altertoxin ii profile

Altertoxin II is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Alternaria alternata. It is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and has been shown to have cytotoxic, genotoxic, and immunotoxic effects. The compound has been associated with a range of health problems in humans and animals, including respiratory distress, liver damage, and cancer. It is a significant contaminant of food and feed, especially grains and fruits. Research into altertoxin II focuses on understanding its biosynthesis, toxicity, and potential mechanisms of action. This knowledge is crucial for developing methods to prevent its formation and mitigate its detrimental effects on human and animal health.'

altertoxin II: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species; do not confuse with toxin II from Anemonia sulcata which is abbreviated ATX II [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	107702
MeSH ID	M0143564

Synonym
perylo(1,2-b)oxirene-7,11-dione, 7a,8a,8b,8c,9,10-hexahydro-1,6,8c-trihydroxy-, (7ar,8ar,8bs,8cr)-
brn 5156144
ccris 2191
altertoxin ii
stemphyltoxin ii
56257-59-1
perylo(1,2-b)oxirene-7,11-dione, 7a,8a,8b,8c,9,10-hexahydro-1,6,8c-trihydroxy-, (7ar-(7aalpha,8aalpha,8bbeta,8calpha))-
5,10,17-trihydroxy-13-oxahexacyclo[9.8.1.12,6.012,14.016,20.010,21]henicosa-1(20),2(21),3,5,16,18-hexaene-7,15-dione

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" are ubiquitous molds that are able to produce toxic secondary metabolites which may contaminate food globally."	( Delphinidin protects colon carcinoma cells against the genotoxic effects of the mycotoxin altertoxin II. Aichinger, G; Beisl, J; Kütt, ML; Marko, D; Puntscher, H; Warth, B, 2018)	0.7

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Interactions between mycotoxins, gut microbiota and food constituents might occur after food ingestion, modifying the bioavailability and, therefore, overall toxicity of mycotoxins."	( Gut microbiota and undigested food constituents modify toxin composition and suppress the genotoxicity of a naturally occurring mixture of Alternaria toxins in vitro. Aichinger, G; Berry, D; Crudo, F; Dall'Asta, C; Dellafiora, L; Marko, D; Mihajlovic, J; Puntscher, H; Varga, E; Warth, B, 2020)	0.56

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2 (9.52)	18.7374
1990's	1 (4.76)	18.2507
2000's	1 (4.76)	29.6817
2010's	14 (66.67)	24.3611
2020's	3 (14.29)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	23 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.07	1
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2	1	quaternary ammonium ion
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.64	9	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.1	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
altenuene altenuene: metabolite of Alternaria; structure given in first source. altenuene : A benzochromenone mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Allernaria tenuis.	2.15	1
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.07	1
altertoxin i altertoxin I: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species; do not confuse with Anemonia sulcata toxin I which is also abbreviated ATX I	3.4	7
altertoxin iii altertoxin III: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species	2.68	3
stemphyltoxin iii stemphyltoxin III: from Alternaria alternata	7.88	3
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	7.17	1	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	3.53	7	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	3.27	5	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.58	2
guanine [no description available]	7.25	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.21	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.17	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.17	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.17	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.17	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.1	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.15	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.15	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.15	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.15	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.15	1

altertoxin ii

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (8)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Research

Studies (21)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.94

Study Types