peramivir profile

peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	11954371
CHEMBL ID	3989402
MeSH ID	M0494052

Synonym
HY-17015
peramivir (trihydrate)
rapiacta
s-021812
peramivir (usan/inn)
peramivir hydrate (jan)
rapivab (tn)
D03829
peramivir
rapivab
1041434-82-5
qw7y7zr15u ,
unii-qw7y7zr15u
peramivir [usan]
(1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-((1s)-1-acetamido-2-ethylbutyl)-4-((amino(imino)methyl)amino)-2-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid trihydrate
CS-0732
S2716
peramivir trihydrate
(1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-((1s)-1-acetylamino-2-ethylbutyl)-4-((aminoiminomethyl)amino)-2-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid, trihydrate
peramivir [vandf]
peramivir hydrate
peramivir [mart.]
cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 3-((1s)-1-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl)-4-((aminoiminomethyl)amino)-2-hydroxy-, hydrate (1:3), (1s,2s,3r,4r)-
peramivir [orange book]
peramivir trihydrate [who-dd]
peramivir trihydrate [mi]
peramivir hydrate [jan]
peramivir [who-dd]
J-501019
(2s)-3-((s)-1-acetamido-2-ethylbutyl)-4-guanidino-2-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid
rwj 270201 trihydrate;bcx 1812 trihydrate
DTXSID60146317
mfcd22417093
peramivirtrihydrate
rwj 270201 trihydrate
bcx 1812 trihydrate
AKOS027251087
(1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-((s)-1-acetamido-2-ethylbutyl)-4-guanidino-2-hydroxycyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid trihydrate
bcx-1812;rwj-270201;s-021812
Q47495829
(1s,2s,3s,4r)-3-[(1s)-1-acetamido-2-ethylbutyl]-4-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-hydroxycyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid;trihydrate
DS-10102
CHEMBL3989402
EX-A4007
(1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-((s)-1-acetamido-2-ethylbutyl)-4-guanidino-2-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid trihydrate

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Peramivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor that serves as a transition state analogue for influenza neuraminidase, inhibiting the formation of new viruses in infected cells, and has been approved for intravenous administration."	( An Antiviral Drug-Peramivir: Degradation and Identification of Impurities and the Endorsement of an HPLC-MS Method. Alumuri, T; Balasubramanian, S; Kurnool, A; Merugu, KS; Namburi, LAA; SaravanaVadivu, A, 2023)	2.69
"Peramivir is a parenteral neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) approved for treating influenza infections in a few countries. "	( Peramivir susceptibilities of recombinant influenza A and B variants selected with various neuraminidase inhibitors. Abed, Y; Boivin, G; Carbonneau, J; Fage, C; Tu, V, 2017)	3.34
"Peramivir is an effective anti-influenza drug in the clinical treatment of influenza, but its efficacy toward the H275Y mutant is reduced. "	( Peramivir analogues bearing hydrophilic side chains exhibit higher activities against H275Y mutant than wild-type influenza virus. Cheng, TJ; Chiu, DC; Fang, JM; Huang, WI; Lin, TC; Tsai, KC, 2017)	3.34
"Peramivir is an efficacious neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor for treatment of influenza by intravenous administration. "	( Peramivir conjugates as orally available agents against influenza H275Y mutant. Cheng, TJ; Chiu, DC; Fang, JM; Huang, WI; Jan, JT; Li, TT; Tsai, KC; Tseng, YC; Wang, PC, 2018)	3.37
"Peramivir is a novel influenza neuraminidase inhibitor used for anti-influenza. "	( Quantification of peramivir in dog plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry employing precolumn derivatization. Li, X; Li, Y; Ruan, J; Wang, J; Wang, L; Zhang, Z; Zhong, W, 2014)	2.18
"Peramivir is a novel, intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor that exhibits potent antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses."	( The effect of intravenous peramivir, compared with oral oseltamivir, on the outcome of post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Homma, T; Imamura, Y; Iwanaga, N; Izumikawa, K; Kajihara, T; Kakeya, H; Kitano, M; Kohno, S; Kurihara, S; Miyazaki, T; Nakamura, S; Seki, M; Tanaka, A; Yanagihara, K, 2015)	1.44
"Peramivir is an intravenously administered neuraminidase inhibitor for influenza. "	( Clinical efficacy of peramivir in adult patients with seasonal influenza during the winter of 2012 in Japan. Kitazawa, T; Koga, I; Ota, Y; Seo, K; Yoshino, Y, 2015)	2.18
"Peramivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor having activity against various influenza A and B subtypes. "	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in a patient receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic. Bentley, ML; Cain, JS; Hansenb, AC; Hollistera, AS; Smith, JA, 2014)	3.29
"Peramivir is a newly approved selective neuraminidase inhibitor designed to inhibit influenza virus infection."	( A rapid LC-MS/MS quantification of peramivir using a simple and inexpensive sample precipitation: application to PK. Hu, JQ; Ni, XJ; Qiu, C; Shang, DW; Wang, ZZ; Wen, YG; Zhang, M, 2015)	2.14
"Peramivir is an intravenous anti-influenza agent that inhibits viral growth by selectively inhibiting neuraminidase in human influenza A and B viruses. "	( Population pharmacokinetics of peramivir in healthy volunteers and influenza patients. Hollister, AS; Ishibashi, T; Matsuo, Y; Wajima, T, 2015)	2.15
"Peramivir is a potent neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor for treatment of influenza infection by intravenous administration. "	( Peramivir Phosphonate Derivatives as Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors. Cheng, TJ; Cheng, YS; Fang, JM; Huang, WI; Tsai, KC; Tseng, YC; Wang, PC; Wang, SY; Wong, CH, 2016)	3.32
"Peramivir is a novel influenza neuraminidase inhibitor. "	( Quantification of peramivir (a novel anti-influenza drug) in human plasma by hydrophilic interaction chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Li, S; Li, Y; Ruan, J; Wang, X; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2009)	2.13
"Peramivir is a neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor (NAI) under development that must be administered by the systemic route. "	( Prophylactic activity of intramuscular peramivir in mice infected with a recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus containing the H274Y neuraminidase mutation. Abed, Y; Boivin, G; Simon, P, 2010)	2.07
"Peramivir is a novel potent NA inhibitor currently in clinical trials for intravenous (i.v.) administration."	( Peramivir and its use in H1N1 influenza. Boltz, DA; Castillo, R; Holland, LE, 2010)	2.52
"Peramivir is a new neuraminidase inhibitor for intravenous administration that was first introduced in clinical practice in Japan. "	( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous peramivir in children with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Ishibashi, T; Kohno, S; Sugaya, N; Takahashi, T; Wajima, T, 2012)	2.07
"Peramivir is a selective inhibitor of the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA)."	( Efficacy of a single intravenous dose of the neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir in the treatment of equine influenza. Bannai, H; Hobo, S; Kondo, T; Matsumura, T; Minamijima, YH; Muranaka, M; Nemoto, M; Tsujimura, K; Yamada, M; Yamanaka, T, 2012)	1.33

