lidocaine and Pregnancy studies

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Propofol-induced injection pain (PIP) is a well-known problem in general anesthesia."	9.41	Efficacy of Pre-Treatment with Remimazolam on Prevention of Propofol-Induced Injection Pain in Patients Undergoing Abortion or Curettage: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. ( Cao, H; Gong, X; Guan, X; Huang, X; Jiao, Z; Lan, H; Lin, C; Liu, S; Tan, Y; Xu, B, 2021)
"In recent years, lidocaine infusion for pain management during long operations is becoming more widespread in anesthesiology practice."	9.41	Does intravenous lidocaine added to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce pain during colposcopy? A prospective randomized double-blind study. ( Ates, I; Aydin, ME; Oral Ahiskalioglu, E; Topdagi Yilmaz, EP; Topdaği, YE, 2021)
"To compare pain during laminaria insertion after lidocaine spray versus placebo spray anesthesia in women about to undergo a surgical abortion procedure."	9.34	A double-blind randomized trial comparing lidocaine spray and placebo spray anesthesia prior to cervical laminaria insertion. ( Admon, D; Afek, A; Bar-Shavit, Y; Cahan, T; Derazne, E; Meyer, R; Shina, A; Yagel, I; Yuval, Y, 2020)
"To compare pain control at various time points during first-trimester surgical abortion using a patient-administered lidocaine gel compared with a traditional lidocaine paracervical block."	9.22	Self-Administered Lidocaine Gel for Pain Control With First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Blumenthal, PD; Conti, JA; Lerma, K; Shaw, KA, 2016)
"To determine if intrauterine administration of 5 cc of 2% lidocaine in addition to paracervical block reduces pain during laminaria insertion, when compared with paracervical block and saline placebo."	9.19	Intrauterine lidocaine for pain control during laminaria insertion: a randomized controlled trial. ( Liberty, A; Mercier, RJ, 2014)
" We intended to evaluate whether the addition of 10% lidocaine spray to a paracervical block decreases pain during cervical dilation and uterine aspiration."	9.15	Lidocaine spray in addition to paracervical block reduces pain during first-trimester surgical abortion: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Alanbay, I; Başer, I; Ercan, CM; Karasahin, KE; Mesten, Z; Simsek, C, 2011)
"The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of topically applied lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream with local anesthetic infiltration in the reduction of pain during perineal suturing after childbirth."	9.14	Comparison between lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) and mepivacaine infiltration for pain relief during perineal repair after childbirth: a randomized trial. ( Cromi, A; Franchi, M; Gaudino, F; Ghezzi, F; Scarperi, S; Siesto, G, 2009)
"To systematically and meta-analytically examine the efficacy of ropivacaine versus lidocaine infiltration for controlling postpartum perineal pain secondary to spontaneous tear or selective episiotomy."	9.12	Ropivacaine versus lidocaine infiltration for postpartum perineal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Abu-Zaid, A; Abuzaid, M; Al-Badawi, IA; Alomar, O; Baradwan, S; Kadah, KA; Magzoub, D; Salem, H, 2021)
"To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of a lidocaine spray in reducing perineal pain during spontaneous vaginal delivery."	9.12	Effectiveness and acceptability of lidocaine spray in reducing perineal pain during spontaneous vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial. ( Campbell, R; Peters, TJ; Sanders, J, 2006)
" The addition of epinephrine to lidocaine significantly reduced superficial bleeding."	9.12	Local infiltration of epinephrine-containing lidocaine with bicarbonate reduces superficial bleeding and pain during labor epidural catheter insertion: a randomized trial. ( Brummel, C; Carvalho, B; Cohen, SE; Fuller, A, 2007)
"To study the effects of an intrauterine lidocaine infusion on perceived patient pain in first-trimester abortions and to measure serum lidocaine levels."	9.11	Intrauterine lidocaine infusion for pain management in first-trimester abortions. ( Astley, S; Edelman, A; Jensen, JT; Leclair, C; Nichols, MD; Shy, K, 2004)
"We conducted a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of EMLA cream together with intraperitoneal lidocaine for pain relief in postpartum tubal ligation."	9.10	EMLA cream and intraperitoneal lidocaine decrease intraoperative pain during postpartum tubal sterilization. ( Apidechakul, P; Ariyanon, P; Latthikaviboon, U; Limsakul, A; Parakkamodom, S; Permpolprasert, L; Pethpaisit, N; Santivarangkana, T; Sirilertmakasakul, P; Visalyaputra, S, 2002)
"We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of intraperitoneal lidocaine, IM morphine, or both drugs together for pain relief in postpartum tubal ligation."	9.09	Intraperitoneal lidocaine decreases intraoperative pain during postpartum tubal ligation. ( Lertakyamanee, J; Parakkamodom, S; Pethpaisit, N; Somprakit, P; Suwanapeum, P; Visalyaputra, S, 1999)
" We collected data regarding the indication for the termination procedure, gestational age, site of lidocaine injection, dosage of lidocaine, need for additional to produce asystole, and maternal complications."	7.79	Effectiveness and safety of lidocaine in the induction of fetal cardiac asystole for second trimester pregnany termination. ( de la Vega, A; López-Cepero, R; Lynch, L, 2013)
" However, we found an unusual in utero presentation of intermittent atrioventricular block and ventricular tachycardia (spontaneous or lidocaine-induced) in a fetus and his sibling with LQTS."	7.74	In utero onset of long QT syndrome with atrioventricular block and spontaneous or lidocaine-induced ventricular tachycardia: compound effects of hERG pore region mutation and SCN5A N-terminus variant. ( Chahine, M; Chang, CC; Chiu, SN; Christé, G; Ficker, E; Huang, H; Lin, MT; Thériault, O; Wu, MH, 2008)
