Compounds > perfluorohexanoic acid
Page last updated: 2024-11-06

perfluorohexanoic acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid (PFCA) with a six-carbon chain. It is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been found in the environment and in human tissues. PFHxA is used in the production of fluoropolymers, such as Teflon, and in other industrial applications. It is a highly persistent compound, meaning that it does not break down easily in the environment. PFHxA has been shown to accumulate in the body, and it has been linked to a number of health effects, including liver toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, and developmental problems. It is often studied because of its environmental persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, and potential health effects. It is also used as a model compound for studying the effects of PFASs on the environment and human health.'

perfluorohexanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated hexanoic acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID67542
CHEMBL ID3183213
CHEBI ID83492
SCHEMBL ID62447
MeSH IDM0456806

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
nsc-5213
hexanoic acid, undecafluoro-
undecafluoro-1-hexanoic acid
nsc5213
307-24-4
hexanoic acid, perfluoro-
NCGC00164452-01
perfluorohexanoic acid (pfhxa)
undecafluorohexanoic acid
undecafluorohexanoic acid, >=97.0% (t)
ipc-pffa-6 hg
undecafluorohexanoic acid high grade
ipc-pffa-6
perfluorohexanoic acid high grade
perfluorohexanoic acid
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluorohexanoic acid
U0067
NCGC00164452-02
zp34q2220r ,
nsc 5213
einecs 206-196-6
unii-zp34q2220r
hsdb 8299
NCGC00254548-01
dtxsid3031862 ,
cas-307-24-4
dtxcid1011862
tox21_300394
perfluorocaproic acid
hexanoic acid, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluoro-
pfhxa
FT-0676293
AKOS015852673
undecafluorocaproic acid
perfluoro-1-pentanecarboxylic acid
SCHEMBL62447
CHEBI:83492 ,
CS-B0904
246-tri-tert-butylpyrimidine97
CHEMBL3183213
c6hf11o2
mfcd00198040
J-018083
perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid
Q27156874
BS-16816
AMY6785
D77222
perfluorohexanoic acid 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
undecafluorohexanoicacid
EN300-7444938
1ST9501

Research Excerpts

Overview

Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a potential impurity and environmental degradation product of C6-based fluorotelomer products. It is a primary impurity, degradant, and metabolite associated with the short-chain fluorOTelomer-based chemistry used globally today.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a potential impurity and environmental degradation product of C6-based fluorotelomer products. "( A hypothesis-driven weight-of-evidence analysis to evaluate potential endocrine activity of perfluorohexanoic acid.
Borghoff, SJ; Fitch, S; Huggett, D; Rager, JE, 2018)		2.14
"Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a short-chain, six-carbon PFAA and is a primary impurity, degradant, and metabolite associated with the short-chain fluorotelomer-based chemistry used in the United States, Europe and Japan today. "( Perfluorohexanoic acid toxicity, part II: Application of human health toxicity value for risk characterization.
Anderson, JK; Durda, J; Goodrum, P; Luz, AL, 2019)		3.4
"Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a short-chain, six-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) and is a primary impurity, degradant, and metabolite associated with the short-chain fluorotelomer-based chemistry used globally today. "( Perfluorohexanoic acid toxicity, part I: Development of a chronic human health toxicity value for use in risk assessment.
Anderson, JK; Durda, J; Goodrum, P; Luz, AL, 2019)		3.4

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) has been recognized as an alternative to the wide usage of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the fluoropolymer industry for years. "( Perfluorohexanoic acid caused disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae.
Guo, X; Han, Z; He, J; Liu, X; Lu, S; Wu, Q; Xie, P; Zhang, S, 2022)		3.61

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Possible toxic effects of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were evaluated when administered orally by gavage to rats at levels up to 200mg/kg/day for 90 days."( A 90-day repeated dose oral (gavage) toxicity study of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in rats (with functional observational battery and motor activity determinations).
Chengelis, CP; Kirkpatrick, JB; Radovsky, A; Shinohara, M, 2009)		0.9
" It has been shown that some PFAS lead to adverse health effects in the male reproductive system."( Genotoxicity assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances on human sperm.
Çetin, Ö; Emerce, E, 2018)		0.48
" PFOS was the most toxic and PFHxA the least cytotoxic."( In vitro and in silico modeling of perfluoroalkyl substances mixture toxicity in an amphibian fibroblast cell line.
Guffey, S; Hoover, G; Kar, S; Leszczynski, J; Sepúlveda, MS, 2019)		0.51

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Essentially 100% of the dose was eliminated in urine within 24 h demonstrating that PFHx is readily absorbed and bioavailability approaches 100%, even at a dose as high as 100 mg/kg."( Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [1-¹⁴C]-perfluorohexanoate ([¹⁴C]-PFHx) in rats and mice.
Buck, RC; Gannon, SA; Johnson, T; Loveless, SE; Nabb, DL; Serex, TL, 2011)		0.37
" This emerging organic pollutant is persistent and highly bioavailable to humans, raising concerns about its potential health risks."( Comprehensive multi-omics approaches reveal the hepatotoxic mechanism of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in mice.
Cai, Z; Hong, Y; Jiang, L; Xie, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, J, 2021)		0.85

