Compounds > yessotoxin
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

yessotoxin

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Description

yessotoxin: produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in invertebrates (e.g., Patinopecten gessoensis also known as YESSO SCALLOP) that feed on them. RN given refers to parent compound [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID13988278
CHEBI ID166595
MeSH IDM0182800

Synonyms (5)

Synonym
112514-54-2
CHEBI:166595
yessotoxin
{34-hydroxy-40-[(3e)-2-hydroxy-5-methylideneocta-3,7-dien-2-yl]-13,25,27,30,35-pentamethyl-39-methylidene-13-[2-(sulfooxy)ethyl]-4,8,12,17,21,26,32,36,41,45,49-undecaoxaundecacyclo[25.22.0.0^{3,25}.0^{5,22}.0^{7,20}.0^{9,18}.0^{11,16}.0^{31,48}.0^{33,46}.
[34-hydroxy-40-[(3e)-2-hydroxy-5-methylideneocta-3,7-dien-2-yl]-13,25,27,30,35-pentamethyl-39-methylidene-13-(2-sulfooxyethyl)-4,8,12,17,21,26,32,36,41,45,49-undecaoxaundecacyclo[25.22.0.03,25.05,22.07,20.09,18.011,16.031,48.033,46.035,44.037,42]nonatetra

Research Excerpts

Overview

Yessotoxin is a marine phycotoxin that induces motor alterations in mice after intraperitoneal injection. Yessotoxins (YTXs) are a group of marine toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Yessotoxin is a marine phycotoxin that induces motor alterations in mice after intraperitoneal injection. "( Translocation of PKC by yessotoxin in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease with improvement of tau and β-amyloid pathology.
Alonso, E; Botana, LM; Vale, C; Vieytes, MR, 2013)		2.14
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether compound produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. "( Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic Tool.
Alfonso, A; Botana, LM; Vieytes, MR, 2016)		3.32
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine phycotoxin produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. "( Subacute Cardiotoxicity of Yessotoxin: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies.
Botana, LM; Cantalapiedra, AG; Carrera, C; Cifuentes, JM; Ferreiro, SF; Louzao, MC; Santamarina, G; Vieira, AC; Vilariño, N, 2016)		2.17
"Yessotoxins (YTXs) are a group of marine toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera. "( Yessotoxin, a Marine Toxin, Exhibits Anti-Allergic and Anti-Tumoural Activities Inhibiting Melanoma Tumour Growth in a Preclinical Model.
Alfonso, A; Blank, U; Botana, LM; Madera-Salcedo, I; Tobío, A, 2016)		3.32
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine phycotoxin produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. "( Subacute immunotoxicity of the marine phycotoxin yessotoxin in rats.
Botana, LM; Cantalapiedra, AG; Carrera, C; Cifuentes, JM; Ferreiro, SF; Louzao, MC; Santamarina, G; Vieira, AC; Vilariño, N, 2017)		2.15
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine polyether toxin that was first isolated in 1986 from the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. "( Yessotoxins, a group of marine polyether toxins: an overview.
Daranas, AH; Fernández, JJ; Franco, JM; Norte, M; Paz, B; Riobó, P, 2008)		3.23
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a globally distributed marine toxin produced by some isolates of the dinoflagellate species Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum, and Gonyaulax spinifera within the order Gonyaulacales. "( Phylogenetic relationships of yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellates, based on the large subunit and internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA domains.
Howard, MD; Kudela, RM; Smith, GJ, 2009)		2.08
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a sulphated polyether compound produced by some species of dinoflagellate algae, that can be accumulated in bivalve mollusks and ingested by humans upon eating contaminated shellfish. "( Yessotoxin inhibits phagocytic activity of macrophages.
Ardizzoni, A; Blasi, E; Callegari, F; Colombari, B; Orsi, CF; Peppoloni, S; Rossini, GP; Todaro, AM, )		3.02
"Yessotoxin is a ladder-frame polyether produced by the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. "( Origins of oxygen atoms in a marine ladder-frame polyether: evidence of monooxygenation by 18O-labeling and using tandem mass spectrometry.
Hashimoto, M; Itoh, Y; Izumikawa, M; Satake, M; Tachibana, K; Yamazaki, M, 2012)		1.82
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine polyether toxin previously described as a phosphodiesterase (PDE) activator in fresh human lymphocytes. "( Role of yessotoxin in calcium and cAMP-crosstalks in primary and K-562 human lymphocytes: the effect is mediated by anchor kinase A mitochondrial proteins.
Alfonso, A; Botana, LM; Fernández-Araujo, A; Tobío, A, 2012)		2.26
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a novel phycotoxin with an unknown mechanism of action that has been reported as cardiotoxic, when injected, but non-toxic if ingested orally. "( Yessotoxin, a novel phycotoxin, activates phosphodiesterase activity. Effect of yessotoxin on cAMP levels in human lymphocytes.
Alfonso, A; Botana, LM; de la Rosa, L; Vieytes, MR; Yasumoto, T, 2003)		3.2
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a generic name for a group of lipophilic compounds recently discovered and chemically characterized. "( Resonant mirror biosensor detection method based on yessotoxin-phosphodiesterase interactions.
Alfonso, A; Botana, LM; Pazos, MJ; Vieites, JM; Vieytes, MR; Yasumoto, T, 2004)		2.02
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a disulfated polyether toxin produced by phytoplanktonic microalgae from the dinoflagellates group. "( Kinetic analysis of the interaction between yessotoxin and analogues and immobilized phosphodiesterases using a resonant mirror optical biosensor.
Alfonso, A; Botana, LM; Pazos, MJ; Vieytes, MR; Yasumoto, T, 2005)		2.03
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polycyclic ether toxin produced by phytoplanktonic microalgae from the group of dinoflagellates. "( Quantification of yessotoxin using the fluorescence polarization technique and study of the adequate extraction procedure.
Alfonso, A; Alfonso, C; Botana, LM; Vieytes, MR; Yasumoto, T, 2005)		2.1
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine algal toxin previously shown to induce apoptosis in L6 and BC3H1 myoblast cell lines. "( Cleavage of tensin during cytoskeleton disruption in YTX-induced apoptosis.
Aune, T; Espenes, A; Hetland, DL; Korsnes, MS, 2007)		1.78
"Yessotoxins (YTXs) are a group of polyether toxins which have been previously reported as responsible for seafood contamination in several places worldwide. "( Advanced studies for the application of high-performance capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of yessotoxin and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin.
de la Iglesia, P; Gago-Martinez, A; Yasumoto, T, 2007)		2
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a disulfated polyether toxin produced by marine dinoflagellates. "( Feasibility of using a surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor to detect and quantify yessotoxin.
Botana, LM; Fonfría, ES; Vieytes, MR; Vilariño, N; Yasumoto, T, 2008)		2.01
"Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether toxin of marine origin that has been classified among the diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins group due to its lipophilic nature. "( Modulation of cytosolic calcium levels of human lymphocytes by yessotoxin, a novel marine phycotoxin.
Alfonso, A; Botana, LM; de la Rosa, LA; Vieytes, MR; Vilariño, N, 2001)		1.99