"We report a case of a pregnant woman with severe asthma that was not controlled with ordinary medications but was effectively treated by inhalational lidocaine treatment."	7.73	[A pregnant woman with severe asthma effectively treated by inhalational lidocaine therapy]. ( Hagiwara, K; Kanazawa, M; Nagata, M; Saito, K; Sato, N; Shimono, N, 2006)
"To assess the use of lidocaine (1%) to induce permanent fetal cardiac asystole for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy."	7.72	The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy. ( Bernard, JP; Fischer, C; Senat, MV; Ville, Y, 2003)
"Although altered effects of various anesthetics have been demonstrated during pregnancy, published studies have incompletely defined potential pregnancy-induced changes in the central nervous system toxicity of lidocaine."	7.68	Pregnancy does not alter the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in the rat. ( Bucklin, BA; Chestnut, DH; Choi, WW; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1992)
"The effects of acute changes in plasma magnesium concentration on the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures were evaluated in mechanically ventilated rats receiving 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen."	7.68	Effects of acute hypermagnesemia on the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in the rat. ( Choi, WW; Monahan, DJ; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1991)
" In contrast, ovine pregnancy does not enhance the toxicity of mepivacaine, a drug with properties similar to lidocaine."	7.68	Pregnancy does not alter lidocaine toxicity. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO, 1990)
"To determine whether pregnancy renders women more sensitive to local anesthetics, nine nonpregnant and nine pregnant (third trimester) women underwent median nerve block at the wrist using 1% lidocaine HCl."	7.68	Pregnancy increases median nerve susceptibility to lidocaine. ( Butterworth, JF; Lysak, SZ; Walker, FO, 1990)
"The effects of lidocaine on the fetal circulatory responses to asphyxia were evaluated in chronically instrumented pregnant sheep."	7.67	Effect of lidocaine on the asphyxial responses in the mature fetal lamb. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Hiraoka, H; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Santos, AC; Tsuji, A, 1987)
" In the present study we examined the influence of acute asphyxia in the fetal lamb on the distribution and cerebral uptake of maternally infused lidocaine."	7.66	The influence of asphyxia on fetal lidocaine toxicity. ( Cefalo, RC; Davis, SE; Golden, SM; Grissom, MP; O'Brien, WF; Uddin, DM; Vieras, F, 1982)
"To investigate whether fetal acidosis increases the placental transfer of lidocaine, resulting in higher fetal blood levels of the drug, lidocaine was infused intravenously into ten pregnant ewes to maintain plasma levels of 2-4 microgram/ml."	7.66	Placental transfer of lidocaine: effects of fetal acidosis. ( Biehl, D; Callender, K; Levinson, G; Shnider, SM, 1978)
"Hypotension is a common side effect associated with spinal anesthesia."	6.70	Hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5% hyperbaric lidocaine. ( Charuluxananan, S; Kyokong, O; Leerapun, R; Pothimamaka, S, 2001)
" We randomized participants presenting for office dilation and aspiration under minimal sedation stratified by procedural indication (induced abortion vs early pregnancy loss) to a 20-mL buffered 1% lidocaine paracervical block or a 40-mL buffered 0."	5.51	Effect of Paracervical Block Volume on Pain Control for Dilation and Aspiration: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Averbach, S; Crouthamel, B; Economou, N; Kully, G; Meckstroth, K; Mody, SK; Rible, R, 2022)
"Propofol-induced injection pain (PIP) is a well-known problem in general anesthesia."	5.41	Efficacy of Pre-Treatment with Remimazolam on Prevention of Propofol-Induced Injection Pain in Patients Undergoing Abortion or Curettage: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. ( Cao, H; Gong, X; Guan, X; Huang, X; Jiao, Z; Lan, H; Lin, C; Liu, S; Tan, Y; Xu, B, 2021)
"To evaluate the efficacy of flushing the uterine cavity with lidocaine before hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) to reduce procedure-related pain."	5.41	Analgesic Efficacy of Intrauterine Lidocaine Flushing in Hysterosalpingo-foam Sonography: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Gal-Kochav, M; Levinsohn-Tavor, O; Maymon, R; Melcer, Y; Nimrodi, M; Pekar-Zlotin, M, 2021)
"This study aimed to determine whether the application of lidocaine patches around the cesarean incision in women with obesity reduces the total dose of opioids administered in the first 24 hours after cesarean delivery."	5.41	Lidocaine patches for postcesarean pain control in obese women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. ( Adams, JH; Antony, KM; Chappell, RJ; Gnadt, SE; Hetzel, S; Jacques, L; Tevaarwerk, AJ, 2021)
"In recent years, lidocaine infusion for pain management during long operations is becoming more widespread in anesthesiology practice."	5.41	Does intravenous lidocaine added to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce pain during colposcopy? A prospective randomized double-blind study. ( Ates, I; Aydin, ME; Oral Ahiskalioglu, E; Topdagi Yilmaz, EP; Topdaği, YE, 2021)
"Isoxsuprine was the only drug that elevated the blood flow volume in the AUM (P ≤ 0."	5.40	Effect of xylazine, isoxsuprine, and lidocaine on Doppler sonographic uterine and umbilical blood flow measurements in cows during the last month of pregnancy. ( Bleul, U; Waldvogel, D, 2014)
"To compare pain during laminaria insertion after lidocaine spray versus placebo spray anesthesia in women about to undergo a surgical abortion procedure."	5.34	A double-blind randomized trial comparing lidocaine spray and placebo spray anesthesia prior to cervical laminaria insertion. ( Admon, D; Afek, A; Bar-Shavit, Y; Cahan, T; Derazne, E; Meyer, R; Shina, A; Yagel, I; Yuval, Y, 2020)
"Dysmenorrhea increases the risk of severe pain at levonorgestrel intrauterine system insertion, while receiving an intracervical lidocaine block decreases this risk."	5.34	Predictors of severe pain during insertion of the levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system among nulligravid women. ( Bahamondes, L; de Nadai, MN; Ferreira, LS; Franceschini, SA; Juliato, CRT; Monteiro, IMU; Poli-Neto, OB; Vieira, CS, 2020)