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Peramivir has shown efficacy for the treatment of 2009 H1N1 influenza; however, it has yet to receive FDA approval. "	( Peramivir: an intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of 2009 H1N1 influenza. Gabay, MP; Mancuso, CE; Steinke, LM; Vanosdol, SJ, )	3.02

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Peramivir treatment reduced the mortality of mice infected with influenza virus and S. "	( Intravenous peramivir inhibits viral replication, and leads to bacterial clearance and prevention of mortality during murine bacterial co-infection caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Homma, T; Kitano, M; Kobayashi, M; Naito, A; Onishi, M; Sato, A; Taniguchi, K; Yoshinaga, T, 2015)	2.24
"Peramivir treatment was associated with viral RNA decline as well as culture and RNA negativity, which occurred at rates comparable with those of oseltamivir: by Day 5, viral load decline -2.5 log10 copies/mL [βinteraction -0.071, standard error (SE) 0.121, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.309 to 0.167]; culture-negative, 94% (vs."	( Virological response to peramivir treatment in adults hospitalised for influenza-associated lower respiratory tract infections. Chan, MC; Chan, PK; Hui, DS; Ko, FW; Kwok, AK; Lee, N; Lui, GC; Ng, SS; Tam, WW; Wong, RY; Yung, IM, 2016)	1.46
"Treatment with peramivir required higher hospitalization costs."	( Trends of neuraminidase inhibitors use in children with influenza related respiratory infections. Fushimi, K; Matsui, H; Michihata, N; Miyairi, I; Morisaki, N; Okubo, Y; Shoji, K; Uda, K; Yasunaga, H, 2018)	0.82
"Treatment with peramivir was generally safe and well tolerated and could be of benefit in this population."	( A clinical trial of intravenous peramivir compared with oral oseltamivir for the treatment of seasonal influenza in hospitalized adults. Alexander, WJ; Clezy, K; Collis, PJ; Flynt, A; Hui, DS; Ison, MG; O'Neil, BJ; Simon, TJ, 2013)	1.01

