Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through a hole through the skull bone most commonly draining from the nose (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA) or the ear (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA).

Synonyms(16)

Synonym
Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Traumatic
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Post-Traumatic
Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Traumatic
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage, Post-Traumatic
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage, Spontaneous
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Spontaneous
Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Spontaneous
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage, Post-Traumatic
Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, Post-Traumatic
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage, Traumatic
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage, Traumatic
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage, Spontaneous
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage is the most common complication of endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery."( Carlin, WV; Darr, A; Hobbs, CG, 2011)
"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage is an immanent risk of cranial surgery with dural opening."( Hutter, G; Mariani, L; Sailer, MH; Schulz, M; von Felten, S, 2014)
"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage is always the primary complication during the endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery."( Gu, Y; Liu, T; Sun, C; Xie, T; Zhang, X, 2018)
"Spinal headache and cerebrospinal fluid leak are known complications after intrathecal baclofen treatment in children with cerebral palsy."( Dixit, D; Imerci, A; McManus, M; Miller, F; Rogers, K; Sees, JP, 2020)
"However, cerebrospinal fluid leakage is still a concern."( Heng, L; Qu, Y; Zhang, S, 2020)
"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage is a frequent complication after cranial and spinal surgery."( Kinaci, A; Redegeld, S; Tooren, M; van Doormaal, TPC; van Thoor, S, 2021)

Context

ExcerptReference
"If the site of the cerebrospinal fluid leak has been specified and the treatment method is understood by the patient, we think that continuous epidural infusion with physiological saline is safe and effective method of treating cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia."( Hashimoto, K, 2011)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"If the site of the cerebrospinal fluid leak has been specified and the treatment method is understood by the patient, we think that continuous epidural infusion with physiological saline is safe and effective method of treating cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia."( Hashimoto, K, 2011)
"One patient presented a cerebrospinal fluid leakage during medical treatment and refused surgery, however this resolved with conservative measures."( Berriel, MR; Lima, GA; Melo, AS; Rahhal, H; Santos, ML; Taboada, GF, 2016)
"The treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leaks of the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus (LRSS) faces difficulties due to the deep location of the osseous defect."( Alves-Belo, JT; Cohen, S; Fernandez-Miranda, JC; Gardner, PA; Mangussi-Gomes, J; Snyderman, CH; Stefko, ST; Truong, HQ; Wang, EW, 2019)
"The incidence of spinal headache/cerebrospinal fluid leak was 31% (107/341), and 81/107 (76%) patients with spinal headache/cerebrospinal fluid leak responded to conservative treatments."( Dixit, D; Imerci, A; McManus, M; Miller, F; Rogers, K; Sees, JP, 2020)
"Spinal headache and cerebrospinal fluid leak are known complications after intrathecal baclofen treatment in children with cerebral palsy."( Dixit, D; Imerci, A; McManus, M; Miller, F; Rogers, K; Sees, JP, 2020)

Research

Studies (229)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19900 (0.00)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's0 (0.00)18.1394
2010's152 (66.38)28.8240
2020's77 (33.62)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
methane0low10
salicylic acid0low50
glycolic acid0low10
methanol0low10
phenytoin0low30
acetaminophen0low10
acetazolamide0medium92
theophylline0low10
baclofen0low80
bupivacaine0low10
caffeine0low10
pentetic acid0low40
fentanyl0low10
gentamicin0low10
guaifenesin0low10
lidocaine0low10
ketorolac0low10
khellin0low10
labetalol0low10
milrinone0low10
nimodipine0low10
ondansetron0low10
pentoxifylline0low10
triclosan0low10
trimethoprim0low10
urethane0low10
mitomycin0low10
prednisolone0low10
chloramphenicol0low10
arginine0low10
triamcinolone acetonide0low10
caprolactone0low10
durapatite0low60
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate0low10
fluorescein0low180
enbucrilate0low20
octyl 2-cyanoacrylate0low30
titanium0low100
gadolinium0low150
gold0low10
magnesium sulfate0low10
tricalcium phosphate0low40
fludrocortisone0low10
transferrin0low120
propiconazole0low190
cabergoline0low10
simendan0low10
iopamidol0low10
fluorodeoxyglucose f180low10
artemisinin0low10
n-hydroxysuccinimide0low10
fibrinogen0medium122
cadusafos0low10
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid0low10
technetium tc 99m pentetate0low10
n-acetylneuraminic acid0low10
fibrin0low50
inositol 3-phosphate0low10
meropenem0low10
tacrolimus0low10
prostaglandin d20low10
leuprolide0low10
nitinol0low10
amphotericin b0low10
phenylephrine hydrochloride0low510
oxycodone0low10
bismuth0low10
gadolinium dtpa0low30
ergoline0low10
chlorhexidine0low10
cellulose0low10
chitosan0low10
ro13-99040low10
interleukin-80low10
rifampin0low10
eye0low10

