Compounds > cyproconazole
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

cyproconazole

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Cyproconazole is a triazole fungicide widely used in agriculture to control a broad spectrum of fungal diseases in various crops. It is synthesized via a multi-step process involving the reaction of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with 2-chloro-1,3-thiazole. Cyproconazole inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to disruption of fungal cell function and ultimately, fungal growth. Its broad-spectrum activity makes it effective against powdery mildew, rust, and other fungal diseases. Research on cyproconazole focuses on its efficacy, mode of action, environmental fate, and potential resistance development in fungi. Its importance lies in its contribution to crop protection and ensuring food security. Studies are conducted to optimize its application, minimize environmental impact, and develop alternative fungicides to counter resistance.'

cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID86132
CHEMBL ID2131954
CHEBI ID83748
SCHEMBL ID20791
MeSH IDM0246878

Synonyms (57)

Synonym
hsdb 7706
unii-622b9c3e6t
622b9c3e6t ,
NCGC00163963-01
cyproconazole [iso]
alto
atemi
sentinel turf fungicide
1h-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol, alpha-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-
atemi c
alpha-(4-chlorophenyl)-alpha-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-1h-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol
alto 100sl
san 619f
sn 108266
94361-06-5
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
cyproconazole
NCGC00163963-02
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
san-619f
NCGC00163963-03
C18456
dtxsid0032601 ,
tox21_301185
dtxcid8012601
NCGC00255083-01
cas-94361-06-5
chebi:83748 ,
CHEMBL2131954
FT-0642271
cyproconazol
AKOS015907652
cyproconazole [mi]
sn-108266
bonanza
paindor
cyproconazole [hsdb]
1h-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol, .alpha.-(4-chlorophenyl)-.alpha.-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-
.alpha.-(4-chlorophenyl)-.alpha.-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-1h-1,2,4- triazole-1-ethanol
sentinel
SCHEMBL20791
CS-5833
HY-A0277
mfcd01678672
113096-99-4
cyproconazol, pestanal(r), analytical standard
cyproconazole 100 microg/ml in cyclohexane
cyproconazole 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
cyproconazol, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
cyproconazol isomer 2
cyproconazol isomer 1
Q27157173
Z2065617652
AS-14696
cyproconazole 1000 microg/ml in acetone
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-2-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-1-ol
EN300-22833606

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cyproconazole is a representative and widely used triazole fungicide with four stereoisomers. It will bring some risks to non-target organisms.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cyproconazole is a representative and widely used triazole fungicide with four stereoisomers, which will bring some risks to non-target organisms. "( Stereoselective bioaccumulation and dissipation of four stereoisomers of cyproconazole in earthworm-soil microcosm.
Cang, T; Di, S; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Qi, P; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xu, L; Zhao, H, 2024)		3.12

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The toxicological relevance of effects observed at molecular stage, which occur at dose levels well below classical no-observed adverse effect levels is currently subject to controversial scientific debate."( Hepatotoxic effects of (tri)azole fungicides in a broad dose range.
Haider, W; Heise, T; Knebel, C; Kneuer, C; Marx-Stoelting, P; Niemann, L; Pfeil, R; Rieke, S; Schmidt, F, 2015)		0.42