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous peramivir for treatment of seasonal influenza virus infection. Kida, H; Kohno, S; Mizuguchi, M; Shimada, J, 2010)	0.64
" The results of the safety evaluation among 117 patients enrolled in this study showed that adverse events and adverse drug reactions were reported in 62."	( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous peramivir in children with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Ishibashi, T; Kohno, S; Sugaya, N; Takahashi, T; Wajima, T, 2012)	0.63
" The EUA required healthcare providers to report medication errors, selected adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and deaths to the FDA."	( Emergency use authorization for intravenous peramivir: evaluation of safety in the treatment of hospitalized patients infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus. Birnkrant, D; Boucher, R; Camilli, S; Carter, W; Chan, I; Dal Pan, G; Dallas, S; Francis, H; Gada, N; Goodman, J; Jones, SC; Kosko, R; Scales, T; Sorbello, A; Struble, K; Thompson, E; Truffa, M, 2012)	0.64
"An FDA safety team analyzed reports submitted to the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) and sought follow-up in selected cases."	( Emergency use authorization for intravenous peramivir: evaluation of safety in the treatment of hospitalized patients infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus. Birnkrant, D; Boucher, R; Camilli, S; Carter, W; Chan, I; Dal Pan, G; Dallas, S; Francis, H; Gada, N; Goodman, J; Jones, SC; Kosko, R; Scales, T; Sorbello, A; Struble, K; Thompson, E; Truffa, M, 2012)	0.64
" The safety data were insufficient to assess whether peramivir affected outcome or caused adverse reactions other than rash."	( Emergency use authorization for intravenous peramivir: evaluation of safety in the treatment of hospitalized patients infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus. Birnkrant, D; Boucher, R; Camilli, S; Carter, W; Chan, I; Dal Pan, G; Dallas, S; Francis, H; Gada, N; Goodman, J; Jones, SC; Kosko, R; Scales, T; Sorbello, A; Struble, K; Thompson, E; Truffa, M, 2012)	0.89
" Peramivir was generally safe and well-tolerated with types and rates of adverse event similar to placebo."	( Single dose peramivir for the treatment of acute seasonal influenza: integrated analysis of efficacy and safety from two placebo-controlled trials. Alexander, WJ; Carson, S; Collis, P; Dobo, S; Elder, J; Laughlin, A; Mitha, E; Sheridan, WP; Stich, M; Tellier, G; Whitley, R, 2015)	1.71
" In total, 245 adverse events were observed with an incidence rate of 14."	( Post-marketing safety and effectiveness evaluation of the intravenous anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir. II: a pediatric drug use investigation. Ariyasu, Y; Ishii, S; Itoh, Y; Komeda, T; Sanekata, M; Shimada, J; Yoshikawa, T, 2015)	0.63
" In total, 412 adverse events were observed in 219 patients (28."	( Post-marketing safety evaluation of the intravenous anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir: A drug-use investigation in patients with high risk factors. Ishii, S; Itoh, Y; Komeda, T; Sanekata, M; Shimada, J; Yoshikawa, T, 2016)	0.65
"8%) experienced adverse events, all tolerated."	( Safety and efficacy of anti-influenza drugs, intravenous peramivir against influenza virus infection in elderly patients with underlying disease. Fukui, M; Hata, A; Marumo, S; Takamatsu, K, 2017)	0.7
" All adverse events (AEs) that occurred within 7 days after administration of peramivir were checked."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Peramivir in Korean Adult Influenza Patients: Prospective Observational Study Based on Post-Marketing Surveillance Data. Cheong, HJ; Choi, WS; Chung, DR; Chung, JW; Eom, JS; Hong, SB; Kim, DK; Kim, PY; Kim, SW; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Lee, SR; Noh, JY; Ohk, T; Park, KH; Ryu, SY; Shin, J; Song, JY, 2018)	1
" The aim of this study was to evaluate age-related clinical manifestations of adverse events (AEs) related to NAIs."	( Assessment of adverse events related to anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitors using the FDA adverse event reporting system and online patient reviews. Han, N; Kim, IW; Oh, JM, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacodynamic data, mean log viral titers, were described with the use of an empirical equation relating the viral growth and the effect of drug on changes in viral titers."	( Population analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of RWJ-270201 (BCX-1812) in treating experimental influenza A and B virus in healthy volunteers. Iyer, GR; Liao, S; Massarella, J, 2002)	0.31
"Pharmacokinetic analyses show that weight was the most significant covariate for all estimated pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of RWJ-270201 (BCX-1812) in treating experimental influenza A and B virus in healthy volunteers. Iyer, GR; Liao, S; Massarella, J, 2002)	0.31
" Two additional postinfusion concentrations were measured from each patient to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of peramivir while receiving CVVHDF."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in two critically ill adults with 2009 H1N1 influenza A concurrently receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Bauer, KA; Bazan, JA; Firstenberg, MS; Goff, DA; Hollister, AS; Mangino, JE; Reed, EE; Shidham, G, 2010)	2.01
" Additional pharmacokinetic data are needed to confirm these results and help guide dosing in patients receiving various forms of CRRT."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in two critically ill adults with 2009 H1N1 influenza A concurrently receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Bauer, KA; Bazan, JA; Firstenberg, MS; Goff, DA; Hollister, AS; Mangino, JE; Reed, EE; Shidham, G, 2010)	1.8
"The pharmacokinetic parameters in this patient were unexpected because the clearances occurred more quickly than in phase I trials."	( Postpartum pharmacokinetics of peramivir in the treatment of 2009 H1N1 influenza. Adiga, RB; Alsup, R; Clay, PG; Gerk, PM; McRae, M; Taylor, TAH, 2011)	0.66
" Two studies were conducted to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions of peramivir when coadministered with oseltamivir or rimantadine."	( Absence of pharmacokinetic interaction between intravenous peramivir and oral oseltamivir or rimantadine in humans. Atiee, G; Baughman, S; Collis, P; Hernandez, J; Hollister, A; Lasseter, K; McCullough, A, 2012)	0.84
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the basis of 297 observed plasma concentration data obtained from 115 children with influenza virus infection."	( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous peramivir in children with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Ishibashi, T; Kohno, S; Sugaya, N; Takahashi, T; Wajima, T, 2012)	0.63
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of intravenous (IV) peramivir and in vivo antiviral activity pharmacodynamic (PD) outcomes in a mouse model of influenza virus infection."	( The relationship between in vivo antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic parameters of peramivir in influenza virus infection model in mice. Baba, K; Hasegawa, T; Homma, T; Izawa, M; Kamimori, H; Kanazu, T; Kida, H; Kitano, M; Kobayashi, M; Kodama, M; Noshi, T; Okazaki, K; Sakoda, Y; Sato, A; Seki, T; Tsuji, M; Yamano, Y; Yoshida, R, 2014)	0.83
" doses of 300 and 600 mg peramivir, Cmax and AUC0-t of peramivir were 21."	( Pharmacokinetics of peramivir after single intravenous doses in healthy Chinese subjects. Deng, M; Du, A; Liu, H; Ma, J; Meng, L; Xu, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, L, 2015)	1.04
" This case report provides data on the dialysis membrane saturation coefficient (SA) and pharmacokinetic parameters of peramivir in a 29-year-old female receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), a mode of CRRT."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in a patient receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic. Bentley, ML; Cain, JS; Hansenb, AC; Hollistera, AS; Smith, JA, 2014)	2.05
" The maximum and minimum plasma concentrations, AUC0-24, and plasma half-life was similar to those previously reported."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in a patient receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic. Bentley, ML; Cain, JS; Hansenb, AC; Hollistera, AS; Smith, JA, 2014)	1.85
" To characterize its pharmacokinetics, a population pharmacokinetic analysis of peramivir was performed using 3,199 plasma concentration data samples from 332 subjects in six clinical studies in Japan and the United States, including studies with renal impairment subjects, elderly subjects, and influenza patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of peramivir in healthy volunteers and influenza patients. Hollister, AS; Ishibashi, T; Matsuo, Y; Wajima, T, 2015)	0.93
" The population pharmacokinetic model developed for peramivir should be useful for understanding its pharmacokinetic characteristics and for dose adjustment on the basis of renal function."	( Population pharmacokinetics of peramivir in healthy volunteers and influenza patients. Hollister, AS; Ishibashi, T; Matsuo, Y; Wajima, T, 2015)	0.95
"The pharmacokinetic properties obtained here for intravenous peramivir are consistent with the previously reported clinical efficacy and safety of this antiviral."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous peramivir, neuraminidase inhibitor of influenza virus, in healthy Japanese subjects. Fukase, H; Fukuyama, H; Ishibashi, T; Saisho, Y; Shimada, J, 2017)	0.96
" Ten (91%) patients demonstrated a larger volume of distribution, 11 (100%) patients demonstrated an increase in clearance, and 11 (100%) patients demonstrated a shorter half-life estimate as compared with the package insert and previous pediatric trial data for peramivir."	( Peramivir for Influenza A and B Viral Infections: A Pharmacokinetic Case Series. Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS, 2019)	2.14
"The pharmacokinetics of PRV demonstrated in this PICU cohort differs in comparison to healthy pediatric and adult patients, and alterations to dosing regimens may be needed in PICU patients to achieve pharmacodynamic exposures."	( Peramivir for Influenza A and B Viral Infections: A Pharmacokinetic Case Series. Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS, 2019)	1.96
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of peramivir in plasma and the lung of rats and to compare the profiles following administration through trans-nasal aerosol inhalation (0."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of peramivir in the plasma and lungs of rats after trans-nasal aerosol inhalation and intravenous injection. Chen, T; Dai, X; Ding, H; Fang, N; Gao, Y; Han, J; Li, Y; Niu, Y; Song, Y; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, S; Zhang, G; Zhang, M, 2020)	1.08