Protein Targets (849)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
ATAD5 protein, partial9009
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2190019
chromobox protein homolog 1130013
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)8008
geminin210021
lethal factor (plasmid)7018
botulinum neurotoxin type A0011
botulinum neurotoxin type F, BoNT/F0011
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma160016
GLS protein9009
Microtubule-associated protein tau6006
Smad32002
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A19009
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor9009
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3140014
progesterone receptor130013
EWS/FLI fusion protein6006
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1160016
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha170017
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha200020
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha270027
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma120012
aryl hydrocarbon receptor150015
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2180018
peripheral myelin protein 22120012
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 16006
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi64010
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3018018
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4018018
Solute carrier family 22 member 60303
Carbonic anhydrase 120417
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Bile salt export pump0404
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit8008
Bile salt export pump022022
Cytochrome P450 2B10001
Cytochrome P450 1A10001
Carbonic anhydrase 106111
Carbonic anhydrase 206110
Myoglobin0101
Cytochrome P450 1A10214
Cytochrome P450 1A20506
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 30417
Cytochrome P450 3A40809
Cytochrome P450 2D60505
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0808
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-164010
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta64010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-264111
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60001
Glutamate receptor 28008
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-564010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-364010
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0202
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0001
Carbonic anhydrase 40416
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10404
Carbonic anhydrase 60416
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-164010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-264010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-464010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-364010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-664010
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0417
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20304
Carbonic anhydrase 70416
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma4004
Cytochrome P450 2J20404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-164111
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-364010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-264111
Carbonic anhydrase 90417
GABA theta subunit64010
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1017017
Carbonic anhydrase 150304
Carbonic anhydrase 130405
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon64010
Carbonic anhydrase 140417
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0417
toxin B0001
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE3003
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, Carbonic Anhydrase Ii0011
Chain A, Carbonic Anhydrase Ii0011
Chain A, Beta-lactamase7007
Chain A, Endochitinase0101
Chain A, Endochitinase0101
Chain A, Endochitinase0101
Chain A, Class Iii Chitinase Chia10101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase II0101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase0101
Chain B, Carbonic anhydrase0101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase 0001
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
thioredoxin reductase130013
GALC protein5005
GLI family zinc finger 3170017
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4130013
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]220022
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
arylsulfatase A7007
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 19009
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a6006
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1170017
survival motor neuron protein isoform d4004
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 11001
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Prolyl endopeptidase0101
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 110102
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0202
Renin0404
Carbonic anhydrase 20202
Cathepsin B0101
Steryl-sulfatase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0202
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0202
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Cytochrome P450 2A60101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0303
Androgen receptor0202
Translocator protein0101
Cannabinoid receptor 10101
Cytochrome P450 2B60112
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Adenosine receptor A10507
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 10101
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40102
Endochitinase0101
Adenosine receptor A2a0509
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0303
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0303
Cytochrome P450 2C190404
Delta-type opioid receptor0505
Mu-type opioid receptor0516
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0404
Carbonic anhydrase0101
D(1A) dopamine receptor0101
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 10101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
Cholinesterase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0404
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0101
Squalene synthase0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70202
Carbonic anhydrase0202
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Carbonic anhydrase0102
Carbonic anhydrase0102
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Delta carbonic anhydrase0101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10404
Renin0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Endochitinase A10101
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 130214
Carbonic anhydrase 40202
Acidic mammalian chitinase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 2, isoform A 0101
Chain A, HADH2 protein2002
Chain B, HADH2 protein2002
Chain A, Cruzipain4004
interleukin 85005
phosphopantetheinyl transferase7007
farnesoid X nuclear receptor110011
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta120012
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor150015
tumor necrosis factor1001
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA3003
lamin isoform A-delta10130013
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20707
Aurora kinase B0202
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20505
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE8008
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
NFKB1 protein, partial4004
alpha-galactosidase1001
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor6006
flap endonuclease 16006
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M17007
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial0002
Nitric oxide synthase, brain0001
Nitric oxide synthase, brain 0001
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0001
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0013
Cationic amino acid transporter 30101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase6006
Chain A, Ferritin light chain6006
USP1 protein, partial9009
TDP1 protein190019
AR protein250025
nonstructural protein 14004
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a120012
Histone H2A.x4004
Cellular tumor antigen p53180018
TAR DNA-binding protein 437007
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 0101
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5100010
Ataxin-2120012
regulator of G-protein signaling 45005
67.9K protein5005
activating transcription factor 66006
D(1A) dopamine receptor1001
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 15005
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
glp-1 receptor, partial8008
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit8008
SMAD family member 28008
SMAD family member 38008
TSHR protein1001
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)8008
pregnane X nuclear receptor170017
IDH17007
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor8008
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a7007
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)6006
