r (biological stain)
acid red 18
cochineal red 4r
java scarlet 3r
kiton scarlet 4r
cilefa ponceau 4r
calcocid brilliant scarlet 3rn
neklacid red 4r
new coccine extra pure a
food red 102
brilliant ponceau 3rf
naphthalene ink scarlet 4r
atul acid scarlet 3r
strawberry red a geigy
kayaku food colour red no. 102
hd ponceau 4r supra
acidal bright ponceau 3r
acilan scarlet v3r
brilliant scarlet
acid scarlet 3rz
l-red 4
acid ponceau 4r
victoria scarlet 3r
scarlet 4r
food red no. 102
purple red
kochineal red a for food
edicol supra ponceaux 4rs
ponceau 4rf
c.i. acid red 18
hexacol ponceau 4r
ponceau 4re.fq
curol bright red 4r
sx purple
ponceau 4r
brilliant ponceau 4rc
victoria scarlet red
new coccine
atul scarlet f
e 124
edicol supra ponceau 4r
ponceau 4rt
acid brilliant scarlet 3r
hidacid fast scarlet 3r
acid scarlet 4r
new coccin
c.i. acid red 18, trisodium salt
rakuto brilliant scarlet 3r
symulon acid brilliant scarlet 3r
edicol supra ponceaux 4 rs
ponceau 4re
takaoka brilliant scarlet 3r
brilliant ponceau 5r
food red 7
coccin red
bucacid brilliant scarlet 3r
hd ponceau 4r
cochineal red a specially pure
neklacid red 3r
sugai brilliant scarlet 3r
2611-82-7
pontacyl scarlet rr
brilliant ponceau 4r
daishiki brilliant scarlet 3r
san-ei brilliant scarlet 3r
naphthalene scarlet 4rs
scarlet 4ra
hispacid brilliant scarlet 3rf
colacid ponceau 4r
brilliant ponceau 4rc specially pure
1578 red
eurocert cochineal red a
new coccine extra conc. a export
fenazo scarlet 3r
brilliant scarlet 4r
certicol ponceau 4rs
aizen brilliant scarlet 3rh
new coccine, dye content 75 %
AKOS000282867
F0140
scarlet 3r
N0309
schultz nr. 213
cerven kysela 18
cerven kosenilova a
l-rot 4
victoria scharlach 4 r extra
cerven potravinarska 7
1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 7-hydroxy-8-(2-(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)diazenyl)-, sodium salt (1:3)
ec 220-036-2
rouge de cochenille a
cochenillerot a
coccine nouvelle
unii-z525cbk9pg
z525cbk9pg ,
C20344
food red no.102
AKOS024319577
51811-48-4
AKOS015903123
ponceau 4r (e124)
ponceau 4r [mi]
e-124-
vibracolor red are18
ci-(1975)no.16255
aka102 [inci]
ponceau 4r [mart.]
acid red 18, trisodium salt
trisodium (8z)-7-oxo-8-((4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)hydrazinylidene)naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
ci-16255
ci 16255 [inci]
ins-124
7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfo-1-naphthyl)azo)-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, trisodium salt
ci-food red 7
aka102
ins no.124
acid red 18 [inci]
covacap rouge w 3102
c.i. acid red 18 [hsdb]
ponceau 4r [usp-rs]
e-124
mfcd00004084
ponceau 4r (c.i. 16255)
DTXSID9021213
ponceau 4r, analytical standard
D91673
trisodium 7-hydroxy-8-[(z)-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonate
gw 306684a
ponceau 4rc (e124)
J-016263
sodium (e)-7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
Q384709
trisodium;7-hydroxy-8-[(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
acid red 18;new coccine
ponceau 4rc (e124) 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile:water
sodium 7-hydroxy-8-((4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
trisodium 7-hydroxy-8-(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenylnaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate
1082572-30-2
PD063574

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ponceau 4R is a red organic dye additive that is used in some foodstuffs such as tomato sauces or pastes."	( Synthesis of polymer dots as fluorescent nanoprobe for the detection of Ponceau 4R, an additive color abuse in food. Faridbod, F; Sedighi, V, 2024)	2.4

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" There was no adverse effect of Ponceau 4R on litter size, litter weight or sex ratio at birth."	( Reproductive and neurobehavioural toxicity study of Ponceau 4R administered to mice in the diet. Tanaka, T, 2006)	0.87
" In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to evaluate the toxic effects of a commonly used dye blend, tomato red on male Swiss albino mice."	( Toxicity of tomato red, a popular food dye blend on male albino mice. Chakravarty, G; Goyal, RP; Sharma, A; Sharma, S, 2008)	0.35

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Pretreating male rats with unlabelled Ponceau 4R in the diet (50 mg/kg/day) for 28 days prior to dosing with the 14C-labelled colouring had no effect on the route of excretion or the time taken to eliminate the majority of the label."	( The metabolic disposition of 14C-labelled Ponceau 4R in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig. Bex, CS; Gaunt, IF; Phillips, JC, 1982)	0.8
" The effects of pH, contact time, temperature, initial concentration of AR-18 and the AC-CS dosage on the adsorption efficiency were investigated."	( Chitosan/lemon residues activated carbon efficiently removal of acid red 18 from aqueous solutions: batch study, isotherm and kinetics. Liu, Y; Shen, W; Wei, J; Xu, Y, 2023)	0.91