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" For EE2 a dose-response relationship was established with EC50 = 60."( Testing estrogenicity of known and novel (xeno-)estrogens in the MolDarT using developing zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Eggen, RI; Junghans, M; Muncke, J, 2007)		0.34
"To clarify the dose-response relationship between constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activity and induction of cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B) expression and hypertrophy by triazole fungicides in mouse liver, three dose levels of cyproconazole (Cypro), tebuconazole (Teb), fluconazole (Flu), and phenobarbital (PB), a typical CYP2B inducer, were administrated in diet to male wild-type (WT) and CAR-knockout (CARKO) mice for one week."( Dose-response involvement of constitutive androstane receptor in mouse liver hypertrophy induced by triazole fungicides.
Inoue, K; Irie, K; Kodama, Y; Matsuo, S; Nishikawa, A; Ozawa, S; Takahashi, M; Tamura, K; Yoshida, M, 2013)		0.57
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
monochlorobenzenesAny member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.
tertiary alcoholA tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
triazolesAn azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.
cyclopropanesCyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (9)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
pregnane X receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62280.025127.9203501.1870AID651751
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency41.79640.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency47.60950.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259247; AID743063
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency48.26160.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency48.67280.000214.376460.0339AID720691
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.13950.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.44760.000229.305416,493.5996AID743069; AID743075; AID743077; AID743079; AID743080
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.18810.001723.839378.1014AID743083
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.00220.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (19)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1112888Fungicidal activity against Oculimacula yallundae assessed as inhibition of mycelial growth in presence of 10 g glucose incubated at 19 degC in dark for 4 weeks2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112877Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae MDR to EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR1 by germ tube elongation assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112872Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for prochloraz-resistant Oculimacula yallundae isolate ProR1 to EC50 for prochloraz-susceptible Oculimacula yallundae isolate ProS by germ tube elongation inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112895Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae MDR to EC50 for wild type Oculimacula yallundae TriS by mycelial growth inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112881Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR1 to EC50 for wild type Oculimacula yallundae TriS by germ tube elongation assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112885Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR1 to EC50 for wild type Oculimacula yallundae TriS by mycelial growth inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112879Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR2 to EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR1 by germ tube elongation assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112894Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR2 to EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR1 by mycelial growth inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112871Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for prochloraz-resistant Oculimacula yallundae isolate ProR2 to EC50 for prochloraz-susceptible Oculimacula yallundae isolate ProS by germ tube elongation inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112878Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae MDR to EC50 for wild type Oculimacula yallundae TriS by germ tube elongation assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112887Selectivity index, ratio of EC50 for Oculimacula acuformis to EC50 for Oculimacula yallundae in presence of 10 g glucose by mycelial growth inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112893Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR2 to EC50 for wild type Oculimacula yallundae TriS by mycelial growth inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112875Fungicidal activity against prochloraz-susceptible Oculimacula yallundae isolate ProS assessed as inhibition of germ tube elongation incubated at 19 degC in dark for 48 hr2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112880Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR2 to EC50 for wild type Oculimacula yallundae TriS by germ tube elongation assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112890Selectivity index, ratio of EC50 for Oculimacula acuformis to EC50 for Oculimacula yallundae by germ tube elongation inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112882Resistance index, ratio of EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae MDR to EC50 for sterol 14alpha-demethylation inhibitor-resistant Oculimacula yallundae TriR1 by mycelial growth inhibition assay2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112891Fungicidal activity against Oculimacula yallundae assessed as inhibition of germ tube elongation incubated at 19 degC in dark for 48 hr2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112892Fungicidal activity against Oculimacula acuformis assessed as inhibition of germ tube elongation incubated at 19 degC in dark for 48 hr2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
AID1112889Fungicidal activity against Oculimacula acuformis assessed as inhibition of mycelial growth in presence of 10 g glucose incubated at 19 degC in dark for 4 weeks2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Fungicide resistance status in French populations of the wheat eyespot fungi Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (49)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (2.04)18.2507
2000's15 (30.61)29.6817
2010's21 (42.86)24.3611
2020's12 (24.49)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 48.09

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index48.09 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.93 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.84 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index74.68 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.12 (0.95)