"The seizures were usually present in the form of tonic attacks of fore and hind limbs, followed by intermittent clonic movements."	5.32	Perinatal hypothyroidism increases the susceptibility to lidocaine-kindling in adult rats. ( Hernández-García, A; Ortiz-Butrón, R; Pacheco-Rosado, J, 2004)
"The effect of preeclampsia on the binding of lidocaine to serum proteins was studied in 25 term parturients with severe preeclampsia and in 21 normal parturients serving as controls."	5.27	Lidocaine protein binding in preeclampsia. ( Bottorff, MB; Boucher, BA; Hoon, TJ; Pieper, JA; Ramanathan, J; Sibai, BM, 1987)
"Lidocaine toxicity has been associated with fetal distress secondary to fetal ion trapping in the presence of acidosis."	5.27	Lidocaine toxicity after maternal pudendal anesthesia in a term infant with fetal distress. ( Bozynski, ME; Patel, JA; Rubarth, LB, 1987)
" There were no significant differences between normotensive and preeclamptic patients in the total dose of lidocaine, peak maternal plasma concentration, volume of distribution, maternal elimination half-life and umbilical vein/maternal vein ratios."	5.27	The pharmacokinetics and maternal and neonatal effects of epidural lidocaine in preeclampsia. ( Bottorff, M; Jeter, JN; Khalil, M; Ramanathan, J; Sibai, BM, 1986)
"To compare pain control at various time points during first-trimester surgical abortion using a patient-administered lidocaine gel compared with a traditional lidocaine paracervical block."	5.22	Self-Administered Lidocaine Gel for Pain Control With First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Blumenthal, PD; Conti, JA; Lerma, K; Shaw, KA, 2016)
"To determine if intrauterine administration of 5 cc of 2% lidocaine in addition to paracervical block reduces pain during laminaria insertion, when compared with paracervical block and saline placebo."	5.19	Intrauterine lidocaine for pain control during laminaria insertion: a randomized controlled trial. ( Liberty, A; Mercier, RJ, 2014)
"To determine the effectiveness of 6 mL of 2% lidocaine cervical gel for pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion."	5.17	Higher dose cervical 2% lidocaine gel for IUD insertion: a randomized controlled trial. ( Allen, RH; Goyal, V; Raker, C, 2013)
" We intended to evaluate whether the addition of 10% lidocaine spray to a paracervical block decreases pain during cervical dilation and uterine aspiration."	5.15	Lidocaine spray in addition to paracervical block reduces pain during first-trimester surgical abortion: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Alanbay, I; Başer, I; Ercan, CM; Karasahin, KE; Mesten, Z; Simsek, C, 2011)
"The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of topically applied lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream with local anesthetic infiltration in the reduction of pain during perineal suturing after childbirth."	5.14	Comparison between lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) and mepivacaine infiltration for pain relief during perineal repair after childbirth: a randomized trial. ( Cromi, A; Franchi, M; Gaudino, F; Ghezzi, F; Scarperi, S; Siesto, G, 2009)
"To study the effects of a paracervical block with combined ketorolac and lidocaine on perceived pain during first-trimester surgical abortion."	5.14	Paracervical block with combined ketorolac and lidocaine in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. ( Burke, A; Cansino, C; Edelman, A; Jamshidi, R, 2009)
"8mL of lidocaine 2% in combination with epinephrine was safe and efficient in restorative dental procedures during pregnancy in women with rheumatic heart valve disease."	5.14	Maternal-fetal monitoring during dental procedure in patients with heart valve disease. ( Avila, WS; Giorgi, DM; Grinberg, M; Grupi, CJ; Neves, IL; Neves, RS; Oliveira Filho, RM; Ramires, JA; Santos, JF, 2009)
"Skin infiltration with lidocaine, although brief, can be very stressful, painful, and may perpetuate anxiety."	5.13	Brief report: a randomized controlled trial of Synera versus lidocaine for epidural needle insertion in labouring parturients. ( Allen, TK; George, RB; Habib, AS; Muir, HA, 2008)
"To systematically and meta-analytically examine the efficacy of ropivacaine versus lidocaine infiltration for controlling postpartum perineal pain secondary to spontaneous tear or selective episiotomy."	5.12	Ropivacaine versus lidocaine infiltration for postpartum perineal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Abu-Zaid, A; Abuzaid, M; Al-Badawi, IA; Alomar, O; Baradwan, S; Kadah, KA; Magzoub, D; Salem, H, 2021)
"To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of a lidocaine spray in reducing perineal pain during spontaneous vaginal delivery."	5.12	Effectiveness and acceptability of lidocaine spray in reducing perineal pain during spontaneous vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial. ( Campbell, R; Peters, TJ; Sanders, J, 2006)
" The addition of epinephrine to lidocaine significantly reduced superficial bleeding."	5.12	Local infiltration of epinephrine-containing lidocaine with bicarbonate reduces superficial bleeding and pain during labor epidural catheter insertion: a randomized trial. ( Brummel, C; Carvalho, B; Cohen, SE; Fuller, A, 2007)
"To study the effects of an intrauterine lidocaine infusion on perceived patient pain in first-trimester abortions and to measure serum lidocaine levels."	5.11	Intrauterine lidocaine infusion for pain management in first-trimester abortions. ( Astley, S; Edelman, A; Jensen, JT; Leclair, C; Nichols, MD; Shy, K, 2004)
"The aim of this prospective trial was to evaluate and compare paracervical block with diclofenac for pain relief during manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) for surgical termination of pregnancy."	5.11	A randomized trial of pain relief in termination of pregnancy in South Africa. ( Moodley, J; Owolabi, OT, 2005)