Treatment

Yessotoxin (YTX) treatment of MCF-7 cells results in the accumulation of a 100-kDa fragment of E-cadherin (ECRA(100) without a parallel loss of the intact protein in cytosoluble extracts. Treatment did not significantly alter the levels of ECRA100 in the Triton X-100 resistant fraction of plasma membrane.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Yessotoxin (YTX) treatment of MCF-7 cells results in the accumulation of a 100-kDa fragment of E-cadherin (ECRA(100)) without a parallel loss of the intact protein in cytosoluble extracts. "( Functional assay to measure yessotoxins in contaminated mussel samples.
Malaguti, C; Milandri, A; Paolo Rossini, G; Pierotti, S; Poletti, R, 2003)		2.06
"Yessotoxin treatment did not significantly alter the levels of ECRA100 in the Triton X-100 resistant fraction of plasma membrane, but increased the relative abundance of ECRA100 in the Triton X-100 soluble pool of crosslinked cells."( Yessotoxin induces the accumulation of altered E-cadherin dimers that are not part of adhesive structures in intact cells.
Ronzitti, G; Rossini, GP, 2008)		2.51

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" OA induced the already known toxic signs: before death, mice were motionless and cyanotic; small intestine and liver damage were shown at post-mortem."( Oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicity studies of yessotoxin and homoyessotoxins in mice.
Altinier, G; Carbonatto, M; Melato, M; Satake, M; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A; Vita, F; Yasumoto, T, 2003)		0.57
" Necroscopy and/or light microscopy analysis revealed toxic effects mainly at forestomach (ulceration and hyperplasia), liver and, indirectly to body weight loss of mice, atrophic signs in the lymphoid organs and exocrine pancreas."( Short-term oral toxicity of homoyessotoxins, yessotoxin and okadaic acid in mice.
Altinier, G; Della Loggia, R; Satake, M; Soranzo, MR; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A; Yasumoto, T, 2004)		0.61
" Seafood contamination by these compounds, also at low concentrations and for a long period of time, can increase the possibility of their simultaneous and repeated ingestion, with possible synergistic toxic effects."( Repeated oral co-exposure to yessotoxin and okadaic acid: a short term toxicity study in mice.
Ardizzone, M; Barreras, A; Beltramo, D; Dell'Ovo, V; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A; Vita, F; Yasumoto, T, 2013)		0.68
"The in vivo experiment with basic 4-level RSP design estimated the LD50 of Yessotoxin to be 463 μg/kgBW (95% CI: 383-535)."( The development of response surface pathway design to reduce animal numbers in toxicity studies.
Aune, T; Bunæs, JA; Dewi, S; Larsen, S; Smith, AJ, 2014)		0.63

