warfarin and Peptic-Ulcer

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common reason for hospital admission in older adult patients and carries a high morbidity and mortality if not properly managed. Risk factors include advanced age, Helicobacter pylori infection, medication use, smoking, and history of liver disease. Patients with known or suspected liver disease and suspected variceal bleeding should also receive antibiotics and somatostatin analogues. Risk stratification scores should be used to determine patients at highest risk for further decompensation. Upper endoscopy is both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool used in the management of upper GI bleeding. Endoscopy should be performed within 24 hours of presentation after appropriate resuscitation. Management of anticoagulation in upper GI bleeding largely depends on the indication for anticoagulation, the risk of continued bleeding with continuing the medication, and the risk of thrombosis with discontinuing the medication. A multidisciplinary approach to the decision of anticoagulation continuation is preferred when possible.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anticoagulants; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hematemesis; Humans; Melena; Peptic Ulcer; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Warfarin

Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), which have gained approval for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thromboembolism, have become increasingly preferred over warfarin given their predictable pharmacodynamics, lack of required monitoring, and superior outcomes. Direct-acting oral anticoagulants have been shown to be associated with an increased frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding compared with warfarin, but the severity and characteristics of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients is poorly understood.. We retrospectively evaluated electronic medical records of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 8496) from 2010-2016. We identified 61 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding episodes while treated with DOACs (rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or apixaban) and 123 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding while taking warfarin. We randomly selected a control group of 296 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding who were not receiving anticoagulation treatment from the same sample. Outcomes included the need for hospitalization, blood transfusion, endoscopic or surgical intervention, and 30-day mortality.. The DOAC and warfarin groups were similar in terms of age and underlying comorbidity (assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index), but the DOAC group had greater concomitant aspirin use. Gastrointestinal bleeding was classified as upper (n = 186), lower (n = 88), anorectal (n = 183), small bowel (n = 9), and indeterminate (n = 14). After adjusting for differences in baseline variables, the DOAC group had fewer hospitalizations and required fewer transfusions than the warfarin group. The DOAC and control groups were not statistically different for all outcomes. There were no significant mortality differences among groups.. Although prior studies have shown a higher frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients treated with DOACs compared with warfarin, our data suggest that gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking DOACs may be less severe. These differences occurred despite significantly greater concomitant aspirin use in the DOAC group compared with warfarin users.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Anticoagulants; Arteriovenous Malformations; Aspirin; Blood Transfusion; Case-Control Studies; Dabigatran; Diverticulum; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hemorrhoids; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Pyrazoles; Pyridones; Retrospective Studies; Rivaroxaban; Warfarin

Aspirin increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.. To investigate the risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in aspirin users.. Low-dose (75-325 mg daily) aspirin users and controls matched by age, gender and enrollment time in a 1:5 ratio were selected from 1 million randomly sampled subjects in the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Cox proportional hazard regression models were developed to evaluate the predictors of LGIB with adjustments for age, gender, comorbidities including coronary artery disease, ischaemic stroke, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyslipidemia, uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease, history of peptic ulcer bleeding, and concomitant use of clopidogrel, ticlopidine, warfarin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, steroids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), nitrates, alendronate, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and calcium channel blockers.. A total of 53 805 aspirin users and 269 025 controls were included. Aspirin group had a higher incidence of LGIB within 1 year than control group (0.20% vs 0.06%, P<.0001). Aspirin (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.06-3.65), NSAIDs (HR: 8.61, 95% CI: 3.28-22.58), steroids (HR: 10.50, 95% CI: 1.98-55.57), SSRIs (HR: 11.71, 95% CI: 1.40-97.94), PPIs (HR: 8.47, 95% CI: 2.26-31.71), and H2RAs (HR: 10.83, 95% CI: 2.98-39.33) were significantly associated with LGIB.. The risk of LGIB was higher in low-dose aspirin users than in aspirin nonusers in this nationwide cohort. Low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs, steroids, SSRIs, PPIs and H2RAs were independent risk factors for LGIB.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Case-Control Studies; Clopidogrel; Comorbidity; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Databases, Factual; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Taiwan; Ticlopidine; Warfarin; Young Adult