"We conducted a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of EMLA cream together with intraperitoneal lidocaine for pain relief in postpartum tubal ligation."	5.10	EMLA cream and intraperitoneal lidocaine decrease intraoperative pain during postpartum tubal sterilization. ( Apidechakul, P; Ariyanon, P; Latthikaviboon, U; Limsakul, A; Parakkamodom, S; Permpolprasert, L; Pethpaisit, N; Santivarangkana, T; Sirilertmakasakul, P; Visalyaputra, S, 2002)
"We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of intraperitoneal lidocaine, IM morphine, or both drugs together for pain relief in postpartum tubal ligation."	5.09	Intraperitoneal lidocaine decreases intraoperative pain during postpartum tubal ligation. ( Lertakyamanee, J; Parakkamodom, S; Pethpaisit, N; Somprakit, P; Suwanapeum, P; Visalyaputra, S, 1999)
"Phase 1: ibuprofen reduced pain scores more than placebo with the improvement being greatest for the postoperative period."	5.08	Pain control in abortion. ( Rawling, M; Wiebe, ER, 1995)
"Maternal middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity, as measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, is maintained in normotensive, nonlaboring term gravida women receiving either lidocaine or bupivacaine lumbar epidural anesthesia, which supports intact cerebrovascular autoregulation in normal pregnancy."	5.08	The effect of lumbar epidural anesthesia on maternal middle cerebral artery blood flow in normal pregnancy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison study. ( Fong, J; Gurewitsch, ED; Mack, PF, 1998)
"The dilatation effect of Anodyne-Lubricant Jelly (ALJ) containing Dicaini, Lidocaine and placebos on the cervix during surgical termination of the first trimester pregnancy was observed in 372 women."	5.07	[The dilatation effect of local anesthetics on the cervix during surgical termination of early pregnancy]. ( Li, MF, 1991)
"We sought to assess the efficacy of transabdominal intrafetal lidocaine to achieve fetal demise before pregnancy termination."	4.12	Transabdominal lidocaine to induce fetal demise: a cohort study. ( DiBianco, L; Goldfarb, CN; Kuperstock, JL; Picciotto, A; Reeves, MF; Rubin, SL, 2022)
"We present a boy with an uneventful vaginal birth, who presented one hour after birth with apnea, hypotonia, mydriasis, tongue fasciculation, and tonic seizures."	3.88	Transplacental lidocaine intoxication. ( Cools, F; Demeulemeester, V; Lefevere, J; Van Hautem, H, 2018)
"The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of xylazine on basal uterine contractility of bovine pregnant uterine strips and that of lidocaine on xylazine-sensitized bovine pregnant uterine strips, at different stages of pregnancy."	3.83	Lidocaine decreases the xylazine-evoked contractility in pregnant cows. ( D'Onghia, G; Mutinati, M; Piccinno, M; Rizzo, A; Sciorsci, RL, 2016)
" We collected data regarding the indication for the termination procedure, gestational age, site of lidocaine injection, dosage of lidocaine, need for additional to produce asystole, and maternal complications."	3.79	Effectiveness and safety of lidocaine in the induction of fetal cardiac asystole for second trimester pregnany termination. ( de la Vega, A; López-Cepero, R; Lynch, L, 2013)
" However, we found an unusual in utero presentation of intermittent atrioventricular block and ventricular tachycardia (spontaneous or lidocaine-induced) in a fetus and his sibling with LQTS."	3.74	In utero onset of long QT syndrome with atrioventricular block and spontaneous or lidocaine-induced ventricular tachycardia: compound effects of hERG pore region mutation and SCN5A N-terminus variant. ( Chahine, M; Chang, CC; Chiu, SN; Christé, G; Ficker, E; Huang, H; Lin, MT; Thériault, O; Wu, MH, 2008)
"To assess the efficacy of local infiltrative anesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride in patients undergoing the surgical repair of a simple vesico-vaginal fistula."	3.74	Local anesthesia: an appropriate technology for simple fistula repair. ( Morhason-Bello, IO; Ojengbede, OA, 2007)
" Clinical features were hypotonia, pupillary mydriasis fixed to light, apnea, cyanosis and seizures."	3.74	[Lidocaine intoxication in newborn following maternal pudendal anesthesia: report of three cases]. ( de la Gastine, B; Guillemin, MG; Guillois, B; Lelong-Boulouard, V; Pagès, H; Quedru-Aboane, J, 2008)
"We report a case of a pregnant woman with severe asthma that was not controlled with ordinary medications but was effectively treated by inhalational lidocaine treatment."	3.73	[A pregnant woman with severe asthma effectively treated by inhalational lidocaine therapy]. ( Hagiwara, K; Kanazawa, M; Nagata, M; Saito, K; Sato, N; Shimono, N, 2006)
"To assess the use of lidocaine (1%) to induce permanent fetal cardiac asystole for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy."	3.72	The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy. ( Bernard, JP; Fischer, C; Senat, MV; Ville, Y, 2003)
" Prenatal treatment with beta-adrenergic blocker (propranolol) and digitalis glycosides was prescribed because of suspicion of long QT syndrome occurring with fetal congestive heart failure."	3.71	Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal long QT syndrome: a case report. ( Chang, IK; Chow, SN; Hsieh, FJ; Kau, ML; Ko, YH; Lee, CN; Shyu, MK, 2002)
"A 43-year-old woman with a history of lidocaine allergy required dermatologic surgery during pregnancy."	3.71	A pregnant woman with previous anaphylactic reaction to local anesthetics: a case report. ( Birnbach, DJ; Browne, IM, 2001)
"In the presence of 250 microM of lidocaine, embryos showed a increased incidence of situs inversus compared with control group but were otherwise normal."	3.70	Assessment of teratogenic effects of lidocaine in rat embryos cultured in vitro. ( Fujinaga, M, 1998)
"We treated a patient with arrhythmia during pregnancy with prolonged intravenous administration of lidocaine hydrochloride."	3.69	Placental transfer of lidocaine hydrochloride after prolonged continuous maternal intravenous administration. ( Banzai, M; Chimura, T; Hiroi, M; Komiya, H; Sato, S; Tezuka, N, 1995)
