lidocaine and Encephalopathy, Toxic studies

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The objectives of this study were to compare the incidence, onset, duration and pain scores of transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) with 1% versus 5% hyperbaric lidocaine in spinal anesthesia for short urological procedures in a large prospective study."	5.10	Prospective study on incidence and functional impact of transient neurologic symptoms associated with 1% versus 5% hyperbaric lidocaine in short urologic procedures. ( Bremang, J; Chung, F; Friedlander, M; Mezei, G; Streiner, D; Tong, D; Wong, J, 2003)
"Lidocaine was only minimally entrapped in the plasma by lipid emulsion, but the mean un-entrapped lidocaine area under concentration-time curve from 0 to 30 min."	2.80	Intravenous lipid emulsion given to volunteers does not affect symptoms of lidocaine brain toxicity. ( Backman, JT; Haasio, J; Heinonen, JA; Litonius, E; Rosenberg, PH; Salmi, T; Tarkkila, P, 2015)
"Fentanyl 20 micro g was added to both local anesthetics, and the total volume was diluted to 3 mL with 0."	2.71	Subarachnoid small-dose bupivacaine versus lidocaine for cervical cerclage. ( Abramovitz, S; Beilin, Y; Bernstein, HH; Bodian, C; Hossain, S; Zahn, J, 2003)
"Chloroprocaine has been demonstrated to be associated with a lower risk of transient neurologic symptoms compared with lidocaine."	2.50	Spinal anesthesia revisited: toxicity of new and old drugs and compounds. ( Hampl, K; Steinfeldt, T; Wulf, H, 2014)
"Ropivacaine is not safe when intrathecally administered with lidocaine at the concentrations used in this study."	1.40	Intrathecal lidocaine neurotoxicity: combination with bupivacaine and ropivacaine and effect of nerve growth factor. ( Chen, W; Ding, X; Guo, Y; Zhao, G, 2014)
"The ketamine pretreatment attenuated the lidocaine-induced damage in the CA3 hippocampal region and the basolateral amygdala."	1.35	Ketamine prevents lidocaine-caused neurotoxicity in the CA3 hippocampal and basolateral amygdala regions of the brain in adult rats. ( Cano-Europa, E; Lopez-Galindo, GE; Ortiz-Butron, R, 2008)
"Diazepam prevents lidocaine-induced seizures, but not neuronal damage in brain structures."	1.34	Hippocampus and amygdala neurotoxicity produced by systemic lidocaine in adult rats. ( Blas-Valdivia, V; Cano-Europa, E; Hernández-García, A; Ortiz-Butrón, R, 2007)

Research

Studies (28)

Authors

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in IC Symptom Index Questionnaire With Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Compared to Saline