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Minimal centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was present in 200mg/kg/day group males and correlated with higher liver weights and slightly higher peroxisome beta oxidation activity at the end of the dosing period."( A 90-day repeated dose oral (gavage) toxicity study of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in rats (with functional observational battery and motor activity determinations).
Chengelis, CP; Kirkpatrick, JB; Radovsky, A; Shinohara, M, 2009)		0.6
" There were no apparent differences between genders in the serum half-life for PFHxA following 26 days of repeated oral dosing in rats; exposure decreased upon repeated dosing."( Comparison of the toxicokinetic behavior of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonic acid (PFBS) in cynomolgus monkeys and rats.
Chengelis, CP; Kirkpatrick, JB; Myers, NR; Shinohara, M; Stetson, PL; Sved, DW, 2009)		0.61
" Rats selected for reproductive evaluations were dosed for approximately 70 days prior to cohabitation, through gestation and lactation, for a total of about 4 months."( Toxicological evaluation of sodium perfluorohexanoate.
Buck, RC; Donner, EM; Frame, SR; Korzeniowski, SH; Lewis, J; Loveless, SE; Mukerji, P; O'Connor, JC; Serex, T; Slezak, B, 2009)		0.35
"The absorption, tissue distribution, elimination, and metabolism of [1-¹⁴C]-PFHx in rats and mice dosed orally at 2 or 100 mg/kg was evaluated following a single dose or after 14 consecutive doses."( Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [1-¹⁴C]-perfluorohexanoate ([¹⁴C]-PFHx) in rats and mice.
Buck, RC; Gannon, SA; Johnson, T; Loveless, SE; Nabb, DL; Serex, TL, 2011)		0.37
" Activated sludge collected from two WWTPs was dosed with 6:2 FTOH to investigate its biotransformation rate and to identify major transformation products."( 6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol aerobic biotransformation in activated sludge from two domestic wastewater treatment plants.
Buck, RC; Folsom, PW; McCausland, PK; Sun, H; Wang, N; Wolstenholme, BW; Zhao, L, 2013)		0.39
" Pup body weights were reduced on postpartum day (PPD) 0 in all the dosage groups, but persisted only in the 350 and 500 mg/kg/d groups."( Oral (Gavage) Combined Developmental and Perinatal/Postnatal Reproduction Toxicity Study of Ammonium Salt of Perfluorinated Hexanoic Acid in Mice.
Hoberman, AM; Iwai, H, 2014)		0.4
" This complicates logistical dose-response modeling and establishment of a threshold value characterizing the chronic toxicity of PFAS to ecological receptors."( Chronic Reproductive Toxicity Thresholds for Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) Exposed to Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) and a Mixture of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) and PFHxA.
Anderson, TA; Crago, JP; Dennis, ML; Dennis, NM; Field, JA; Heron, CG; Hossain, F; Jackson, WA; Karnjanapiboonwong, A; McCarthy, C; Salice, CJ; Subbiah, S, 2021)		0.84
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
fluoroalkanoic acidAny organofluorine compound that is the perfluorinated derivative of any alkanoic acid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency70.97990.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.69290.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224893
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.03440.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.02030.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224842; AID1224849
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency70.79460.005428.02631,258.9301AID720659
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency54.94100.001019.414170.9645AID743191
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency61.13060.000627.21521,122.0200AID720636
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (96)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's7 (7.29)29.6817
2010's71 (73.96)24.3611
2020's18 (18.75)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 37.06

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index37.06 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.60 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.41 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index49.01 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (37.06)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (3.06%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other95 (96.94%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.2110
triclosan
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.07102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.2110fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid
hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid: an endocrine disruptor. hexadecafluorononanoic acid : Any derivative of nonanoic acid carrying sixteen fluoro substituents.		2.0310hexadecafluorononanoic acid
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.2110benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.7220bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.7220benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.2110parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.610naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
perfluorooctane
perfluorooctane: used in the treatment of giant retinal tears with proliferative vitreoretinopathy		2.5220fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		10.4520fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.		8.81100fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
perfluorobutane
perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.		3.3660fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
gas molecular entity		ultrasound contrast agent
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.5320fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium
perfluorobutyric acid
perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.		5.45170fluoroalkanoic acidchromatographic reagent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.1710zinc molecular entity
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.1710diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.110ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
fluorides
[no description available]		2.1710halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
perfluoropropionic acid
perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.		2.1510pentachlorobiphenyl;
trichlorobenzene
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1710fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.21101,2,3-triazole
perfluorododecanoic acid
perfluorododecanoic acid: a synthetic perfluorinated chemical containing 12 carbons, has broad industrial applications and has been detected in sera from humans and other animals. perfluorododecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is dodecanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens attached to carbon atoms are replaced by fluorines. It is a highly persistent, bioaccumulative breakdown product of stain- and grease-proof coatings on food packaging, soft furnishings and carpets.		2.5520fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is hexane-1-sulfonic acid in which all thirteen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons have been replaced by fluorines.		3.6580perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
perfluorobutane sulfonate
perfluorobutanesulfonic acid: a surfactant; structure in first source. perfluorobutanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines.		3.6580perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidsurfactant
perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid
perfluoroheptanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid.		3.350fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid
perfluorononanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is nonanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens in the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorines.		3.350fluoroalkanoic acidpersistent organic pollutant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
perfluorooctanesulfonamide
perfluorooctanesulfonamide : A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.		2.2110perfluorinated compound;
sulfonamide		persistent organic pollutant
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		5.08380perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
perfluoropentanoic acid
perfluoropentanoic acid: an ion-pairing agent. perfluoropentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated pentanoic acid.		7.7220fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
perfluoroundecanoic acid
perfluoroundecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated undecanoic acid.		2.1510fluoroalkanoic acidenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		5.42530fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.1710macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.110aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.520
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.7230
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.2190
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.3110
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.3110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.0850
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.110
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.110
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.110
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.110
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.110
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.4820
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.4820
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0710
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.0310