1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol profile

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, also known as calcitriol, is the biologically active form of vitamin D. It is not the same as 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, which is the biologically active form of vitamin D2. However, they are both important for research as they are involved in various biological processes.

Here's a breakdown:

**1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol)**

* **Formation:** Produced in the kidneys from vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) through a series of enzymatic steps.
* **Function:** Acts as a hormone, regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, bone health, and immune function.
* **Importance in research:**
* **Bone health:** Investigating its role in osteoporosis and other bone disorders.
* **Immune system:** Exploring its effects on autoimmune diseases and infections.
* **Cancer:** Studying its potential in preventing or treating certain cancers.
* **Cardiovascular disease:** Examining its impact on blood pressure, heart health, and inflammation.
* **Other diseases:** Researching its involvement in conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

**1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol**

* **Formation:** Produced from vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) through a similar enzymatic process as calcitriol.
* **Function:** Similar to calcitriol, it regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism and has various other physiological roles.
* **Importance in research:** While not as widely studied as calcitriol, it's important for understanding:
* **Differences in vitamin D2 and D3 metabolism:** Researchers are investigating how their differing structures and biological activities might affect health outcomes.
* **Nutritional implications:** As vitamin D2 is commonly found in fortified foods, its research helps assess its efficacy compared to vitamin D3.

**In Summary:**

* Both calcitriol and 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol are crucial for understanding the role of vitamin D in various biological processes.
* Calcitriol, being the active form of vitamin D3, is more commonly studied, while 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol research focuses on the unique aspects of vitamin D2 and its potential health benefits.

Research on these compounds continues to advance our understanding of vitamin D's role in maintaining health and developing potential treatments for various diseases.

1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 : A hydroxycalciol that is vitamin D2 bearing additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1alpha and 25. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9547243
CHEMBL ID	4303615
CHEBI ID	86320
SCHEMBL ID	264875
MeSH ID	M0044598

Synonym
LMST03010040
(5z,7e,22e)-(1s,3r)-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19),22-ergostatetraene-1,3,25-triol
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2 / 1alpha,,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
HY-32350
ercalcitriol ,
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2, >=97.0% (sum of vitamin and previtamin, hplc)
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin d
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
60133-18-8
CS-0394
ro 17-6218
1,25-dihydroxycalciferol
SCHEMBL264875
5RWP08OQ36 ,
ro-17-6218
1,3-cyclohexanediol, 4-methylene-5-((2e)-2-((1r,3as,7ar)-octahydro-1-((1r,2e)-5-hydroxy-1,4,5-trimethyl-2-hexen-1-yl)-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-, (1r,3s,5z)-
unii-5rwp08oq36
1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-1,3,25-triol, (1alpha,3beta,5z,7e,22e)-
1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-1,3,25-triol, (1.alpha.,3.beta.,5z,7e,22e)-
1alpha,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
(1r,3s,5z)-4-methylene-5-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-octahydro-1-[(1r,2e)-5-hydroxy-1,4,5-trimethyl-2-hexen-1-yl]-7?-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-1,3-cyclohexanediol
1?,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
25-hydroxy doxercalciferol
DTXSID90429509
1alpha,25-dihydroxycalciferol
CHEBI:86320
AKOS024457904
1a,25-dihydroxycalciferol
1a,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
o-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol
(1r,3s,5z)-5-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-1-[(e,2r,5s)-5,6-dimethyl-6-oxidanyl-hept-3-en-2-yl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydr
ZGLHBRQAEXKACO-XJRQOBMKSA-N
Q27159080
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
CHEMBL4303615
9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-1,3,25-triol,(1a,3b,5z,7e,22e)-
EX-A4431
(1r,3s,5z)-5-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-1-[(e,2r,5s)-6-hydroxy-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diol
1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
A869040
AS-75822
1(alpha) 25-dihydroxyvitamin d2*

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Active and less toxic vitamin D analogs could be useful for clinical applications."	( Toxicity and antitumor activity of the vitamin D analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-1907 in combined treatment with cyclophosphamide in a mouse mammary cancer model. Filip, B; Kutner, A; Milczarek, M; Nevozhay, D; Wietrzyk, J, 2008)	0.35
"The LD50 values after five daily subcutaneous (s."	( Toxicity and antitumor activity of the vitamin D analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-1907 in combined treatment with cyclophosphamide in a mouse mammary cancer model. Filip, B; Kutner, A; Milczarek, M; Nevozhay, D; Wietrzyk, J, 2008)	0.35