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	12 (42.86)	29.6817
2010's	13 (46.43)	24.3611
2020's	3 (10.71)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Useinovic, N	1
Jevtovic-Todorovic, V	1
Zhang, Z	2
Wang, J	1
Song, Z	2
Wang, Y	1
Cheng, Z	1
Guo, Q	2
Wang, E	2
Jian, Y	1
Wu, L	2
Ding, XD	1
Cao, YY	1
Li, L	1
Zhao, GY	1
Makdisi, JR	1
Kim, DP	1
Klein, PA	1
Klein, JA	1
Chen, Y	1
Wang, R	1
Weng, Y	1
Sun, Z	1
Li, Y	1
Albalawi, F	1
Lim, JC	1
DiRenzo, KV	1
Hersh, EV	1
Mitchell, CH	1
Cai, J	1
Lu, J	1
Ju, Y	1
Zhou, B	1
Xiao, F	1
Luo, Z	1
Peters, CM	1
Ririe, D	1
Houle, TT	1
Aschenbrenner, CA	1
Eisenach, JC	1
Hampl, K	1
Steinfeldt, T	1
Wulf, H	1
Zhao, G	1
Ding, X	1
Guo, Y	1
Chen, W	1
Heinonen, JA	2
Litonius, E	2
Salmi, T	1
Haasio, J	1
Tarkkila, P	1
Backman, JT	1
Rosenberg, PH	2
Kircher, J	1
Stauffer, B	1
Kessler, BD	1
Su, M	1
Lopez-Galindo, GE	1
Cano-Europa, E	2
Ortiz-Butron, R	2
Wolfe, JW	1
Butterworth, JF	1
Xu, F	1
Zhang, B	1
Li, T	1
Birkelund, T	1
Revenfeld, TS	1
Møller, JF	1
Alley, EA	1
Pollock, JE	1
Tong, D	1
Wong, J	1
Chung, F	1
Friedlander, M	1
Bremang, J	1
Mezei, G	1
Streiner, D	1
Beilin, Y	1
Zahn, J	1
Abramovitz, S	1
Bernstein, HH	1
Hossain, S	1
Bodian, C	1
Gómez Martín-Zarco, JM	1
Lumbreras Fernández de Córdoba, J	1
Ortiz García, P	1
Katsuki, H	1
Tateyama, S	1
Hidaka, N	1
Yano, T	1
Ibusuki, S	1
Takasaki, M	2
Cramer, BG	1
Stienstra, R	1
Dahan, A	1
Arbous, MS	1
Veering, BT	1
Van Kleef, JW	1
Sakura, S	1
Kirihara, Y	1
Muguruma, T	1
Kishimoto, T	1
Saito, Y	1
Kasaba, T	1
Onizuka, S	1
Kashiwada, M	1
Zimmer, C	1
Piepenbrink, K	1
Riest, G	1
Peters, J	1
Blas-Valdivia, V	1
Hernández-García, A	1
Salazar, F	1
Bogdanovich, A	1
Adalia, R	1
Chabás, E	1
Gomar, C	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Subcutaneous Injection of Large Volumes of Tumescent Lidocaine and Epinephrine (TLE) by Laypersons: a Double-blind, Non-inferiority, Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04733781]	Phase 2/Phase 3	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-22	Not yet recruiting
Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Assisted Delivery of Topical Anesthetics: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study[NCT02246179]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Parameters in Fractional Laser Assisted Delivery of Topical Anesthetics: Role of Anesthetic and Application Time[NCT03279757]	Phase 4	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-01	Completed
Parameters in Fractional Laser Assisted Delivery of Topical Anesthetics: Role of Laser Type and Laser Settings[NCT02938286]	Phase 4	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Fractional CO2 Laser Assisted Topical Articaine Anesthesia vs. Topical EMLA Administration: a Randomized Controlled Study[NCT02548533]	Phase 4	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Terminated (stopped due to Not enough patients eligible for recruitment.)
Prospective Randomized Trial of Penile Nerve Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine for Hypospadias Repair vs Standard Penile Block With Bupivacaine[NCT04479371]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-07-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Limited funding and resources to complete FDA requirements for enrollment)
Use of Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Prior to Hydrodistension for the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome (IC/PBS): a Prospective, Double-blinded, Randomized Control Trial[NCT02517996]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Terminated (stopped due to Preliminary results were promising when interim analysis performed but terminated due to primary investigators left recruitment site.)
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Intrathecal Chloroprocaine vs. Bupivacaine for Cervical Cerclage[NCT03305575]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-13	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"To determine the change in interstitial cystitis symptom index at baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline).~The IC symptom index questionnaire consists of 4 questions on IC symptoms. 2 of the questions have 6 answer choices ranging from 0-never, to 5-almost always. 1 question has 6 answer choices ranging from 0-never to 5-usually. 1 question has 7 answer choices ranging from 0-never to 6-5 or more times. The numerical score for each question are added together, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 21. A higher score indicates greater severity of IC symptoms." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Change in Pain Level as Assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	2 weeks	6 weeks	12 weeks
1% Lidocaine	12.5	11.43	11.8	10
Normal Saline	10	9	8.67	5