Item	Process	Frequency
Beverages	core-ingredient	9
Carbonated drinks	core-ingredient	7
Sodas	core-ingredient	6
Sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	4
Artificially sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	3
Energy drinks	core-ingredient	2
en:null	core-ingredient	1
Carbonated soft drinks without fruit juice with sugar and artificial sweeteners	core-ingredient	1
Carbonated soft drinks without fruit juice	core-ingredient	1
en:artificially-sweetened-beverages	core-ingredient	1
Sugar Free Soft Drink	core-ingredient	1
Carbonated fruit soft drink	core-ingredient	1
Glucose	core-ingredient	1
Natural sugar substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Sugar substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Food additives	core-ingredient	1
Sweeteners	core-ingredient	1
Energy drink with sugar	core-ingredient	1
Boissons isotoniques	core-ingredient	1
avec sucre ajouté	core-ingredient	1
Boissons	core-ingredient	1

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	10 (12.82)	18.7374
1990's	6 (7.69)	18.2507
2000's	10 (12.82)	29.6817
2010's	39 (50.00)	24.3611
2020's	13 (16.67)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (2.44%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	80 (97.56%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.17	1	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.84	3	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.13	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal [no description available]	2.41	1	hydroxyaldehyde; pentose; polyol
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.17	1	pyridinium ion
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.41	2
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.13	1	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
manidipine [no description available]	2.05	1	diarylmethane
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.17	1	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.07	1	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.97	1	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2	1	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2	1	azobenzenes
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.13	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
quinophthalone quinophthalone: found in hair preparations; causes contact dermatitis. quinoline yellow : A quinoline derivative with a 1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl substituent at C-2.	2.44	2	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; quinolines	dye
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.05	1	xanthene
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.5	2	pyrrole; secondary amine
sulfan blue sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure	2.49	2	organic molecular entity
funiculosin (anthraquinone) funiculosin (anthraquinone): see also a pyridone cpd called funiculosin; structure	1.97	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.37	2	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.92	4
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.98	13
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	1.97	1
fast green fcf Fast Green FCF: structure. Fast green FCF : An organic sodium salt having 2-{(4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)[4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]iminio}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl}-5-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a substitute for Light green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome as it is less likely to fade, and is more brilliant in colour. Also used as a food colouring agent.	1.95	1	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; food colouring; histological dye
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	2.08	1
ponceau 3r ponceau 3R: structure	2.72	2
azo rubin s azo rubin S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.44	7
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.55	8	organic molecular entity
flurazepam hydrochloride Acid Blue 92: structure in first source	2.08	1
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.41	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	1.97	1	titanium group element atom
allura red ac dye Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	3.75	10
ci 18055 acid violet 7: structure in first source	2.41	1
titanium trichloride [no description available]	1.97	1
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.95	4
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	3.14	1	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
lac dye lac dye: possible food coloring agent which is completely nontoxic at low doses; lac dye is water soluble constituent of stick lac (commercial lac resin); lac resin is hardened secretion of insect Laccifer lacca (lac insect). 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl}phenyl-beta-lactoside : A glycoside comprising beta-lactose having a p-(p-dimethylaminophenylazo)phenyl group at the 1-position.. LAC dye : A four-component mixture of dyes obtained from the secretions of the insect species Laccifer lacca. The four components of LAC are laccaic acids A, B, C and D of which laccaic acid A is the most abundant.	2.07	1	disaccharide derivative; glycoside; monoazo compound	dye
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	4.35	19
ferrioxalate ferrioxalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.05	1
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.05	1
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.41	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
versicolorin a versicolorin A: see also versicolorin. versicolorin A : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 3a,12a-dihydroanthra[2,3-b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5,10-dione carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 6 and 8.	1.97	1	cyclic acetal; organic heteropentacyclic compound; p-quinones; polyphenol	Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	3.1	5
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	1.98	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.17	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.41	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.05	1
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.11	1
eosine i bluish Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.	1.95	1	organic sodium salt	fluorescent dye; histological dye
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	3.1	5
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.13	1	glycoside
chitosan [no description available]	2.63	2
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	7.31	1	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.15	1
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	7.31	1	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.1	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.1	1	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.08	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
2-naphthol orange 2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2	2.08	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.17	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.17	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.79	3
Aphthae [description not available]	2.15	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	2.15	1
ADDH [description not available]	2.05	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.05	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.07	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.07	1
Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)	2.07	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.07	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.44	2
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.03	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.22	6
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	1.96	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.37	2
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.98	1
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	1.97	1
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	1.97	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	1.97	1

ponceau 4r

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Synonyms (171)

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Occurs in Manufacturing (21 Items)

Research

Studies (78)

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Research Demand Index: 65.91

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