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The observation that effects were detected in vitro but not in vivo supports the hypothesis of a low YTX bioavailability to skeletal muscle after oral intake."( Effects of yessotoxin (YTX) on the skeletal muscle: an update.
Bandi, E; De Ninis, V; Giangaspero, A; Lorenzon, P; Soranzo, MR; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A; Yasumoto, T, 2008)		0.74

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In order to probe whether YTX might affect cadherin systems in vivo, we have set up a study involving repeated oral dosing of the toxin in mice (1mg/kg/day, for 7 days) and analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in tissue extracts obtained at the end of the dosing scheme, as well as 1 and 3 months after YTX administration."( Oral administration of yessotoxin stabilizes E-cadherin in mouse colon.
Callegari, F; Ferrari, S; Pierotti, S; Rossini, GP; Soranzo, MR; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A; Yasumoto, T, 2006)		0.64
" In animals dosed only with OA, epithelial hyperplasia of forestomach and slight focal subacute inflammation of its submucosa were noted."( Repeated oral co-exposure to yessotoxin and okadaic acid: a short term toxicity study in mice.
Ardizzone, M; Barreras, A; Beltramo, D; Dell'Ovo, V; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A; Vita, F; Yasumoto, T, 2013)		0.68
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
ciguatoxinCiguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (180)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's10 (5.56)18.2507
2000's83 (46.11)29.6817
2010's74 (41.11)24.3611
2020's13 (7.22)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.18

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index27.18 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.25 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.24 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index34.37 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (27.18)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews12 (6.35%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other177 (93.65%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.1110azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4820alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		210metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0810
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0310aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.0710aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.0410dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		210C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0710pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		2.0710gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0210mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.1850dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.1310hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0410acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		210nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.4420
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.02101,2,3-triazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		210ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.0310
4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione
4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: used for fluorescent labeling of vitamin D & in assaying vitamin D metabolites		2.0210
arabinose
[no description available]		2.0210L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arabinofuranose
arabinofuranose: structure in first source. L-arabinofuranose : The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.		2.0210L-arabinose
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.0310homodetic cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.0210tripeptide
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4420butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0710N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		7.0110alkali metal atom
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		3.1850L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.1110antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ciguatoxins
Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.		4.3960ciguatoxinmetabolite
gambieric acid a
gambieric acid A: structure given in first source; a polyether isolated from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus		2.4220
gambieric acid b
gambieric acid B: structure given in first source; a polyether isolated from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus		2.0310
pectenotoxin 2
pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source		4.18150polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
pectenotoxin 1
pectenotoxin 1: RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 4/87; structure given in first source		4.6480polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
gambierol
gambierol: structure in first source		2.4220
pectenotoxin 6
pectenotoxin 6: isolated from scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis); structure in first source		2.0510polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
lactacystin
[no description available]		2.0410lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0610ammonium ion derivative
brevetoxin b
brevetoxin B: from dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve		2.4420ciguatoxin
gymnocin a
gymnocin A: structure in first source		3.8430
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		9.3530polyoltoxin
45-hydroxyyessotoxin
45-hydroxyyessotoxin: a marine polyether toxin isolated from shellfish; structure in first source		2.9340
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0310
dinophysistoxin 1
dinophysistoxin 1: from toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii; RN given for (35R)-isomer; structure given in first source. dinophysistoxin 1 : A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.		5.21140ketalanimal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
toxin
azaspiracid
azaspiracid: a toxin from mussels produced in Ireland that caused multiple organ damage; structure in first source		6.31260
adriatoxin
adriatoxin: structure in first source		2.9640
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.1110polypeptide
brevetoxin
brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis		4.0740
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		4.2450alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		7.15450ketal
maitotoxin
[no description available]		710
dinophysistoxin 2
dinophysistoxin 2: structure given in first source; a principal toxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. dinophysistoxin 2 : A ketal that is a rare marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Found yearly along with okadaic acid in Portuguese shellfish, its presence has been correlated with the occurrence of Dinophysis acta.		4.3150ketalEC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
toxin
gymnodimine
gymnodimine: a spiro-imine algal toxin; a neurotoxic shellfish poison produced by Karenia selliformis (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and related species		3.5470
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.0210
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.0610
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.03103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.4110
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.		05.3990
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.2110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.2110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.0810
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.0810
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.0810
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.6490
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.110
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.5220
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.5220
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.1110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.1310
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9610
Ciguatera
[description not available]		02.9610
Palsy
[description not available]		02.9610
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.9610
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.		02.9610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.1860
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.9710
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0710
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0710
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0210
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0210
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4320
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.4120
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.4120
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.0410
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		07.0110