"We examined the effects of lidocaine on ionic channels of single uterine myocytes and on the duration of pregnancy."	3.69	Effects of lidocaine on rat myometrial sodium channels and implications for the management of preterm labor. ( Kao, CY; Wang, S, 1994)
"Although altered effects of various anesthetics have been demonstrated during pregnancy, published studies have incompletely defined potential pregnancy-induced changes in the central nervous system toxicity of lidocaine."	3.68	Pregnancy does not alter the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in the rat. ( Bucklin, BA; Chestnut, DH; Choi, WW; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1992)
"The effects of acute changes in plasma magnesium concentration on the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures were evaluated in mechanically ventilated rats receiving 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen."	3.68	Effects of acute hypermagnesemia on the threshold for lidocaine-induced seizures in the rat. ( Choi, WW; Monahan, DJ; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1991)
"A total of 2,511 patients who received spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery were observed for the development of postdural puncture headache (PDPH); 804 patients received a mixture of tetracaine and procaine, 942 received bupivacaine-glucose, and 765 received lidocaine-glucose."	3.68	Influence of local anesthetic solution on postdural puncture headache. ( Datta, S; Hertwig, L; Hunt, CO; Naulty, JS; Ostheimer, GW; Weiss, JB, 1990)
" In contrast, ovine pregnancy does not enhance the toxicity of mepivacaine, a drug with properties similar to lidocaine."	3.68	Pregnancy does not alter lidocaine toxicity. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO, 1990)
" An in vitro study, using helical preparations of human umbilical arteries and veins obtained from healthy women at term pregnancy, was designed to determine: (a) whether three local anaesthetics commonly utilized in obstetric anaesthesia (bupivacaine, 2-chloroprocaine, and lignocaine) can induce contraction or relaxation of resting umbilical vessels; (b) whether these agents can induce contraction or relaxation of umbilical vessels which have been previously induced to contract by a known activator, potassium chloride (KCl); and (c) the relative potency of these agents as compared to KCl."	3.67	Vasoactive actions of local anaesthetics on human isolated umbilical veins and arteries. ( Altura, B; Freese, K; Halevy, S; Liu-Barnett, M; Monuszko, E, 1989)
"The effects of lidocaine on the fetal circulatory responses to asphyxia were evaluated in chronically instrumented pregnant sheep."	3.67	Effect of lidocaine on the asphyxial responses in the mature fetal lamb. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Hiraoka, H; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Santos, AC; Tsuji, A, 1987)
"Teratogenic and toxicological effects of lidocaine administered during pregnancy were evaluated in the Sprague Dawley rat."	3.67	Toxicological assessment of lidocaine in the pregnant rat. ( Coleman, M; Curro, FA; Paterson, JA; Ramazzotto, LJ; Tanner, P, 1985)
" In the present study we examined the influence of acute asphyxia in the fetal lamb on the distribution and cerebral uptake of maternally infused lidocaine."	3.66	The influence of asphyxia on fetal lidocaine toxicity. ( Cefalo, RC; Davis, SE; Golden, SM; Grissom, MP; O'Brien, WF; Uddin, DM; Vieras, F, 1982)
"In order to define the causal relationship between the use of local anesthetics and fetal bradycardia, paracervical block anesthesia (PCB) with lidocaine of 2-chloroprocaine was induced on 52 occasions to 27 pregnant baboons."	3.66	Bradycardia in the fetal baboon following paracervical block anesthesia. ( Covino, BG; James, LS; Morishima, HO; Stark, RI; Yeh, MN, 1981)
"Fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations resembling post-paracervical block (PCB) bradycardia were observed immediately after the inadvertent intrauterine injection of lidocaine hydrochloride."	3.66	Fetal heart rate changes after accidental intrauterine lidocaine. ( Miller, FC; Van Dorsten, JP, 1981)
" To determine whether age-related changes in alpha 1-acid glycoprotein influence drug binding in mother and newborn infant and also the effects of sex, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives on drug binding, the binding of lidocaine, diazepam, propranolol, d-tubocurarine, and metocurine was determined by equilibrium dialysis in 17 men, 16 nonpregnant women, 16 nonpregnant women on oral contraceptives, and 15 mothers and their newborn infants at delivery."	3.66	Changes in plasma drug binding and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in mother and newborn infant. ( Wood, AJ; Wood, M, 1981)
"To investigate whether fetal acidosis increases the placental transfer of lidocaine, resulting in higher fetal blood levels of the drug, lidocaine was infused intravenously into ten pregnant ewes to maintain plasma levels of 2-4 microgram/ml."	3.66	Placental transfer of lidocaine: effects of fetal acidosis. ( Biehl, D; Callender, K; Levinson, G; Shnider, SM, 1978)
" Subjects were randomized to initial dosing to a T4 dermatome surgical anesthetic level with either 3% CP or 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate (LEB)."	3.30	Postcesarean Analgesia With Epidural Morphine After Epidural 2-Chloroprocaine: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. ( Lee, LO; Lu, M; Ramirez-Chapman, AL; Suresh, MS; White, DL; Zhang, X, 2023)
"The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, as well as the time to extubation were significantly lower in Group L than Group S."	3.30	Opioid-free anesthesia with lidocaine for improved postoperative recovery in hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Cha, NH; Gong, Y; Hu, Y; Jiang, JJ; Long, X; Zhu, GH, 2023)
"Pain is the most common cause of office hysteroscopy (OH) failure."	3.30	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a local anesthetic compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug alone significantly reduce the pain associated with vaginoscopic office hysteroscopy. ( Babczyk, D; Baran, R; Gawron, I; Jach, R; Pietrus, M; Zmaczynski, A, 2023)