This Compound (48.09)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (2.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other49 (98.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0410halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.0410monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0310carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		2.0310chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.0310chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.0710branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.520conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
liquid crystal polymer
bromuconazole: a fungicide; structure in first source. bromuconazole : A member of the class of oxolanes carrying 1,2,4-triazol-ylmethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituents at position 2 as well as a bromo substituent at position 4. A foliar applied conazole fungicide for a range of crops including cereals, fruit, vegetables and vines.		3.1810conazole fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organobromine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4320dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
metolachlor
metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.		2.0510aromatic amide;
benzenes;
ether;
organochlorine compound
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		340barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0310phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
tolnaftate
[no description available]		3.1810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.1110nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.031017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0110antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
systhane
systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.		2.5820monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.0310bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
dicofol
Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine acaricide;
tertiary alcohol
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.0310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1310dialdehydebiomarker
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.0110
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.0310aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
carboxin
Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.		3.1810anilide fungicide;
anilide;
enamide;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
secondary carboxamide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.520titanium group element atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		8.1410copper group element atom;
elemental gold
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		3.1810benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.520titanium oxidesfood colouring
chlortoluron
chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
pronamide
pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.		2.1310benzamides;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound		agrochemical;
herbicide
triadimefon
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		7.8130aromatic ether;
hemiaminal ether;
ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
triazoles
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.3110cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		3.1750conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexaconazole
2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.		7.0710dichlorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		chelator
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		5.224501,2,3-triazole
prochloraz
Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.		9.1440amide fungicide;
aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazoles;
trichlorobenzene;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
flusilazole
flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.		9.350conazole fungicide;
monofluorobenzenes;
organosilicon compound;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		4.86100monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
spiroxamine
spiroxamine: structure in first source. spiroxamine : The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.		2.0510dioxolane;
spiroketal;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cyprodinil
cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.		3.1810aminopyrimidine;
anilinopyrimidine fungicide;
cyclopropanes;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyrimethanil
pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.		3.1810aminopyrimidine;
anilinopyrimidine fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penconazole
penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
triazoles
triflumizol
triflumizol: structure given in first source. triflumizole : A carboxamidine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline with the oxygen of the acetyl group of N-(propoxyacetyl)imidazole. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab and other diseases on a variety of crops.		3.1810
flutriafol
flutriafol: fungicide; structure in first source. flutriafol : A racemate comprising an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-flutriafol. A systemic fungicide, it is used to control fungal diseases in cereal crops.. 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol : A tertiary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by an p-fluorophenyl group, the other hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, and one of the hydrogens at position 2 is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group.		2.0510monofluorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		3.1810alkylbenzene
thiacloprid
thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.		7.610monochloropyridine;
nitrile;
thiazolidines		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
2-chloro-n-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide
boscalid : A pyridinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloronicotinic acid with the amino group of 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-amine. A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Sclerotinia spp. for use on a wide range of crops including fruit, vegetables and ornamentals.		3.1810anilide fungicide;
biphenyls;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridinecarboxamide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.2510carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide
N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.		3.1810anilide fungicide;
aromatic amide;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cercosporin
cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants. cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.		2.0310
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.1810acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
azoxystrobin
azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.		2.9830aryloxypyrimidine;
enoate ester;
enol ether;
methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent;
methyl ester;
nitrile		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor;
quinone outside inhibitor;
xenobiotic
epoxiconazole
epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.		3.1850epoxide;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
triazoles
kresoxim-methyl
kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.		2.0510aromatic ether;
methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent;
methyl ester;
oxime O-ether		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor;
xenobiotic
diniconazole
diniconazole: structure given in first source. diniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diniconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including mildew, bunts and smuts.. (1E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol substituted at position 1 by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		7.0510dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
secondary alcohol;
triazoles
metrafenone
metrafenone: an industrial fungicide; structure in first source. metrafenone : A member of the class of benzophenones that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2, 3, and 4 and by a methyl group at position 6, while the other is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 6 by methyl, bromine, and methoxy groups, respectively. A fungicide with protectant and curative properties, it is used for the control of powdery mildew in cereals and grape vines.		3.1810aromatic ether;
aryl phenyl ketone fungicide;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound		antifungal agrochemical
prothioconazole
prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.		3.1810cyclopropanes;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
thiocarbonyl compound;
triazoles
penthiopyrad
penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.		3.1810aromatic amide;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
thiophenes
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.0710
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.2510
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.2510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.0340
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.0340
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		07.4820
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.4820
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.520
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.1110
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.0310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9810
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		01.9810
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9810
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9810