"To determine the change in pain at 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively in patients undergoing hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline) using the visual analog scale (VAS).~VAS consists of a 10cm horizontal line with the minimum endpoint labeled no pain (0) and maximum labeled worst pain ever (10). Patients placed a mark on the point that corresponds to the level of pain severity they felt. The cm distance from the low end of the VAS to the patient's mark is used as the numerical index of the intensity of pain. Pain scores of 3.0-5.4 cm are moderate, over 5.4 indicates severe pain." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Change in Pelvic Urgency, Pain, and Frequency (PUF) Questionnaire With Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Compared to Saline

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Pre operative VAS score	Post operative VAS score	2 week post operative VAS scores	6 week post operative VAS score	12 weeks post operative VAS score
1% Lidocaine	3.125	3.75	2.7	3	2.6
Normal Saline	4.5	5	4.8	4.33	2

"To determine the change in pelvic urgency, pain and frequency (PUF) questionnaire at baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline).~The Pelvic Urgency, Pain, and Frequency Patient Symptom Scale asks 11 questions, 7 on PUF symptoms, 4 on how bothersome PUF symptoms are. Symptom questions include 3, 4, or 5 ranked answers, with higher answers indicating more voids, or greater frequency of pain. The bother questions each of 4 ranked answers from 0-never, to 3-always. The symptom score is added, the bother score is added, and then the total score is added. The total PUF score is then reported. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 35, and a higher score indicates greater symptoms and higher bother from pelvic pain and frequency." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Change in Problem Index (O'Leary Sant) With Preemptive Pudendal Nerve Block Compared to Saline

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	2 weeks	6 weeks	12 weeks
1% Lidocaine	22.63	18.83	18.2	17.2
Normal Saline	19	17.4	16.7	14

"To determine the change in problem index (O'Leary Sant) at baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months after hydrodistention with preemptive pudendal nerve block (1% Lidocaine) compared to hydrodistention with placebo (saline).~The IC problem index questionnaire consists of 4 questions on how much of a problem a patient's IC symptoms cause them. Each question has 5 answer choices ranging from 0-no problem, to 4-big problem. The numerical score for each question are added together, with a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 16. A higher score indicates that IC symptoms cause more problems for the patient." (NCT02517996)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months (Up to 3 months)

Duration of Motor Block

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	2 weeks	6 weeks	12 weeks
1% Lidocaine	11.75	9.71	10	9.6
Normal Saline	9.43	8.6	7.33	6

"The time difference between local anesthetic injection and complete resolution of motor block -as measured on the Bromage scale:~I = free movement of feet, legs and hip = No block II = able to flex knees, with free movement of feet = Mild block III = unable to flex knees, but with free movement of feet = Moderate block IV = unable to move legs or feet = Complete block" (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Duration of Sensory Block

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	75
Bupivacaine	99

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and complete resolution of sensory block. The sensory level was tested using a blunt needle tip along the patient's demratomal distribution of the spinal anesthetic. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Time to Ambulation

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	127
Bupivacaine	210

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and patient's walking for the first time postoperatively. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Time to Micturation

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	110
Bupivacaine	179

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and the patient's voiding for the first time postoperatively. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Article	Year
Novel anesthetics in pediatric practice: is it time? Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2022, Aug-01, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Child; Humans; Lidocaine; Midazolam; Neu	2022
Spinal anesthesia revisited: toxicity of new and old drugs and compounds. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Humans; Levobupivacaine; Lidocaine; Neurotoxici	2014
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Models	2011

Article	Year
Intravenous lipid emulsion given to volunteers does not affect symptoms of lidocaine brain toxicity. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2015, Volume: 116, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous;	2015
Prospective study on incidence and functional impact of transient neurologic symptoms associated with 1% versus 5% hyperbaric lidocaine in short urologic procedures. Anesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 98, Issue:2 Topics: Acetaminophen; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics,	2003
Subarachnoid small-dose bupivacaine versus lidocaine for cervical cerclage. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiv	2003
Transient neurological symptoms with subarachnoid lidocaine: effect of early mobilization. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Double-Blind Method; Early Ambulation; Female;	2005
Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anaesthesia using isobaric 2% mepivacaine and isobaric 2% lidocaine. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2001, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure;	2001