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Oral administration of a dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of RWJ-270201 for 5 days (beginning 4 h preinfection) showed efficacy in the murine model of influenza virus infection as determined by lethality and weight loss protection."	( Comparison of the anti-influenza virus activity of RWJ-270201 with those of oseltamivir and zanamivir. Ananth, SL; Andries, K; Babu, YS; Bantia, S; Chand, P; Dehghani, A; El-Kattan, Y; Horn, LL; Hutchison, TL; Kellog, DL; Kotian, PL; Lin, T; Montgomery, JA; Parker, CD, 2001)	0.31
" We conclude that once-daily dosing of RWJ-270201 should be evaluated in clinical trials of influenza therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of RWJ-270201, a novel neuraminidase inhibitor, in a lethal murine model of influenza predicts efficacy for once-daily dosing. Bailey, K; Bush, K; Drusano, GL; Preston, SL; Sidwell, RW; Smee, D, 2001)	0.31
" A pharmacokinetic study of this compound in influenza virus-infected mice indicates once-, twice- or thrice-daily oral dosing was equal in efficacy; once-daily dosing has been recommended in clinical trials of influenza therapy."	( Peramivir (BCX-1812, RWJ-270201): potential new therapy for influenza. Sidwell, RW; Smee, DF, 2002)	1.76
"For treatment dosing was initiated at 24 h after inoculation with peramivir doses ranging from 100-800 mg/day for 5 days."	( Efficacy and tolerability of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir in experimental human influenza: randomized, controlled trials for prophylaxis and treatment. Barroso, L; Gubareva, L; Hayden, FG; Treanor, J, 2005)	0.81
" The relatively low blood peramivir concentrations observed may explain the lack of more robust antiviral effects, and parenteral dosing should be studied."	( Efficacy and tolerability of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir in experimental human influenza: randomized, controlled trials for prophylaxis and treatment. Barroso, L; Gubareva, L; Hayden, FG; Treanor, J, 2005)	0.87
" Clinicians wishing to use peramivir must request authorization from the CDC to confirm patient characteristics warranting its use and to verify the prescriber's understanding of dosing considerations and unapproved status."	( Peramivir: an intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of 2009 H1N1 influenza. Gabay, MP; Mancuso, CE; Steinke, LM; Vanosdol, SJ, )	1.87
" Thus, the dosage of intravenous peramivir was appropriate in these patients."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in two critically ill adults with 2009 H1N1 influenza A concurrently receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Bauer, KA; Bazan, JA; Firstenberg, MS; Goff, DA; Hollister, AS; Mangino, JE; Reed, EE; Shidham, G, 2010)	2.08
" Therefore, we performed studies using the in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system to predict optimal dosing regimens for zanamivir against an oseltamivir-sensitive and an oseltamivir-resistant virus."	( Zanamivir, at 600 milligrams twice daily, inhibits oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system. Adams, JR; Brown, AN; Drusano, GL; Kulawy, R; McSharry, JJ; Weng, Q, 2011)	0.37
"Peramivir, an intravenous investigational neuraminidase inhibitor with activity against influenza viruses, has limited data for dosing in the setting of CVVH."	( Pharmacokinetic assessment of peramivir in a hospitalized adult undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Ghossein, C; Griffith, MM; Hollister, AS; Ison, MG; Scheetz, MH, 2011)	2.1
" The characteristics of peramivir are not only its capacity for parenteral administration, but also its strong affinity for NA and slow off-rate from the NA-peramivir complex, suggesting that it could lead to a prolonged inhibitory effect and thus allow a lower dosing frequency."	( Efficacy of a single intravenous dose of the neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir in the treatment of equine influenza. Bannai, H; Hobo, S; Kondo, T; Matsumura, T; Minamijima, YH; Muranaka, M; Nemoto, M; Tsujimura, K; Yamada, M; Yamanaka, T, 2012)	0.92
" To examine the clinical effect of peramivir, the time from dosing to defervescence (body temperature <37."	( [Clinical efficiency in children treated with intravenous drip infusion of peramivir]. Sakata, H, 2011)	0.88
" This open-label, randomized study was initiated during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic to help assess the antiviral activity, safety and tolerability of 5-10 days treatment with two different dosing regimens of the intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor, peramivir, in hospitalized subjects with influenza."	( Intravenous peramivir for treatment of influenza in hospitalized patients. Collis, P; Elder, J; Fraiz, J; Heller, B; Hernandez, JE; Ison, MG; Jauregui, L; Mills, G; O'Neil, B; O'Riordan, W; Playford, EG; Rolf, JD; Sada-Diaz, E; Sheridan, WP, 2014)	0.96
" The production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was also significantly suppressed by multiple dosing of peramivir compared with oseltamivir."	( The effect of intravenous peramivir, compared with oral oseltamivir, on the outcome of post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Homma, T; Imamura, Y; Iwanaga, N; Izumikawa, K; Kajihara, T; Kakeya, H; Kitano, M; Kohno, S; Kurihara, S; Miyazaki, T; Nakamura, S; Seki, M; Tanaka, A; Yanagihara, K, 2015)	0.93
" We evaluated the efficacy of repeated intravenous dosing of the neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Vietnam/UT3040/2004 (H5N1) infection in cynomolgus macaques."	( Efficacy of repeated intravenous administration of peramivir against highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in cynomolgus macaques. Arikata, M; Ishida, H; Ishigaki, H; Itoh, Y; Kawaoka, Y; Kitagawa, N; Kitano, M; Kobayashi, M; Le, QM; Nakayama, M; Ogasawara, K; Pham, VL; Sato, A; Shichinohe, S; Tsuchiya, H; Yoshida, R, 2014)	0.88
" Peramivir was administrated to mice in three dosing schedules; once, twice and four times after infection of A/WS/33 (H1N1)."	( The relationship between in vivo antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic parameters of peramivir in influenza virus infection model in mice. Baba, K; Hasegawa, T; Homma, T; Izawa, M; Kamimori, H; Kanazu, T; Kida, H; Kitano, M; Kobayashi, M; Kodama, M; Noshi, T; Okazaki, K; Sakoda, Y; Sato, A; Seki, T; Tsuji, M; Yamano, Y; Yoshida, R, 2014)	1.54
" Before the 2009 influenza pandemic, dosing guidelines did not exist for patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in a patient receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic. Bentley, ML; Cain, JS; Hansenb, AC; Hollistera, AS; Smith, JA, 2014)	1.85
" These data will be useful in determining appropriate peramivir dosing regimens for severely ill influenza patients with acute renal impairment managed by CVVHDF."	( Peramivir pharmacokinetics in a patient receiving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic. Bentley, ML; Cain, JS; Hansenb, AC; Hollistera, AS; Smith, JA, 2014)	2.09
" Seven of nine other recently reported published studies was a dose-response study."	( Safety and efficacy of peramivir for influenza treatment. Akashi-Ueda, R; Hata, A; Matsumura, T; Takamatsu, K, 2014)	0.71
" There was a 7-day washout period between dosing periods."	( Pharmacokinetic Properties of Peramivir After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Huang, WC; Li, LZ; Lu, HY; Ni, XJ; Peng, H; Shang, DW; Shen, LF; Wang, ZZ; Wen, YG; Xiong, LH; Zhang, M; Zhang, YF, 2016)	0.72
" All patients had adjustments made to their dosing interval to a more frequent interval."	( Peramivir for Influenza A and B Viral Infections: A Pharmacokinetic Case Series. Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS, 2019)	1.96
"The pharmacokinetics of PRV demonstrated in this PICU cohort differs in comparison to healthy pediatric and adult patients, and alterations to dosing regimens may be needed in PICU patients to achieve pharmacodynamic exposures."	( Peramivir for Influenza A and B Viral Infections: A Pharmacokinetic Case Series. Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS, 2019)	1.96
" However, the only approved intravenous formulation of peramivir limits its clinical application due to the need for the specialized dosing techniques and increases the risk of contracting influenza virus infection among healthcare professionals when dosing within a short distance to the patient."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of peramivir in the plasma and lungs of rats after trans-nasal aerosol inhalation and intravenous injection. Chen, T; Dai, X; Ding, H; Fang, N; Gao, Y; Han, J; Li, Y; Niu, Y; Song, Y; Wang, X; Wu, J; Wu, S; Zhang, G; Zhang, M, 2020)	1.1
"Peramivir offers a single-dose intravenous (IV) treatment option for influenza (vs 5-day oral dosing for oseltamivir)."	( Intravenous peramivir vs oral oseltamivir in high-risk emergency department patients with influenza: Results from a pilot randomized controlled study. Dugas, AF; Hsieh, YH; LoVecchio, F; McBryde, B; Ricketts, EP; Rothman, RE; Saliba-Shaw, K, 2021)	2.44
" Our analysis indicated that the signal of anaphylaxis may varies based on the main component or dosage form of each anti-influenza drug."	( Association between anaphylaxis and anti-influenza drug use: An analysis of the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. Horikomi, Y; Ishii, T; Ohyama, K; Tanaka, H, 2021)	0.62

