Page last updated: 2024-10-28

lidocaine and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

lidocaine has been researched along with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy in 45 studies

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Nine patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome types I and/or II (CRPS), previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia, respectively, were selected for treatment with a continuous four to eight week subcutaneous infusion of 10% lidocaine."9.09Subcutaneous infusion of lidocaine provides effective pain relief for CRPS patients. ( Linchitz, RM; Raheb, JC, 1999)
"The results of the treatment of 36 patients with posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity with regional intravenous blocks of methylprednisolone and lidocaine are presented."9.08Results of the treatment of posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity with regional intravenous blocks of methylprednisolone and lidocaine. ( Zyluk, A, 1998)
"Patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, who received transient pain relief from stellate ganglion blocks or lumbar sympathetic blocks and had abnormal isolated cold stress tests, were enrolled in a study to determine the efficacy of intravenous regional bretylium."9.07Intravenous regional bretylium and lidocaine for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a randomized, double-blind study. ( Fleming, LL; Hord, AH; Rogers, HG; Rooks, MD; Stephens, BO, 1992)
"Both regional intravenous guanethidine and reserpine have been reported as effective in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy."9.06A comparison of regional intravenous guanethidine and reserpine in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A controlled, randomized, double-blind crossover study. ( Gallo, JP; Kaul, AF; Lief, PA; Reisman, RM; Rocco, AG, 1989)
"Nine patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome types I and/or II (CRPS), previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia, respectively, were selected for treatment with a continuous four to eight week subcutaneous infusion of 10% lidocaine."5.09Subcutaneous infusion of lidocaine provides effective pain relief for CRPS patients. ( Linchitz, RM; Raheb, JC, 1999)
"The results of the treatment of 36 patients with posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity with regional intravenous blocks of methylprednisolone and lidocaine are presented."5.08Results of the treatment of posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity with regional intravenous blocks of methylprednisolone and lidocaine. ( Zyluk, A, 1998)
"Patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, who received transient pain relief from stellate ganglion blocks or lumbar sympathetic blocks and had abnormal isolated cold stress tests, were enrolled in a study to determine the efficacy of intravenous regional bretylium."5.07Intravenous regional bretylium and lidocaine for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a randomized, double-blind study. ( Fleming, LL; Hord, AH; Rogers, HG; Rooks, MD; Stephens, BO, 1992)
"Both regional intravenous guanethidine and reserpine have been reported as effective in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy."5.06A comparison of regional intravenous guanethidine and reserpine in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A controlled, randomized, double-blind crossover study. ( Gallo, JP; Kaul, AF; Lief, PA; Reisman, RM; Rocco, AG, 1989)
"One hundred twelve patients with posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy were treated using 4 methods: regional intravenous blocks with lignocaine and methylprednisolone, mannitol i."3.70The reasons for poor response to treatment of posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. ( Zyluk, A, 1998)
"Twenty patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy involving the upper extremity with associated joint stiffness were treated by manipulation under Bier blocks composed of lidocaine, methylprednisolone, and reserpine or guanethidine."3.67Treatment of upper extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy with joint stiffness using sympatholytic Bier blocks and manipulation. ( Duncan, KH; Lewis, RC; Nordyke, MD; Racz, G, 1988)
"Patients with CRPS type I were treated with standardized pharmacological and physical therapy and were randomized to either TSB or control procedure as an add-on treatment."2.79Thoracic sympathetic block for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I: a double-blind randomized controlled study. ( Cantara, MG; de Andrade, DC; Faria, VG; Liggieri, V; Loduca, A; Müller, BM; Rocha, Rde O; Souza, AC; Teixeira, MJ; Yeng, LT, 2014)
"Atypical odontalgia is a distressing and unusual chronic orofacial pain condition."2.69Analysis of 50 patients with atypical odontalgia. A preliminary report on pharmacological procedures for diagnosis and treatment. ( Chisholm, K; Cousins, MJ; Vickers, ER; Walker, S, 1998)
"Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a disease clinically characterized severe pain, allodynia (severe pain caused by a touch) and over-reaction of pain sensation after a minor injury."2.44[ Sudeck's bone atrophy (reflex sympathetic dystrophy)]. ( Hayashi, Y, 2008)
"We evaluated the efficacy of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine IV regional analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 in a dominant upper limb."1.33The antinociceptive effect of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine intravenous regional analgesia for complex regional pain syndrome type I in the arm. ( Frade, LP; Lauretti, GR; Lima, ICPR; Pereira, NL, 2005)
"Based on notes of 78 patients with algodystrophy within the hand, the incidence of shoulder complains was analysed."1.32[Shoulder pain and limited mobility in the course of algodystrophy of the hand]. ( Puchalski, P; Zyluk, A; Zyluk, B, 2004)
"The occipital pain and headache of cervical arthritis also often respond to injection of 2 to 3 ml of long-acting anesthetic into the greater and lesser occipital nerves at the sites where they pierce the trapezius."1.26Relieving pain with nerve blocks. ( Carron, H, 1978)