"In low-income settings, postoperative pain relief could be challenging as a high patient/nurse ratio limits pain assessment and adequate analgesics administration."	3.11	Lidocaine vs. tramadol vs. placebo wound infiltration for post-cesarean section pain relief: a randomized controlled trial. ( Abdel-Rasheed, M; Abo-Louz, A; Aly, R; Badawy, M; Dief, O; El-Baz, A; Elsadek, A; Hussein, A; Mahmoud, H; Marie, H; Sayd, Z; Sileem, S; Torky, H, 2022)
"Pregnancy is characterized by complex physiological changes, and increased sensitivity to pain."	3.01	Physiology of pregnancy and oral local anesthesia considerations. ( Pan, J; Pan, Z; Zhang, J; Zhong, Y; Zhou, X, 2023)
"Lidocaine gel was noninferior to PCB for reported pain scores (VAS) with dilator placement, with a difference in means of -8 mm (95% CI -21, 5) favoring the gel."	2.90	Self-administered lidocaine gel for local anesthesia prior to osmotic dilator placement: a randomized trial. ( Blumenthal, PD; Conti, JA; Lerma, K; Montgomery, C; Schivone, GB; Shaw, KA; Wright, P, 2019)
"Lidocaine was not associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting or any side effects in women and newborn babies."	2.84	Bolus administration of intravenous lidocaine reduces pain after an elective caesarean section: Findings from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Emami Zeydi, A; Firouzian, A; Fooladi, E; Ghobadi, M; Gholipour Baradari, A; Hasanzadeh Kiabi, F; Khademloo, M; Nazari, Z; Sanagou, M, 2017)
"5% lidocaine is fast-onset, very effective and safe in initiating epidural analgesia for early stage labor."	2.78	Low concentration lidocaine (0.5%) bolus epidurally can initiate fast-onset, effective and safe analgesia for early stage labor. ( Liu, H; Rosinia, F; Yao, S, 2013)
"The primary long-term outcome was backache occurring within 3 months of the birth persisting for longer than 6 weeks."	2.76	Long-term effects of epidural analgesia in labor: a randomized controlled trial comparing high dose with two mobile techniques. ( Lancashire, RJ; MacArthur, C; Moore, PA; Shennan, A; Wilson, MJ, 2011)
" In this study, we sought to determine the pharmacokinetic and drug effects of prior epidural lidocaine administration on EREM."	2.76	Prior epidural lidocaine alters the pharmacokinetics and drug effects of extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur®) after cesarean delivery. ( Atkinson Ralls, L; Carvalho, B; Clavijo, CF; Drover, DR, 2011)
"Pain was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on two different days after skin application of EMLA or placebo cream on the forearms."	2.74	Pregnancy at term does not alter the responses to a mechanical and an electrical stimulus after skin EMLA application. ( Fassoulaki, A; Katafigioti, A; Paraskeva, A; Petropoulos, G; Siafaka, I, 2009)
"Levobupivacaine has a greater safety margin for cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine; consequently it has been recommended as the agent of choice for extending low-dose epidural analgesia for emergency caesarean section."	2.74	Low-dose epidural top up for emergency caesarean delivery: a randomised comparison of levobupivacaine versus lidocaine/epinephrine/fentanyl. ( Balaji, P; Dhillon, P; Russell, IF, 2009)
"Pregnancy-related low back pain is a global problem."	2.74	Corticosteroid injection treatment to the ischiadic spine reduced pain in women with long-lasting sacral low back pain with onset during pregnancy: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. ( Kristiansson, P; Lindgren, A; Torstensson, T, 2009)
"Peridural blockade with lidocaine, bupivacaine, and fentanyl is an anesthetic procedure extensively used in obstetrics, justifying the pharmacokinetic study of these drugs during labor."	2.73	Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its metabolite in peridural anesthesia administered to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. ( Cavalli, Rde C; da Cunha, SP; Duarte, G; Duarte, Lde B; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Moisés, EC, 2008)
"Fentanyl 20 micro g was added to both local anesthetics, and the total volume was diluted to 3 mL with 0."	2.71	Subarachnoid small-dose bupivacaine versus lidocaine for cervical cerclage. ( Abramovitz, S; Beilin, Y; Bernstein, HH; Bodian, C; Hossain, S; Zahn, J, 2003)
"Pregnancy has been reported to enhance the sensitivity of nerves to local anesthetics and to decrease anesthetic requirements during regional anesthesia."	2.71	Does pregnancy increase the efficacy of lumbar epidural anesthesia? ( Arakawa, M, 2004)
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were: half-life t1/2alpha 24."	2.71	Pharmacokinetics and transplacental transfer of lidocaine and its metabolite for perineal analgesic assistance to pregnant women. ( Cavalli, Rde C; da Cunha, SP; Dantas, EC; de Duarte, LB; de Prado, MF; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL, 2004)
"If fentanyl was given with the lidocaine in the para-cervical block, it potentially could improve pain control while decreasing side effects and avoiding i."	2.71	Intra-cervical versus i.v. fentanyl for abortion. ( Savoy, E; Trouton, KJ; Wiebe, ER, 2005)
"The pain was especially marked intraoperatively, less so 30 minutes post-operatively."	2.70	Pain relief using paracervical block in patients undergoing manual vacuum aspiration of uterus. ( Egziabher, TG; Ruminjo, JK; Sekadde-Kigondu, C, 2002)
"Hypotension is a common side effect associated with spinal anesthesia."	2.70	Hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 5% hyperbaric lidocaine. ( Charuluxananan, S; Kyokong, O; Leerapun, R; Pothimamaka, S, 2001)
" The dosage of lignocaine used in various studies ranges from 50 mg to 200 mg."	2.69	Comparison of two different doses of lignocaine used in paracervical block during oocyte collection in an IVF programme. ( Chui, DK; Ho, PC; Ng, EH; Tang, OS, 2000)
"Thus bupivacaine was 5."	2.68	Determination of the minimum local analgesic concentrations of epidural bupivacaine and lidocaine in labor. ( Columb, MO; Lyons, G, 1995)