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	48 (17.84)	29.6817
2010's	194 (72.12)	24.3611
2020's	27 (10.04)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	22 (7.94%)	5.53%
Reviews	31 (11.19%)	6.00%
Case Studies	33 (11.91%)	4.05%
Observational	4 (1.44%)	0.25%
Other	187 (67.51%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Peramivir in Subjects With Uncomplicated Influenza. [NCT01224795]	Phase 3	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to This study was terminated for administrative reasons)
A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo -Controlled, Study To Evaluate The Efficacy and Safety Of Intramuscular Peramivir 600 mg In Subjects With Uncomplicated Acute Influenza [NCT00705406]	Phase 2	405 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Mask, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intramuscular Peramivir in Subjects With Uncomplicated Acute Influenza. [NCT00419263]	Phase 2	344 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Single-arm, Open-label, Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Effectiveness of Intravenous Peramivir in Elderly Subjects With Acute Uncomplicated Influenza Infection and in Subjects With Acute Uncomplicated Influenza I [NCT02635724]	Phase 3	74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Mask, Double-Dummy Study Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Peramivir Once Daily Versus Oral Oseltamivir Twice Daily in Adults With Acute Serious or Potentially Life-Threatening Influenza [NCT00453999]	Phase 2	137 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
A PHASE 3 MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF INTRAMUSCULAR PERAMIVIR IN SUBJECTS WITH UNCOMPLICATED ACUTE INFLUENZA [NCT00486980]	Phase 3	0 participants	Interventional		Withdrawn(stopped due to "This study was withdrawn for administrative reasons. The dose ranging plan for the program was revised.")
A Phase 2, Pilot, Open-label, Randomized Study of the Antiviral Activity, Safety, and Tolerability of Intravenous Peramivir in Adult Hospitalized Subjects With Confirmed Influenza Infection [NCT02665351]	Phase 2/Phase 3	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intramuscular Peramivir in Subjects With Uncomplicated Acute Influenza. [NCT00610935]	Phase 3	82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to This study was terminated for administrative reasons.)
A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic and Safety Evaluation of Investigational Intravenous Peramivir in Children With Influenza Disease (CASG 117) [NCT01063933]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn
ADaptive ASsessment of TReatments for influenzA: A Phase 2 Multi-centre Adaptive Randomised Platform Trial to Assess Antiviral Pharmacodynamics in Early Symptomatic Influenza Infection (AD ASTRA) [NCT05648448]	Phase 2	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-22	Recruiting
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Peramivir Administered Intravenously in Addition to Standard of Care Compared to Standard of Care Alone in Adults and Adolescents Who Are Hospitalize [NCT00958776]	Phase 3	405 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Terminated(stopped due to This study was terminated for futility)
A Phase 3, Open-Label, Randomized Study of the Antiviral Activity, Safety, and Tolerability of Intravenous Peramivir in Hospitalized Subjects With Confirmed or Suspected Influenza Infection [NCT00957996]	Phase 3	234 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
A Phase I Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Peramivir in Healthy Subjects [NCT00297050]	Phase 1	100 participants	Interventional	2006-02-23	Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Open Label, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Effectiveness of IV Peramivir Compared to Oral Oseltamivir in Pediatric Subjects With Acute Uncomplicated Influenza [NCT02369159]	Phase 3	137 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-11	Completed
Influenza Therapeutic Trial: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial for Feasibility of Enrolling Subjects for Influenza Therapeutic Trials and Administering Influenza Antivirals in the Emergency Department to High Risk Subjects [NCT02609399]	Phase 4	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 2 in Influenza Virus Titer
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 3 in Influenza Virus Titer
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 5 in Influenza Virus Titer
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 9 in Influenza Virus Titer
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Alleviation of Symptoms (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Fever
NCT00419263 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Resumption of Ability to Perform Usual Activities
NCT00453999 (6) [back to overview]	Incidence of Clinical Relapse of Influenza After Treatment (Number of Participants Experiencing Relapse During the Study)
NCT00453999 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Clinical Stability (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00453999 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Hospital Discharge (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00453999 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Resumption of Ability to Perform Usual Activities (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00453999 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Scores of Symptoms of Influenza
NCT00453999 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Amount of Influenza Virus in Nose and Throat (Influenza A and B Combined)
NCT00610935 (2) [back to overview]	The Time to Alleviation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Influenza
NCT00610935 (2) [back to overview]	To Evaluate Changes in Influenza Virus Titer in Nasopharyngeal Samples in Response to Treatment.
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Subject's Severity of Illness (Score*Hours)
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Alleviation of Symptoms (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Fever
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Baseline Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Mean IC50)
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Baseline Influenza Virus B Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Mean Baseline IC50)
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Fold Change From Baseline in IC50)
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Influenza Virus B Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Mean Baseline IC50 and Fold Change From Baseline in IC50)
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Influenza Virus Shedding
NCT00705406 (9) [back to overview]	Incidence of Influenza-related Complications
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Influenza Virus Titer (48 Hours)
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Hospital Discharge
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Clinical Resolution
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Alleviation of Symptoms
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinical Resolution
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Required More Than 5 Days of Peramivir Treatment
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Experiencing Influenza-related Complications
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Admitted to ICU After Initiation of Treatment
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Duration of Postbaseline ICU Admission (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Fever
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Resumption of Usual Activities
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Change in Influenza Virus Titer, as Measured by Quantitative RT-PCR (log10 vp/mL)
NCT00957996 (13) [back to overview]	Survival (Kaplan-Meier Estimates)
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Hospital Discharge
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Fever (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Resumption of Usual Activities
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Change (Reduction) in Influenza Virus Titer
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Change in Viral Sensitivity to Peramivir, Oseltamivir, and Zanamivir; Fold Change From Initial
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Incidence of Influenza-Related Complications
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Initial Viral Sensitivity to Peramivir, Oseltamivir, and Zanamivir; IC50 (nM)
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With ICU Admission
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Survival at 14 and 28 Days After Initiation of Study Drug (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Duration of All ICU Admissions (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Requiring More Than 5 Days of Study Drug
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Alleviation of Clinical Symptoms of Influenza
NCT00958776 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Clinical Resolution (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Fever
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Influenza Symptoms
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Changes in Influenza Virus Titer in Nasopharyngeal Samples in Response to Treatment.
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Influenza-Related Complications Assessment.
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Plasma Exposure of IV Peramivir as Measured by the Drug Concentration Over 6 Hours Post-dose
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability, as Measured by the Number of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events.
NCT02369159 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Reduction in Viral Shedding
NCT02609399 (4) [back to overview]	Mean Karnofsky Performance Scale Score During the 2015-2016 Influenza Season
NCT02609399 (4) [back to overview]	Mean Karnofsky Performance Scale Score During the 2016-2017 Influenza Season
NCT02609399 (4) [back to overview]	Mean Symptom Severity Score During the 2015-2016 Influenza Season for Symptom Domains as Assessed Using the Influenza-Patient Reported Outcome (FLU-PRO™) Questionnaire
NCT02609399 (4) [back to overview]	Mean Symptom Severity Score During the 2016-2017 Influenza Season for Symptom Domains as Assessed Using the FLU-PRO™ Questionnaire
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Changes in Influenza Virus Titer in Nasopharyngeal Samples in Response to Treatment.
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Changes in Influenza Virus Titer in Nasopharyngeal Samples in Response to Treatment.
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Return to Usual Activities
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Influenza Symptoms
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Fever
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Reduction in Viral Shedding
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability, as Measured by the Number of Adverse Events.
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Plasma Exposure of IV Peramivir as Measured by Drug Concentrations up to 3 Hours Post Infusion
NCT02635724 (9) [back to overview]	Incidence of Influenza-related Complications