Research

Studies (45)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199017 (37.78)18.7374
1990's12 (26.67)18.2507
2000's12 (26.67)29.6817
2010's4 (8.89)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Rocha, Rde O1
Teixeira, MJ1
Yeng, LT1
Cantara, MG1
Faria, VG1
Liggieri, V1
Loduca, A1
Müller, BM1
Souza, AC1
de Andrade, DC1
Hayashi, Y1
Nascimento, MS1
Klamt, JG1
Prado, WA1
Varitimidis, SE1
Papatheodorou, LK1
Dailiana, ZH1
Poultsides, L1
Malizos, KN1
Tang, YZ1
Ni, JX1
An, JX1
Suresh, S1
Wheeler, M1
Patel, A1
WELFLING, J1
STEINBERG, LB2
Mercadante, S1
Villari, P1
Ferrera, P1
Arcuri, E1
Ahmed, SU1
Vallejo, R1
Hord, ED1
Zyluk, A3
Puchalski, P1
Zyluk, B1
Oztürk, E1
Möhür, H1
Arslan, N1
Entok, E1
Tan, K1
Ozgüven, MA1
Silviu, B1
Mark, WJ1
Reuben, I1
Shvartzman, P1
Frade, LP1
Lauretti, GR1
Lima, ICPR1
Pereira, NL1
Toda, K1
Muneshige, H1
Asou, T1
Ackerman, WE1
Zhang, JM1
Poplawski, ZJ1
Wiley, AM1
Murray, JF1
Jessop, J1
Ficat, C1
Nedjar, C1
Sarre, J1
Villa, PL1
Schutzer, SF1
Gossling, HR1
Erdemir, H1
Gelman, S1
Galbraith, JG1
Griessinger, N1
Sittl, R1
Fawcett, JP1
Coville, PF1
Cheung, E1
Jones, D1
Robins, RH1
Scott, TD1
Griffiths, DP1
Vickers, ER1
Cousins, MJ1
Walker, S1
Chisholm, K1
Verdugo, RJ1
Ochoa, JL1
Arnér, S1
Linchitz, RM1
Raheb, JC1
Gintautas, J1
Housny, W1
Kraynack, BJ1
Maneksha, FR1
Mirza, H1
Poppers, PJ1
Lobato, EB1
Kern, KB1
Paige, GB1
Brown, M1
Sulek, CA1
Steinberg, MD1
Fields, GS1
Fields, LS1
Carron, H2
Thompson, JE1
Hord, AH1
Rooks, MD1
Stephens, BO1
Rogers, HG1
Fleming, LL1
Tountas, AA1
Noguchi, A1
Rocco, AG1
Kaul, AF1
Reisman, RM1
Gallo, JP1
Lief, PA1
Hanowell, LH1
Kanefield, JK1
Soriano, SG1
Simon, JN1
Mokriski, BK1
Malinow, AM1
Martz, DG1
Duncan, KH1
Lewis, RC1
Racz, G1
Nordyke, MD1
Pozar, B1
Omer, GE1
Thomas, SR1
McCue, F1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
The Comparison of Sympathetic Blockade of Stellate Ganglion Block and Thoracic Sympathetic Ganglion Block in Patients With Chronic Upper Extremity Neuropathic Pain: a Prospective Randomized and Comparative Clinical Trial[NCT06130514]118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-10Not yet recruiting
Prophylactic Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation for Prevention of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias (PREVENT VT)[NCT01013714]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-26Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

2 reviews available for lidocaine and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

ArticleYear
[ Sudeck's bone atrophy (reflex sympathetic dystrophy)].
    Clinical calcium, 2008, Volume: 18, Issue:7

    Topics: Betamethasone; Diphosphonates; Humans; Lidocaine; Nerve Block; Pamidronate; Physical Therapy Modalit