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor3003
heat shock protein beta-16006
DNA polymerase eta isoform 11001
Alpha-synuclein3104
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30202
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20134
Potassium channel subfamily K member 90101
acetylcholinesterase7007
cytochrome P450 2D6100010
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0516
Spike glycoprotein100010
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Chain A, Glycogen Phosphorylase0101
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Chitinase0101
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor2002
DNA polymerase beta1001
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 17007
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 15005
Cholinesterase0202
Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0101
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0303
Adenosine receptor A30303
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0303
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0202
Acetylcholinesterase0303
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0303
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0505
Adenosine receptor A30202
Adenosine receptor A2a0439
Adenosine receptor A2b0305
Adenosine receptor A2b0305
Adenosine receptor A10329
Vasopressin V2 receptor0002
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR0202
Adenosine receptor A2a0202
Adenosine receptor A10202
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform 0202
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
Adenylate cyclase type 10002
Chitotriosidase-10415
Serine-protein kinase ATM0101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR0101
Adenosine receptor A2b0103
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C0101
Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM0134
Endochitinase B10415
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0001
Phosphodiesterase 0101
Guanine deaminase0101
G8008
streptokinase A precursor0022
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase0001
Interferon beta100010
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 8008
30S ribosomal protein S60101
30S ribosomal protein S70101
50S ribosomal protein L150101
50S ribosomal protein L100101
50S ribosomal protein L110101
50S ribosomal protein L7/L120101
50S ribosomal protein L190101
50S ribosomal protein L10101
50S ribosomal protein L200101
50S ribosomal protein L270101
50S ribosomal protein L280101
50S ribosomal protein L290101
50S ribosomal protein L310101
50S ribosomal protein L31 type B0101
50S ribosomal protein L320101
50S ribosomal protein L330101
50S ribosomal protein L340101
50S ribosomal protein L350101
50S ribosomal protein L360101
30S ribosomal protein S100101
30S ribosomal protein S110101
30S ribosomal protein S120101
30S ribosomal protein S130101
30S ribosomal protein S160101
30S ribosomal protein S180101
30S ribosomal protein S190101
30S ribosomal protein S200101
30S ribosomal protein S20101
30S ribosomal protein S30101
30S ribosomal protein S40101
30S ribosomal protein S50101
30S ribosomal protein S80101
30S ribosomal protein S90101
50S ribosomal protein L130101
50S ribosomal protein L140101
50S ribosomal protein L160101
50S ribosomal protein L230101
30S ribosomal protein S150101
50S ribosomal protein L170101
50S ribosomal protein L210101
50S ribosomal protein L300101
50S ribosomal protein L60101
30S ribosomal protein S140101
30S ribosomal protein S170101
30S ribosomal protein S10101
50S ribosomal protein L180101
50S ribosomal protein L20101
50S ribosomal protein L30101
50S ribosomal protein L240101
50S ribosomal protein L40101
50S ribosomal protein L220101
50S ribosomal protein L50101
30S ribosomal protein S210101
50S ribosomal protein L250101
50S ribosomal protein L36 20101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 18008
Methionine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial0011
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial8008
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A1001
Chain A, BCL-2-RELATED PROTEIN A10011
Luciferase4004
acid sphingomyelinase1001
PAX80001
15-lipoxygenase, partial4004
pregnane X receptor2002
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease3003
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)4004
PINK12002
glucocerebrosidase1001
Parkin3003
heat shock protein 900011
caspase-33003
calcineurin A1, putative0011
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 12002
hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform 20101
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor2002
perilipin-50101
perilipin-10101
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 24004
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d4004
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 33003
huntingtin isoform 21001
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 12002
mitogen-activated protein kinase 13003
ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N0101
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 11001
protein AF-9 isoform a0001
snurportin-12002
melanocortin receptor 40101
CAAX prenyl protease0001
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor2002
plasminogen precursor2002
bcl-2-related protein A10101
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor2002
1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 isoform a0101
glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha0001
hexokinase HKDC10101
DNA repair protein RAD52 homolog isoform a0001
bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 10011
Synaptojanin-20101
Solute carrier family 22 member 20202
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0505
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B4004
Synaptojanin-10101
Solute carrier family 22 member 30202
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0102
Integrin beta-31102
72 kDa type IV collagenase0101
Integrin alpha-IIb1102
Matrix metalloproteinase-90101
Trypanothione reductase0101
Histamine H2 receptor5005
Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase0101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20202
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 42002
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10303
Spermine oxidase0101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20044
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10101
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0303
Histamine H1 receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0325
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0213
Kappa-type opioid receptor0213
Mu-type opioid receptor0112
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10505
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10202
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 25005
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q11001
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor2002
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 31001
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0202
Albumin0213
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0112
Caspase-10202
Caspase-30101
Caspase-40101
Caspase-50101
Caspase-90101
Cell division control protein 42 homolog0101
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 10101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 10101
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 14004
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 11001
Cytochrome P450 1B10101
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 0011
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0213
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0213
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0404
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0011
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0011
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0112
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0202
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0303
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0011
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0011
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0011
Heparanase0011
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor0101
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor0202
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0203
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 180101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0202
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20012
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20001
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-19 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase SHV-10001
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase TEM0001
B2 metallo-beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-130001
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0012