"Pruritus was more pronounced within the first six hours in Group 1 and at 18 hr in Group 2."	2.68	Epidural morphine vs hydromorphone in post-caesarean section patients. ( Arellano, R; Carstoniu, J; Halpern, SH; O'Leary, G; Preston, R; Roger, S; Sandler, A, 1996)
"This study was designed to determine and compare the dose-response characteristics, speed of onset, and relative potency of single-dose epidural fentanyl (F) and sufentanil (S) for postoperative pain relief."	2.68	A randomized, double-blind, dose-response comparison of epidural fentanyl versus sufentanil analgesia after cesarean section. ( Grass, JA; Harris, AP; Michitsch, R; Sakima, NT; Schmidt, R; Zuckerman, RL, 1997)
"5%) combined with epidural lidocaine (2%)."	2.67	Low dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with epidural lidocaine for cesarean section--a balance block technique. ( Cheng, YJ; Fan, SZ; Liu, CC; Susetio, L; Wang, YP, 1994)
"Nalbuphine appears to be a disappointing agent for epidural use after Caesarean delivery."	2.67	Epidural nalbuphine for analgesia following caesarean delivery: dose-response and effect of local anaesthetic choice. ( Camann, WR; Datta, S; Gilbertson, LI; Hurley, RH; Long, ML, 1991)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale and recorded with heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate."	2.67	Post-caesarean section analgesia: a comparison of epidural butorphanol and morphine. ( Adenwala, JN; Hawkins, JL; Hess, KR; Jones, MM; Joyce, TH; Longmire, S; Morrow, DH; Palacios, QT; Skjonsby, BS, 1991)
"When patients first complained of postoperative pain in the recovery room, they were given either fentanyl 50 micrograms or butorphanol 2 mg, epidurally, in a randomized, blinded fashion."	2.67	Chloroprocaine antagonism of epidural opioid analgesia: a receptor-specific phenomenon? ( Camann, WR; Datta, S; Gilbertson, LI; Hartigan, PM; Johnson, MD, 1990)
"Chloroprocaine was detected in 12 maternal samples, in seven umbilical venous samples, and in six umbilical arterial samples."	2.65	Epidural bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine for cesarean section--maternal and neonatal effects. ( Abboud, TK; DerMardirossian, N; Kim, KC; Kuhnert, BR; Moumdjian, J; Nagappala, S; Noueihed, R; Sarkis, F, 1983)
"The two approaches were equally successful with respect to catheter insertion and analgesia and had a similar incidence of complications, although the paramedian approach caused patients more discomfort."	2.65	Forum. A comparison between the midline and paramedian approaches to the extradural space. ( Griffin, RM; Scott, RP, 1984)
"2-Chloroprocaine (CP) has recently been recommended as a less toxic alternative to amide-type local anesthetics due to its rapid metabolism."	2.65	Comparison of lidocaine and 2-chloroprocaine in paracervical block: clinical effects and drug concentrations in mother and child. ( Almonte, RO; Gundersen, K; Halevy, S; Hinsvark, ON; O'Brien, JE; Weiss, RR, 1983)
"Currently, approaches to analgesia can be categorised in two broad categories - non-pharmacological and pharmacological agents."	2.47	Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. ( Alfirevic, Z; Mujezinovic, F, 2011)
" Main outcomes recorded were dosage of lidocaine administered and amount of conscious sedation (midazolam and fentanyl) administered for pain management."	2.46	A review of physician anaesthesia prescribing practices in an abortion clinic in British Columbia. ( Fitzsimmons, BP; Hodgson, ZG; MacKay-Dunn, MH; Mo, D, 2010)
"Emergencies include arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, peripartum cardiomyopathy and hypertensive disorders."	2.44	[Arrhythmias during pregnancy]. ( Trappe, HJ, 2008)
"We describe a case of transitory monoplegia following obstetric epidural anaesthesia which we believe to be either due to direct trauma to the nerve roots or radicular artery spasm resulting in spinal cord ischaemia both secondary to the epidural catheter."	2.40	Monoplegia following obstetric epidural anaesthesia. ( Cheong, KF; Loo, CC, 1997)
" The pharmacokinetics of these compounds are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on the fetal exposure and its relationship to adverse effects on the fetus."	2.37	Clinical pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and perinatology. I. Placental transfer and fetal side effects of local anaesthetic agents. ( Nau, H, 1985)
" Special consideration, however, must be given with regard to drug selection and dosage in order to avoid adverse effects on the mother and fetus."	2.36	Antiarrhythmic drug therapy during pregnancy. ( Elkayam, U; Frishman, W; Rotmensch, HH, 1983)
"To investigate the effect of induced fetal demise on the induction to expulsion interval during later trimester medication abortion."	1.91	The effect of induced fetal demise on induction to expulsion interval during later medication abortion: A retrospective cohort. ( Gudu, W; Shimeles, T; Sium, AF, 2023)
"Hemorrhoids are a common anorectal disease that causes pain, itching, and burning."	1.91	Procto-Glyvenol© accelerates the natural healing process of wounds: a pre-clinical study. ( Angelico, P; Belmonte, B; Biondi, S; Callegari, E; Malinverno, M; Pellerani, I; Pirona, L; Tripodo, C, 2023)
"Lidocaine was the predominant finding followed by caffeine, and diphenhydramine all of which could result from non-illicit drug exposure, however, there were positives for levamisole, phenacetin, noxiptillin and xylazine none of which are approved in the United States for human therapeutic use."	1.72	Qualitative LC-Q-TOF Analysis of Umbilical Cord Tissue via Data-Dependent Acquisition as an Indicator of In Utero Exposure to Toxic Adulterating Substances. ( Browne, T; Cervantes, A; Logan, BK; Nelson, BN; Strathmann, FG, 2022)
"Studies described Horner's syndrome due to cephalic spread of injected anaesthetics, a high spinal anaesthesia, or a sign of an inadvertent subdural block."	1.62	Atypical presentation of subdural block resulting in Horner's syndrome and loss of consciousness. ( Cernadas, M; Chua, KJ, 2021)