2008
The treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.
    The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 1984, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Autonomic Nerve Block; Bupivacaine; Electric Stimulati

1984

Trials

10 trials available for lidocaine and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

ArticleYear
Thoracic sympathetic block for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I: a double-blind randomized controlled study.
    Pain, 2014, Volume: 155, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Depression; Disability Evaluation; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up

2014
Quantitative three-phase bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of intravenous regional blockade treatment in patients with stage-I reflex sympathetic dystrophy of upper extremity.
    Annals of nuclear medicine, 2004, Volume: 18, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Bone Diseases; Dexamethasone; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Inje

2004
Efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade for the management of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome.
    Southern medical journal, 2006, Volume: 99, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Autonomic Nerve Block; Body Temperature; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human

2006
Analysis of 50 patients with atypical odontalgia. A preliminary report on pharmacological procedures for diagnosis and treatment.
    Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 1998, Volume: 85, Issue:1

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local;

1998
Reversal of hypoaesthesia by nerve block, or placebo: a psychologically mediated sign in chronic pseudoneuropathic pain patients.
    Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1998, Volume: 65, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Causalgia; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Hypesthesia; Lidocaine; Male; Middle Aged

1998
Results of the treatment of posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the upper extremity with regional intravenous blocks of methylprednisolone and lidocaine.
    Acta orthopaedica Belgica, 1998, Volume: 64, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Female; Heparin; Humans; Infusions, Intra

1998
Subcutaneous infusion of lidocaine provides effective pain relief for CRPS patients.
    The Clinical journal of pain, 1999, Volume: 15, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Female; Humans; Infusion Pumps; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lidocaine; Male

1999
Differential effects of right versus left stellate ganglion block on left ventricular function in humans: an echocardiographic analysis.
    Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2000, Volume: 12, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Echocardiography; Female; Ganglionic Blockers; Heart Rate

2000
Intravenous regional bretylium and lidocaine for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a randomized, double-blind study.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, Volume: 74, Issue:6

    Topics: Autonomic Nerve Block; Bretylium Compounds; Double-Blind Method; Extremities; Humans; Infusions, Int

1992
A comparison of regional intravenous guanethidine and reserpine in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A controlled, randomized, double-blind crossover study.
    The Clinical journal of pain, 1989, Volume: 5, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Body Temperature; Double-Blind Method; Female; Guanethidine; Humans; Injections, Intravenous;

1989

Other Studies

33 other studies available for lidocaine and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

ArticleYear
Intravenous regional block is similar to sympathetic ganglion block for pain management in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I.
    Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2010, Volume: 43, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Autonomic Nerve Block; Clonidine; Female; Gangli

2010
Complex regional pain syndrome type I as a consequence of trauma or surgery to upper extremity: management with intravenous regional anaesthesia, using lidocaine and methyloprednisolone.
    The Journal of hand surgery, European volume, 2011, Volume: 36, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucocorticoids;

2011
Complex regional pain syndrome type I following discTRODE radiofrequency treated with continuous lumbar sympathetic trunk block using patient-controlled analgesia.
    Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2013, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthetics, Local; Autonomic Nerve Block; Catheter Ablation;

2013
Case series: IV regional anesthesia with ketorolac and lidocaine: is it effective for the management of complex regional pain syndrome 1 in children and adolescents?
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 96, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Inflammatory A

2003
[PERIARTHRITIS OF THE SHOULDER AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES].
    Coeur et medecine interne, 1963, Volume: 58

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Diagnosis; Humans; Lidocaine; My

1963
SUDECK'S DISEASE, A CASE REPORT.
    Journal of the American Podiatry Association, 1964, Volume: 54

    Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Atrophy; Foot Diseases; Humans; Lidocaine; Reflex Sympathetic Dy

1964
Local anesthetic switching for intrathecal tachyphylaxis in cancer patients with pain.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:2

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Humans; Injections,

2004
Seizures after a Bier block with clonidine and lidocaine.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 99, Issue:2

    Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthetics, Local; Clonidine; Epilepsy, Complex Partial; Humans; Lidocai

2004
[Shoulder pain and limited mobility in the course of algodystrophy of the hand].
    Chirurgia narzadow ruchu i ortopedia polska, 2004, Volume: 69, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Local; Female; Glucocorticoids; Hand; Humans; Incidence; Lidocaine; Male;

2004
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I following radial artery cardiac catheterization.
    International journal of cardiology, 2005, May-11, Volume: 101, Issue:1

    Topics: Amitriptyline; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Local; Angina, Unstable; Cardiac Catheterizati