The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence and related factors of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in a Chinese population of peripheral arterial disease (PAD).. A total of 850 Chinese PAD patients were followed up for about 6 years. The incidence of UGIB was recorded and related factors were evaluated. A total of 749 PAD patients with complete data were included in the final statistical analysis during the median follow-up time of 69 months. The incidence of UGIB in this PAD population was 8.4% during the follow-up. Univariate analysis indicated that PAD patients with UGIB were older. A higher percentage of patients with UGIB had hypertension, CKD, history of PUD, and used aspirin or warfarin than those without UGIB. But a lower percentage of patients with UGIB used PPI. The Cox regression analysis suggested that older age (HR: 1.035, 95% CI: 1.007-1.064), comorbidities of CKD (HR: 2.410, 95% CI: 1.455-3.993), history of PUD (HR: 2.127, 95% CI: 1.102-4.100), use of aspirin (HR: 1.517, 95% CI: 1.029-2.235) or warfarin (HR: 1.576, 95% CI: 1.002-2.252) were correlated with the higher incidence of UGIB in PAD patients during follow-up. Nevertheless, PPI use (HR: 0.612, 95% CI: 0.392-0.957) was correlated with the lower incidence of UGIB.. There was a high incidence of UGIB in this Chinese population of PAD. Various factors including older age, comorbidities of CKD, history of PUD, use of aspirin or warfarin were correlated with the higher incidence of UGIB. PPI use was able to reduce the incidence of UGIB.

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Aspirin; China; Comorbidity; Female; Fibrinolytic Agents; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Proportional Hazards Models; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Warfarin

To examine whether older adults taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decreased the underuse of gastroprotective agents over time.. Before-and-after study.. Health, Aging and Body Composition Study.. Daily users of a NSAID (prescription and over the counter (OTC)) at visits in 2002-03 (preperiod; n = 404) and 2006-07 (postperiod; n = 172). The sample had a mean ± standard deviation age of 78.2 ± 2.7 at the preperiod visit and 81.9 ± 2.7 at the postperiod visit. The majority were white and female and had 12 or more years of education.. Underusers were defined as persons taking nonselective NSAIDs who were at risk of peptic ulcer disease (PUD; because of current warfarin or glucocorticoid use or history of PUD) and not using a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or persons taking cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs and aspirin who were at risk of PUD (having at least one risk factor) and not using a PPI.. Daily NSAID use decreased from 17.6% to 11.3% (P < .001), and gastroprotective agent underuse decreased from 23.5% to 15.1% (P = .008). Controlling for important covariates, having prescription insurance was somewhat protective against underuse in the preperiod (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.46-1.34; P = .37), but more so and significantly in the postperiod (AOR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.18-0.93; P = .03). Having prescription insurance was more protective in the post- than in the preperiod (less gastroprotective agent underuse; adjusted ratio of OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.22-1.29; P = .16), but this increased protection was not statistically significant.. In older daily NSAID users at high risk of PUD, having prescription insurance and adequate gastroprotective use was more common in the post- than in the preperiod.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anticoagulants; Aspirin; Controlled Before-After Studies; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Prospective Studies; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Warfarin

This represents the fifth article in the series on yearly updates of hot topics in long term care.