Article	Year
Downregulation of microRNA-199a-5p alleviated lidocaine-induced sensory dysfunction and spinal cord myelin lesions in a rat model. Toxicology letters, 2021, Jan-01, Volume: 336 Topics: Animals; Antagomirs; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Lidocaine; Male; MicroRNAs; Myelin She	2021
Dexmedetomidine Reduces the Lidocaine-Induced Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Inflammasome Activation and Reducing Pyroptosis in Rats. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2021, Volume: 44, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Dexmede	2021
Tumescent contravenom: murine model for prehospital treatment of Naja naja neurotoxic snake envenomation. International journal of dermatology, 2018, Volume: 57, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antivenins; Disease Models, Animal; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous;	2018
Sufentanil Alleviates Intrathecal Lidocaine Induced Prolonged Sensory and Motor Impairments but not the Spinal Histological Injury in Rats. Neurochemical research, 2018, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Activating Transcription Factor 3; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Dyskinesia, Drug	2018
Effects of Lidocaine and Articaine on Neuronal Survival and Recovery. Anesthesia progress, 2018,Summer, Volume: 65, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Calcium Signaling; Carticaine; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Humans; Lidocain	2018
Effect and mechanism of hyaluronic acid on the neurotoxic injury of lidocaine. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, Volume: 31, Issue:6(Special) Topics: Apoptosomes; Calcium; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Lid	2018
Nociceptor-selective peripheral nerve block induces delayed mechanical hypersensitivity and neurotoxicity in rats. Anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 120, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Capsaicin; Disease Models, Ani	2014
Intrathecal lidocaine neurotoxicity: combination with bupivacaine and ropivacaine and effect of nerve growth factor. Life sciences, 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 112, Issue:1-2 Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Apoptosis; Bupivacaine; Caspase 3; Down-Regulation; Drug Combin	2014
In Response to 'Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Given to Volunteers Does Not Affect Symptoms of Lidocaine Brain Toxicity'. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2015, Volume: 117, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Neurotoxicity Syndromes	2015
Response to 'In Response to "Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Given to Volunteers does not Affect Symptoms of Lidocaine Brain Toxicity"'. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2015, Volume: 117, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Neurotoxicity Syndromes	2015
Ketamine prevents lidocaine-caused neurotoxicity in the CA3 hippocampal and basolateral amygdala regions of the brain in adult rats. Journal of anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Amygdala; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Cell Count; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Hippocampus; K	2008
The neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine is enhanced in postpartum compared to virgin rats. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 2013, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Female; Injections, Spinal; Lidocaine; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Postpar	2013
[Transient segmental hyperalgesia following epidural analgesia]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2012, May-21, Volume: 174, Issue:21 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Catheterization; Di	2012
Transient neurologic syndrome in a patient receiving hypobaric lidocaine in the prone jack-knife position. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Lidocaine; Male; Middl	2002
[Toxicity of topical administration of lidocaine]. Acta otorrinolaringologica espanola, 2003, Volume: 54, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthetics, Local; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Middle Aged; Neurotoxicity Syn	2003
[Glucose attenuating local anesthetic-induced hemolysis]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Dibucaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocyte Membrane; Glucose; Hemo	2004
The comparative neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine and bupivacaine in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 101, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru	2005
Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration is not the only cause of lidocaine-induced cell damage in the cultured neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. Journal of anesthesia, 2006, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Calcimycin; Calcium; Cell Culture Techniques; Chelating Agents; Colorin	2006
[Cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects after accidental intravascular bupivacaine administration. Therapy with lidocaine propofol and lipid emulsion]. Der Anaesthesist, 2007, Volume: 56, Issue:5 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressur	2007
Hippocampus and amygdala neurotoxicity produced by systemic lidocaine in adult rats. Life sciences, 2007, Aug-02, Volume: 81, Issue:8 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Cell Count; Cell Size; Diazepam	2007

lidocaine and Encephalopathy, Toxic