Change From Baseline to Day 2 in Influenza Virus Titer

The change in viral titers was defined as the time-weighted change from baseline in log_10 tissue culture infective dose_50 (TCID_50/mL) and was summarized for each treatment group. The differences between the treatment groups were evaluated using a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test controlling for current smoking behavior. Specimens for virologic culture and determination of influenza virus TCID_50/mL were obtained on Day 2 (approximately 24 hours after treatment), on Day 3 (approximately 48 hours after treatment), on Day 5 (approximately 96 hours after treatment), and on Day 9 (approximately 192 hours after treatment). (NCT00419263)
Timeframe: Baseline and approximately 24 hours after treatment

Intervention	log10(TCID50/mL) (Median)
Placebo	-1.50
Peramivir 150 mg	-2.00
Peramivir 300 mg	-2.25

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Sore Throat: Baseline	Sore Throat: Change at Day 2	Sore Throat: Change at Day 3	Sore Throat: Change at Day 4	Sore Throat: Change at Day 5	Sore Throat: Change at Day 10	Sore Throat: Change at Day 14	Nasal Congestion: Baseline	Nasal Congestion: Change at Day 2	Nasal Congestion: Change at Day 3	Nasal Congestion: Change at Day 4	Nasal Congestion: Change at Day 5	Nasal Congestion: Change at Day 10	Nasal Congestion: Change at Day 14	Cough: Baseline	Cough: Change at Day 2	Cough: Change at Day 3	Cough: Change at Day 4	Cough: Change at Day 5	Cough: Change at Day 10	Cough: Change at Day 14	Aches and Pains: Baseline	Aches and Pains: Change at Day 2	Aches and Pains: Change at Day 3	Aches and Pains: Change at Day 4	Aches and Pains: Change at Day 5	Aches and Pains: Change at Day 10	Aches and Pains: Change at Day 14	Fatigue: Baseline	Fatigue: Change at Day 2	Fatigue: Change at Day 3	Fatigue: Change at Day 4	Fatigue: Change at Day 5	Fatigue: Change at Day 10	Fatigue: Change at Day 14	Headache: Baseline	Headache: Change at Day 2	Headache: Change at Day 3	Headache: Change at Day 4	Headache: Change at Day 5	Headache: Change at Day 10	Headache: Change at Day 14	Feeling Feverish: Baseline	Feeling Feverish: Change at Day 2	Feeling Feverish: Change at Day 3	Feeling Feverish: Change at Day 4	Feeling Feverish: Change at Day 5	Feeling Feverish: Change at Day 10	Feeling Feverish: Change at Day 14
Oseltamivir	1.2	-0.3	-0.8	-1.1	-1.1	-1.2	-1.1	1.3	-0.3	-0.8	-1.0	-1.1	-1.1	-1.3	2.1	-0.2	-0.9	-1.0	-1.1	-1.3	-1.5	1.9	-0.8	-1.4	-1.6	-1.7	-1.9	-1.7	2.3	-1.0	-1.1	-1.6	-1.7	-1.7	-2.0	1.4	-0.6	-1.0	-1.1	-1.3	-1.4	-1.3	1.8	-1.0	-1.6	-1.6	-1.8	-1.8	-1.8
Peramivir 200 mg	1.3	-0.2	-0.8	-0.9	-1.1	-1.2	-1.2	1.3	-0.2	-0.7	-0.8	-0.9	-1.1	-1.0	2.2	-0.4	-0.9	-1.1	-1.2	-1.4	-1.6	1.8	-0.8	-1.3	-1.5	-1.6	-1.7	-1.7	2.3	-0.9	-1.2	-1.4	-1.6	-1.7	-1.7	1.5	-0.5	-0.9	-1.0	-1.2	-1.3	-1.3	2.1	-1.4	-1.5	-1.8	-1.9	-2.0	-1.9
Peramivir 400 mg	1.1	-0.3	-0.7	-0.9	-0.9	-1.1	-1.1	1.5	-0.5	-0.9	-1.1	-1.2	-1.2	-1.2	2.0	-0.3	-0.9	-1.1	-1.1	-1.2	-1.4	1.9	-0.8	-1.4	-1.6	-1.6	-1.7	-1.6	2.0	-0.5	-1.0	-1.2	-1.3	-1.4	-1.6	1.3	-0.5	-1.0	-1.1	-1.1	-1.2	-1.2	1.9	-1.0	-1.5	-1.8	-1.8	-1.8	-1.7

Intervention	log10 TCID50/mL (Mean)
	Duration <48 Hours: Baseline	Duration <48 Hours: Change at 12 hours	Duration <48 Hours: Change at 24 hours	Duration <48 Hours: Change at 48 hours	Duration <48 Hours: Change at 96 hours	Duration ≥48 and ≤72 hours: Baseline	Duration ≥48 and ≤72 hours: Change at 12 hours	Duration ≥48 and ≤72 hours: Change at 24 hours	Duration ≥48 and ≤72 hours: Change at 48 hours	Duration ≥48 and ≤72 hours: Change at 96 hours
Oseltamivir	3.4	-1.5	-2.2	-2.5	-2.8	2.5	-0.7	-1.0	-1.5	-1.7
Peramivir 200 mg	3.6	-1.5	-2.5	-2.4	-2.8	2.8	-1.1	-1.4	-1.8	-2.6
Peramivir 400 mg	3.5	-1.6	-2.2	-2.9	-3.0	2.6	-1.5	-1.7	-1.9	-2.0