2005
The antinociceptive effect of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine intravenous regional analgesia for complex regional pain syndrome type I in the arm.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 101, Issue:3

    Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Arm; Clonidine; Cyclooxygenase 2; C

2005
Intravenous regional block with lidocaine for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome.
    The Clinical journal of pain, 2006, Volume: 22, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Injections, Intr

2006
Post-traumatic dystrophy of the extremities.
    The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 1983, Volume: 65, Issue:5

    Topics: Aged; Arm Injuries; Female; Humans; Leg Injuries; Lidocaine; Male; Methylprednisolone; Middle Aged;

1983
Muscle spasms associated with Sudeck's atrophy after injury.
    British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1984, Feb-25, Volume: 288, Issue:6417

    Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Humans; Lidocaine; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy; Spasm

1984
[Treatment of reflex algodystrophy by intravenous reserpine block].
    Revue de chirurgie orthopedique et reparatrice de l'appareil moteur, 1983, Volume: 69 Suppl 2

    Topics: Adult; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lidocain

1983
Prediction of the needed level of sympathectomy for posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
    Surgical neurology, 1982, Volume: 17, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy; Sympathectomy

1982
EMLA cream for venipuncture in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 1995, Volume: 81, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bloodletting; Catheterization, Peripheral; Drug Combina

1995
Use of local anaesthetics in guanethidine-induced regional sympathetic blockade.
    The New Zealand medical journal, 1995, Mar-08, Volume: 108, Issue:995

    Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Autonomic Nerve Block; Drug Therapy, Combination; Guanethidine; Humans;

1995
Day care surgery for Dupuytren's contracture.
    Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1993, Volume: 18, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Conduction; Bupivacaine; Cost Control; Dupu

1993
The reasons for poor response to treatment of posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
    Acta orthopaedica Belgica, 1998, Volume: 64, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Calcitonin; Diuretics,

1998
Pain analysis in prediction of treatment outcome.
    Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1998, Volume: 113

    Topics: Adenosine; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dru

1998
Successful treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy by bier block with lidocaine and clonidine.
    Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 1999, Volume: 42

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Cardiography, Impedance; Clonidine; Female; Human

1999
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) with resistance to local anesthetic block: a case report.
    Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2000, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetates; Amines; Amitriptyline; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesi

2000
Gout and Sudeck's atrophy: a simplified office approach to treatment.
    Journal of the American Podiatry Association, 1975, Volume: 65, Issue:4

    Topics: Foot; Gout; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lidocaine; Nerve Block; Private Practice; Reflex Sympa

1975
Relieving pain with nerve blocks.
    Geriatrics, 1978, Volume: 33, Issue:4

    Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Back Pain; Bursitis; Humans; Intervertebral Disc; Joint Diseases; Lidocaine; Mi

1978
The diagnosis and management of post-traumatic pain syndromes (causalgia).
    The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery, 1979, Volume: 49, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Autonomic Nerve Block; Causalgia; Extremities; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Lumbosacral Re

1979
Treatment of posttraumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) with intravenous blocks of a mixture of corticosteroid and lidocaine: a retrospective review of 17 consecutive cases.
    Journal of orthopaedic trauma, 1991, Volume: 5, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Arm Injuries; Female; Humans; Leg Injuries; Lidocaine; Male; Methylprednisolone Hemisuc

1991
A recommendation for reduced lidocaine dosage during intravenous regional bretylium treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
    Anesthesiology, 1989, Volume: 71, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Bretylium Compounds; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; L

1989
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in pregnancy.
    Anesthesiology, 1988, Volume: 69, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Autonomic Nerve Block; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Pregnancy; Pregnanc

1988
Treatment of upper extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy with joint stiffness using sympatholytic Bier blocks and manipulation.
    Orthopedics, 1988, Volume: 11, Issue:6

    Topics: Arm; Drug Therapy, Combination; Guanethidine; Humans; Joint Diseases; Lidocaine; Manipulation, Ortho

1988
[Acute painful shoulder syndrome].
    Reumatizam, 1970, Volume: 17, Issue:4

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents;

1970
The management of chronic pain syndromes in the upper extremity.
    Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 1974, Issue:104

    Topics: Analgesia; Arm; Causalgia; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Nerve Bloc

1974
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a ten year old.
    Southern medical journal, 1972, Volume: 65, Issue:5

    Topics: Autonomic Nerve Block; Child; Hand Injuries; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy;

1972