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Time-course and dose-response studies on 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 19-nor-1,25-(OH)(2)D(2) induction of the marker of bone formation, osteocalcin, showed overlapping curves."	( Relative potencies of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 19-Nor-1,25-(OH)(2)D(2) on inducing differentiation and markers of bone formation in MG-63 cells. Dusso, AS; Finch, JL; Pavlopoulos, T; Slatopolsky, EA, 2001)	0.31
"Mice were randomized into treatment and control groups for 5-week toxicity and dose-response studies."	( Toxicity and dose-response studies of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 in a retinoblastoma xenograft model. Albert, DM; Bryar, PJ; Darjatmoko, SR; Grostern, RJ; Lindstrom, MJ; Lissauer, BJ; Lokken, JM; Strugnell, SA; Zimbric, ML, 2002)	0.31
"2 microg/d were selected on the basis of toxicity studies for the dose-response trial."	( Toxicity and dose-response studies of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 in a retinoblastoma xenograft model. Albert, DM; Bryar, PJ; Darjatmoko, SR; Grostern, RJ; Lindstrom, MJ; Lissauer, BJ; Lokken, JM; Strugnell, SA; Zimbric, ML, 2002)	0.31

Role	Description
bone density conservation agent	An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
human xenobiotic metabolite	Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
nutraceutical	A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
hydroxycalciol
seco-ergostane
vitamin D	Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	40 (33.06)	18.7374
1990's	28 (23.14)	18.2507
2000's	17 (14.05)	29.6817
2010's	35 (28.93)	24.3611
2020's	1 (0.83)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	6 (4.92%)	5.53%
Reviews	8 (6.56%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (4.92%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	102 (83.61%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
phenytoin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.13	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	1.97	1	0	piperidines
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.15	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pamidronate [no description available]	3.8	2	1	phosphonoacetic acid
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.76	2	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.98	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.97	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.01	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.13	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.1	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
olpadronic acid [no description available]	3.37	1	1
lithium acetate lithium acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and lithium ions.	2.13	1	0	acetate salt; organic lithium salt
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.11	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	11.45	57	5	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	13.83	121	6	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	6.73	8	3	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
paricalcitol [no description available]	2.75	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	1.98	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.38	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.69	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	9.37	26	3	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	6.06	3	2
24-hydroxyvitamin d2 24-hydroxyvitamin D2: metabolite of vitamin D2; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E,24xi)-isomer	1.97	1	0	vitamin D
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2: metabolite of vitamin D2; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer	5.66	7	1
calcitroic acid calcitroic acid: structure. calcitroic acid : A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.41	2	0	hydroxycalciol
bxl628 BXL628: a calcitriol analog for Inhibition of prostate cell growth; in phase II clinical trial in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (4/2004)	2.13	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.98	1	0
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.13	1	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.02	1	0
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis	2.93	4	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2	1	0
1,24-dihydroxyvitamin d2 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D2: LR-103 has antineoplastic activity; RN & structure in first source	2.38	2	0
1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin d3 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer	1.96	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	9.66	13	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.1	5	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	9.66	13	3
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	3.24	6	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.98	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.98	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	5.04	3	1
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	4.48	1	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.64	3	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.08	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.89	2	1
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	3	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	3	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.93	4	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.21	4	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.11	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.11	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.69	3	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.13	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.13	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.13	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.73	3	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.05	1	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.06	1	0
Connective Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	3.63	3	0
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.	2.06	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.39	2	0
Rachitis [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2	1	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	2.89	4	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.02	1	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	2.89	4	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	2.93	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	4.28	7	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.67	3	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.03	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	1.96	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.96	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	1.96	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.38	2	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	1.96	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	3.37	1	1
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.9	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.9	1	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	2.9	1	0
Cretinism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	1.98	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	1.98	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	1.99	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	1.99	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	1.99	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Ache [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	1.99	1	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	1.99	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	1.99	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	1.99	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	1.99	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.92	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2	1	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.01	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.01	1	0
Acne [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	1.98	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	1.97	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	1.97	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	1.97	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	1.97	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	1.97	1	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	1.97	1	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	1.97	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	1.96	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	1.96	1	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	1.96	1	0

1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol

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Synonyms (47)

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Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Research

Studies (121)

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