Intervention	influenza viral titer - log10 TCID50/mL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 3 - Change from baseline	Day 5 - Change from baseline	Day 9 - Change from baseline
Peramivir	3.75	-2.75	-3.00	-3.25
Placebo	3.75	-2.25	-3.00	-3.00

Intervention	nM (Mean)
	A: H1N1-Baseline Peramivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1-Baseline Oseltamivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1-Baseline Zanamivir Susceptibility
Peramivir 600 mg	72.27	1007.29	1.48
Placebo	67.46	983.41	1.27

Intervention	nM (Mean)
	B: Baseline Peramivir Susceptibility	B: Baseline Oseltamivir Susceptibility	B: Baseline Zanamivir Susceptibility
Peramivir 600 mg	6.03	28.72	4.65
Placebo	6.47	40.98	5.78

Intervention	Fold Change from Baseline (Mean)
	A: H1N1- Fold Change in Peramivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1- Fold Change in Oseltamivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1- Fold Change in Zanamivir Susceptibility
Peramivir 600 mg	1.10	1.28	2.67
Placebo	1.03	1.20	3.68

Intervention	Fold Change from Baseline (Mean)
	B: Fold Change in Peramivir Susceptibility	B: Fold Change in Oseltamivir Susceptibility	B: Fold Change in Zanamivir Susceptibility
Peramivir 600 mg	0.92	0.95	0.95
Placebo	1.27	1.24	1.10

Intervention	log10(TCID50/mL) (Median)
	Change at Day 3	Change at Day 4	Change at Day 9
Peramivir 600 mg	-2.00	-2.25	-2.50
Placebo	-2.00	-2.25	-2.75

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Any Influenza-Related Complication	Otitis	Sinusitis	Bronchitis	Pneumonia
Peramivir 600 mg	29	4	13	15	3
Placebo	25	2	17	10	0

Intervention	log10 viral particles/mL (Median)
	Change from baseline, 48 hours	Change from baseline, 108 hours	Change from baseline, 216 hours
Peramivir 300 mg	-1.00	-1.65	-2.15
Peramivir 600 mg	-1.07	-1.59	-1.79

Intervention	Percent Survival (Number)
	14 Day Survival	28 Day Survival
Peramivir 300 mg	98	94
Peramivir 600 mg	93	86

Intervention	log10 viral particles/mL (Median)
	Change from Baseline, 24 Hours	Change from Baseline, 48 Hours	Change from Baseline, 108 Hours
Peramivir+SOC	-1.49	-2.02	-2.48
Placebo+SOC	-1.09	-1.67	-2.39

Intervention	fold change (Mean)
	A: H3N2-Fold Change in Peramivir Susceptibility	A: H3N2-Fold Change in Oseltamivir Susceptibility	A: H3N2-Fold Change in Zanamivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1-Fold Change in Peramivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1-Fold Change in Oseltamivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1-Fold Change in Zanamivir Susceptibility	B: Fold Change in Peramivir Susceptibility	B: Fold Change in Oseltamivir Susceptibility	B: Fold Change in Zanamivir Susceptibility
Peramivir+SOC	1.19	1.14	1.33	3.63	9.20	1.06	3.21	1.48	1.36
Placebo+SOC	1.23	1.36	2.70	1.12	1.51	1.03	1.01	0.98	1.02

Intervention	nM (Mean)
	A: H3N2-Initial Peramivir Susceptibility	A: H3N2-Initial Oseltamivir Susceptibility	A: H3N2-Initial Zanamivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1- Initial Peramivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1- Initial Oseltamivir Susceptibility	A: H1N1- Initial Zanamivir Susceptibility	B: Initial Peramivir Susceptibility	B: Initial Oseltamivir Susceptibility	B: Initial Zanamivir Susceptibility
Peramivir+SOC	0.18	0.31	0.34	1.11	11.03	0.60	1.15	21.47	2.30
Placebo+SOC	0.18	0.30	0.34	0.24	1.12	0.60	1.14	18.47	2.36

Intervention	participants (Number)
	At Baseline	After initiation of treatment	At any time
Peramivir+SOC	15	0	15
Placebo+SOC	8	1	9

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Peramivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	39.7
Oseltamivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	61.8
Peramivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	58.8
Oseltamivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	16.0
Peramivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	36.3
Oseltamivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	29.7
Peramivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	51.3
Oseltamivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	43.9

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Peramivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	76.1
Oseltamivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	98.9
Peramivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	94.1
Oseltamivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	20.7
Peramivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	66.6
Oseltamivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	134.4
Peramivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	101.3
Oseltamivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	75.5

Intervention	influenza viral titer - log10 TCID50/mL (Median)
	Baseline	Day 3 - Change rom baseline	Day 7 - Change from baseline	Day 14 - Change from baseline
Oseltamivir	4.50	-3.25	-4.00	-4.00
Peramivir	4.38	-2.75	-3.75	-3.75

Intervention	ng*h/mL (Mean)
	AUC0-last	AUC0-3
Peramivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	72400	68300
Peramivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	71200	68100
Peramivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	56200	53300
Peramivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	87000	81400

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Adverse Event	Severe or life-threatening Adverse Event	Adverse Event possibly, probably, or definitely related to study drug	Serious Adverse Events	Adverse Event leading to discontinuation from study	Adverse Event leading to Death
Oseltamivir	5	0	4	0	1	0
Peramivir	22	2	8	0	0	0

peramivir

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (45)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (269)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 73.98

Study Types

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change From Baseline to Day 2 in Influenza Virus Titer

Change From Baseline to Day 3 in Influenza Virus Titer

Change From Baseline to Day 5 in Influenza Virus Titer

Change From Baseline to Day 9 in Influenza Virus Titer

Time to Alleviation of Symptoms (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Resolution of Fever

Time to Resumption of Ability to Perform Usual Activities

Incidence of Clinical Relapse of Influenza After Treatment (Number of Participants Experiencing Relapse During the Study)

Time to Clinical Stability (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Hospital Discharge (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Resumption of Ability to Perform Usual Activities (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Change From Baseline in Scores of Symptoms of Influenza

Change in Amount of Influenza Virus in Nose and Throat (Influenza A and B Combined)

The Time to Alleviation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Influenza

To Evaluate Changes in Influenza Virus Titer in Nasopharyngeal Samples in Response to Treatment.