Metallo-b-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase IMP-1 0001
BlaVIM-1 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC0001
Histamine H3 receptor0001
Beta-lactamase class B VIM-2 0012
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase VIM-1 0001
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase4004
Phosphodiesterase 0303
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 11001
Vpr3003
cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0303
Aurora kinase A0101
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A0202
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0202
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 0101
Dual specificity protein kinase TTK0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A0202
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0404
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C0303
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0505
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B0303
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C0303
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A0404
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0101
Inner centromere protein0101
Phosphodiesterase 0101
Fumarate hydratase2002
polyprotein2002
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10101
Sialidase-40101
Sialidase-10101
Sialidase-30101
Sialidase-20101
Bromodomain-containing protein 40001
Protein cereblon0001
endonuclease IV5005
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B2002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 14004
M-phase phosphoprotein 82002
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-40101
Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0202
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H0101
Cannabinoid receptor 10202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-30101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-10101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit0101
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-10101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-20101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0303
Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-40101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-30101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit0101
Bile acid receptor0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-20101
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E0113
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0113
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-41102
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20202
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
D0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha0101
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
D(1B) dopamine receptor0101
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0101
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0101
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0101
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60101
Histamine H1 receptor0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0213
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0214
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0101
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-40101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D0113
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C0113
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0213
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10101
Nischarin0101
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0011
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase2002
dopamine D1 receptor2002
vasopressin V1b receptor1001
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
relaxin receptor 1 isoform 11001
Tumor necrosis factor0101
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Inositol monophosphatase 13003
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-21001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
luciferase0001
Estrogen receptor0202
Glucocorticoid receptor04110
Progesterone receptor0203
Glucocorticoid receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0011
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10404
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0101
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0213
Androgen receptor0202
Glutamine synthetase0011
Glycine receptor subunit beta0404
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20404
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30404
Histamine H1 receptor0011
Nociceptin receptor0011
Estrogen receptor beta0202
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20002
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G2002
heat shock protein 90, putative0002
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10102
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B10001
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 0202
NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase0202
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Arylacetamide deacetylase0102
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A20101
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Glutathione S-transferase omega-10101
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
DNA gyrase subunit A0101
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]0303
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30203
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10304
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog1001
Estrogen receptor beta0001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
Polyphenol oxidase 20102
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
High mobility group protein B10011
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10103
Estrogen receptor0001
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10001
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70001
Cytochrome P450 3A50101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40001
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A0213
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1B0011
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform0101
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP50101
Splicing factor 3B subunit 30101
Chain A, Pyridoxal kinase0101
Chain A, Pyridoxal Kinase0101
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme0202
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A 0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D 0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0101
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0101
Adenosine receptor A10202
Adenosine receptor A10101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
High affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A0101
Phospholipase A-2-activating protein0101
Chain A, enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Chain C, enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Chain A, enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Chain C, enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Chain A, enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Chain C, enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Chain A, Repressor0011
3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 3 0101
Caspase-71001
caspase-31001
twin arginine protein translocation system - TatA protein0001
Transthyretin0112
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] FabI0101
DNA gyrase subunit A0101
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP0101
Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 10202
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] FabI0101
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] FabI0101
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH] 0101
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADPH] FabI0202
Enoyl-acyl carrier reductase0101
Enoyl-acyl-carrier protein reductase 0202
Enoyl-ACP reductase II 0101
Chain A, Dihydrofolate Reductase0011
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Chain A, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)0101
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0102
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase type 10102
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Thymidylate synthase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Thymidylate synthase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase type 1 from Tn40030101
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40101
Dihydrofolate reductase0203
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0102
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Trace amine-associated receptor 50011
Dihydrofolate reductase 0202
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0102
Protein-arginine deiminase type-40101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]