Topics: Anti-Ulcer Agents; Anticoagulants; Atrial Fibrillation; Clopidogrel; Clostridioides difficile; Delirium; Diabetes Complications; Drug Interactions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Fractures, Bone; Geriatric Nursing; Humans; Male; Nursing Homes; Omeprazole; Osteoporosis; Peptic Ulcer; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Polypharmacy; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Risk Factors; Ticlopidine; Warfarin; Weight Loss

Bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract is a common medical problem, with an incidence of 48 to 160 cases per 1000 adults per year and a mortality rate of 5% to 14%. The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding is increased with the use of antiplatelet medications including aspirin and clopidogrel, as well as warfarin or a combination of these medications. The recurrence rate for bleeding in patients who continue to take aspirin after an episode of peptic ulcer disease-related bleeding can reach up to 300 cases per 1000 person-years and varies by age, sex, and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Using the case of Ms S, an 86-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with an episode of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, we address the management of patients who are receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy who present with gastrointestinal bleeding, including when to restart antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy, interventions to reduce the risk of bleeding recurrence, and the potential for drug interactions between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Aspirin; Atrial Fibrillation; Clopidogrel; Drug Interactions; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Ticlopidine; Warfarin

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a severe complication in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. The purpose of this study was to describe the causes and clinical outcome of these patients.. From January 1999 to October 2003, 111 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) were hospitalized while on oral anticoagulants. The causes and clinical outcome of these patients were compared with those of 604 patients hospitalized during 2000-2001 with AUGIB who were not taking warfarin.. The most common cause of bleeding was peptic ulcer in 51 patients (45%) receiving anticoagulants compared to 359/604 (59.4%) patients not receiving warfarin (P < 0.05). No identifiable source of bleeding could be found in 33 patients (29.7%) compared to 31/604 (5.1%) patients not receiving anticoagulants (P = 0.0001). The majority of patients with concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (26/35, 74.3%) had a peptic ulcer as a cause of bleeding while 32/76 (40.8%) patients not taking a great dose of NSAIDs had a negative upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopic hemostasis was applied and no complication was reported. Six patients (5.4%) were operated due to continuing or recurrent hemorrhage, compared to 23/604 (3.8%) patients not receiving anticoagulants. Four patients died, the overall mortality was 3.6% in patients with AUGIB due to anticoagulants, which was not different from that in patients not receiving anticoagulant therapy.. Patients with AUGIB while on long-term anticoagulant therapy had a clinical outcome, which is not different from that of patients not taking anticoagulants. Early endoscopy is important for the management of these patients and endoscopic hemostasis can be safely applied.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hemostasis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Warfarin

A 62-year-old woman was admitted with malfunction of the Hancock valve in mitral position. She had been suffering from gastroduodenal ulcer for about ten years. She couldn't take warfarin after 5 years later of the initial operation due to recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Judging from her age and renal dysfunction, we preferred mechanical valve to avoid the risks for the reoperation. After confirming the healed ulcer with administering omeprazole, we performed prosthetic valve replacement with SJM 29 M successfully. Postoperative course was uneventful and recurrence of the ulcer was not observed.

Topics: Female; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Middle Aged; Mitral Valve; Omeprazole; Peptic Ulcer; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Prosthesis Failure; Recurrence; Reoperation; Warfarin

Cimetidine is a widely used antiulcer medication that is also a potent inhibitor of the mixed-function oxidase enzymes in the liver. This effect results in a number of clinically important interactions with other drugs, which are now being appreciated. Other effects of cimetidine, such as raising of gastric pH, alteration of liver blood flow, or alterations in renal secretory mechanisms, may also contribute to or result in clinically significant interactions. Current data document appreciable alterations in the metabolism or excretion of warfarin, theophylline, phenytoin, lidocaine, certain beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, certain benzodiazepines, and probably narcotic analgesics and procainamide. Thus, effects of these drugs and serum levels, where available, should be more closely followed when used in combination with cimetidine. Cimetidine appears to exacerbate the myelosuppressive effects of the nitrosoureas, and may also significantly alter the absorption of ketoconazole. Though other drugs may affect the absorption or elimination of cimetidine, the clinical implication of these effects is uncertain.

Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Cimetidine; Drug Interactions; Guanidines; Humans; Lidocaine; Peptic Ulcer; Warfarin

Topics: Anticoagulants; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Cell Count; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Dicumarol; Heart Failure; Heparin; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Peptic Ulcer; Pulmonary Embolism; Shock; Thromboembolism; Thrombophlebitis; Thrombosis; Varicose Veins; Warfarin