Subject's Severity of Illness (Score*Hours)

Time to Alleviation of Symptoms (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Resolution of Fever

Baseline Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Mean IC50)

Baseline Influenza Virus B Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Mean Baseline IC50)

Change in Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Fold Change From Baseline in IC50)

Change in Influenza Virus B Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (Mean Baseline IC50 and Fold Change From Baseline in IC50)

Change in Influenza Virus Shedding

Incidence of Influenza-related Complications

Change From Baseline in Influenza Virus Titer (48 Hours)

Time to Hospital Discharge

Time to Clinical Resolution

Time to Alleviation of Symptoms

Number of Participants With Clinical Resolution

Number of Participants Who Required More Than 5 Days of Peramivir Treatment

Number of Participants Experiencing Influenza-related Complications

Number of Participants Admitted to ICU After Initiation of Treatment

Duration of Postbaseline ICU Admission (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Resolution of Fever

Time to Resumption of Usual Activities

Change in Influenza Virus Titer, as Measured by Quantitative RT-PCR (log10 vp/mL)

Survival (Kaplan-Meier Estimates)

Time to Hospital Discharge

Time to Resolution of Fever (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Resumption of Usual Activities

Change (Reduction) in Influenza Virus Titer

Change in Viral Sensitivity to Peramivir, Oseltamivir, and Zanamivir; Fold Change From Initial

Incidence of Influenza-Related Complications

Initial Viral Sensitivity to Peramivir, Oseltamivir, and Zanamivir; IC50 (nM)

Number of Subjects With ICU Admission

Survival at 14 and 28 Days After Initiation of Study Drug (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Duration of All ICU Admissions (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Number of Subjects Requiring More Than 5 Days of Study Drug

Time to Alleviation of Clinical Symptoms of Influenza

Time to Clinical Resolution (Kaplan-Meier Estimate)

Time to Resolution of Fever

Time to Resolution of Influenza Symptoms

Changes in Influenza Virus Titer in Nasopharyngeal Samples in Response to Treatment.

Influenza-Related Complications Assessment.

Plasma Exposure of IV Peramivir as Measured by the Drug Concentration Over 6 Hours Post-dose

Safety and Tolerability, as Measured by the Number of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events.

Time to Reduction in Viral Shedding

Mean Karnofsky Performance Scale Score During the 2015-2016 Influenza Season

Mean Karnofsky Performance Scale Score During the 2016-2017 Influenza Season

Mean Symptom Severity Score During the 2015-2016 Influenza Season for Symptom Domains as Assessed Using the Influenza-Patient Reported Outcome (FLU-PRO™) Questionnaire

Mean Symptom Severity Score During the 2016-2017 Influenza Season for Symptom Domains as Assessed Using the FLU-PRO™ Questionnaire

Intervention	participants with positive viral titer (Number)
	Baseline	Day 3	Day 7	Day 14
Oseltamivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	5	2	0	0
Oseltamivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	2	1	0	0
Oseltamivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	1	1	0	0
Oseltamivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	6	6	0	0
Peramivir (≥ 13 - < 18 Years)	12	6	0	0
Peramivir (≥ 2 - < 7 Years)	23	12	2	0
Peramivir (≥ 28 Days - < 2 Years)	8	6	1	0
Peramivir (≥ 7 - < 13 Years)	27	13	1	0

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Nose	Throat	Eyes	Chest/Respiratory	Gastrointestinal	Body/Systemic	Total/Overall
Oseltamivir	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.7	1.6
Peramivir	1.9	1.7	1.6	2.3	1.5	1.9	1.9

Intervention	days (Mean)
At Risk (<65 Years)	10.0
Elderly (65-75 Years)	12.1
Very Elderly (>75 Years)	9.8

Intervention	hours (Mean)
At Risk (<65 Years)	124.8
Elderly (65-75 Years)	114.5
Very Elderly (>75 Years)	54.0

Intervention	hours (Median)
At Risk (<65 Years)	41.5
Elderly (65-75 Years)	29.3
Very Elderly (>75 Years)	9.4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Subjects with at Least 1 Adverse Event	Subjects with at Least 1 Adverse Event Related to Study Drug	Subjects with at Least 1 Adverse Event Leading to Study Discontinuation	Subjects with at Least 1 Severe or Life-Threatening Adverse Event	Subjects with at Least 1 Severe or Life-Threatening Adverse Event Related to Study Drug
At Risk (<65 Years)	17	5	0	0	0
Elderly (65-75 Years)	9	3	0	1	0
Very Elderly (>75 Years)	1	0	0	0	0

Intervention	h*ng/mL (Mean)
	AUC0-last	AUC0-1	AUC0-1.5
At Risk (<65 Years)	42400	30600	38200
Elderly (65-75 Years)	68300	53600	85800
Very Elderly (>75 Years)	64600	54400	35000

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.17	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	5.52	6	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.41	1	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	5.24	3	1	alkylamine
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.48	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.01	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.41	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.88	3	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	3.21	1	0	penicillanic acids
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.21	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.01	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.48	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	17.34	251	23	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	5.1	7	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.05	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.11	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.24	5	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	11.8	94	4	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adamantanine adamantanine: inhibitor of amino acid transport; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	14.85	138	11	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid: also known as NeuAc2en, but this is also synonym for another compound. 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria.	2.06	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.21	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.21	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	3.21	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	3.61	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.05	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.73	3	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.13	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	3.01	4	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
efinaconazole efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source. efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes).	3.21	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	5.1	7	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
laninamivir laninamivir: an antiviral agent	9.45	33	3	acetamides
nnd 502 luliconazole: structure in first source	3.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene
a 315675 [no description available]	3.85	3	0
tamiphosphor tamiphosphor: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	3.21	1	0	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
olodaterol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.17	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	3.21	1	0
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methyl inosine monophosphate methyl inosine monophosphate: potential immunotherapeutic for early HIV infection; structure given in first source	7.03	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	2.41	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	16.93	173	22
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	1	18.93	173	22
Co-infection [description not available]	0	8.05	4	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	3.74	2	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	3.74	2	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	3.34	6	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	2.21	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.21	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	2.21	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.21	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	4.43	7	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	3.51	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	3.51	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Congenital Disorders [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	2.83	3	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	7.63	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	3.7	1	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	7.89	42	1
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	7.89	42	1
Avian Flu [description not available]	0	3.01	4	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	0	3.01	4	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.31	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	3.71	3	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	3.71	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	4.07	14	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	2.78	3	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada) [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	2.17	1	0
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)	0	2.17	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.17	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	3.47	7	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	2.21	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	2.21	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	3.03	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	3.31	6	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	0	2.1	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	2.1	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	2.48	2	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	0	2.1	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	2.1	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	2.11	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	2.11	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	2.51	2	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	3.84	2	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	2.1	1	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	3.03	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	7.1	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	2.11	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.76	3	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	2.11	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	7.11	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.48	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	2.11	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	2.15	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	2.15	1	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	0	2.13	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	2.13	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	2.15	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	3.06	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	0	3.06	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	0	3.06	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	4.36	4	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.05	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	2.05	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	2.05	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.06	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	2.05	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.05	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	2.06	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	2.06	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	2.05	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	3.41	1	1