"Fetal demise was considered successful if achieved within 24 hours after fetal intra-cardiac lidocaine administration."	1.62	Intra-cardiac lidocaine administration to induce fetal demise before late second-trimester abortion: Retrospective review. ( Abas, F; Bell, JD; Kahn, C; MacAfee, L; Prager, S; Tolu, LB; Tufa, TH, 2021)
"Pregnancy is associated with increased coarctation-associated complications."	1.51	Combined General and Epidural Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Delivery of Twins in a Parturient With Coarctation of Aorta. ( Modak, S; Rayadurg, V; Tendolkar, BA; Thakur, D, 2019)
"Pulmonary atresia witha ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries is an extremely rare congenital disorder characterized by a high risk of maternal mortality."	1.48	Anesthetic management for cesarean delivery in a patient with uncorrected pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. ( Chen, DD; Fang, KY; Gang, SP; Liu, XL; Ma, XW; Ma, Y; Wang, RP; Xiang, DK; Zhang, FX, 2018)
"Headaches are a common symptom during pregnancy."	1.48	Management of anesthesia for cesarean delivery in a patient with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. ( Parikh, N, 2018)
" Although it is considered safe and effective, CSE can be complicated by local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), a potentially life-threatening condition."	1.46	Two for One: A Case Report of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion to Treat Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity in Term Pregnancy. ( Dun-Chi Lin, J; Horlocker, TT; Missair, A; Sivanesan, E, 2017)
"Cesarean scar pregnancy and cervical pregnancy are unrelated forms of pathological pregnancies carrying significant diagnostic and treatment challenges, with a wide range of treatment effectiveness and complication rates ranging from 10% to 62%."	1.43	A new minimally invasive treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy and cervical pregnancy. ( Bennett, TA; Foley, C; Kaelin Agten, A; Monteagudo, A; Ramos, J; Timor-Tritsch, IE, 2016)
"To demonstrate a possible alternative treatment for postdural puncture headache (PDPH)."	1.43	Transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block for the treatment of postdural puncture headache in obstetric patients. ( Kent, S; Mehaffey, G, 2016)
"Spinal myoclonus following neuraxial anesthesia is rare."	1.43	Myoclonus-like involuntary movements following cesarean delivery epidural anesthesia. ( Hong, EP; Kang, HY; Kang, JM; Lee, SM; Lee, SW; Park, SW; Sim, YH, 2016)
"Severe acute postoperative pain (VNPS ≥70) was predicted by severe ILA pain with a sensitivity of 91."	1.42	Severe pain during local infiltration for spinal anaesthesia predicts post-caesarean pain. ( Artiuch, A; Aviram, A; Eidelman, LA; Fireman, S; Ioscovich, A; Kadechenko, T; Klein, Z; Landau, R; Mazarib, N; Orbach-Zinger, S; Reuveni, A, 2015)
"Cystic fibrosis affects 1 in 1600-2500 live births and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner."	1.40	Anaesthesia for parturients with severe cystic fibrosis: a case series. ( Ash, S; Deighan, M; McMorrow, R, 2014)
"A sensitive, selective, and reproducible in-tube solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatographic (in-tube SPME/LC-UV) method for determination of lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) in human plasma has been developed, validated, and further applied to pharmacokinetic study in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subjected to epidural anesthesia."	1.38	Automated analysis of lidocaine and its metabolite in plasma by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with LC-UV for pharmacokinetic study. ( Caris, JA; Lanchote, VL; Moisés, EC; Queiroz, ME; Silva, BJ, 2012)
"Pregnancy was terminated by KCl injection in two cases and by injection of lidocaine and sufentanil in the other two cases."	1.36	Lethal injection of potassium chloride: first description of the pathological appearance of organs. ( Bartoli, C; Coulibaly, B; Léonetti, G; Liprandi, A; Pellissier, JF; Piercecchi-Marti, MD, 2010)
"Horner's syndrome is a rare complication of epidural analgesia for labor."	1.34	Trigeminal nerve palsy and Horner's syndrome following epidural analgesia for labor: a subdural block? ( Avellanal, M; Baticón, P; De la Gala, F; González-Zarco, LM; Reyes, A, 2007)
"The seizures were usually present in the form of tonic attacks of fore and hind limbs, followed by intermittent clonic movements."	1.32	Perinatal hypothyroidism increases the susceptibility to lidocaine-kindling in adult rats. ( Hernández-García, A; Ortiz-Butrón, R; Pacheco-Rosado, J, 2004)
"The management of arrhythmias during pregnancy is, in principle, similar to that in nonpregnant patients, however, special consideration must be given, to avoid adverse fetal effects."	1.31	[Treatment of cardiac arrhythmia in pregnant women]. ( Halawa, B, 2000)
"2 mg/kg; elimination half-life 113."	1.30	The pharmacokinetics of epidural lidocaine and bupivacaine during cesarean section. ( Arney, TL; Downing, JW; Gonzalez, HF; Herman, NL; Johnson, HV; Johnson, RF, 1997)
"Thrombocytopenia is considered a relative contraindication to the administration of regional anesthesia."	1.30	Safe epidural analgesia in thirty parturients with platelet counts between 69,000 and 98,000 mm(-3). ( Beilin, Y; Comerford, M; Zahn, J, 1997)
"Von Hippel Lindau disease is characterized by diffuse haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system (CNS) and viscera."	1.29	Caesarean section and phaeochromocytoma resection in a patient with Von Hippel Lindau disease. ( Benjamin, A; Joffe, D; Robbins, R, 1993)
"However, studies of hemorrhagic shock in nonpregnant animals may not be applicable to less severe hemorrhage in pregnant animals."	1.28	Epidural anesthesia worsens uterine blood flow and fetal oxygenation during hemorrhage in gravid ewes. ( Chatterjee, P; Chestnut, DH; DeBruyn, CS; Sipes, SL; Thompson, CS; Vincent, RD, 1992)
"Lidocaine is a well-documented local anaesthetic often used for paracervical block (PCB) in pregnant women."	1.28	The concentration of lidocaine in follicular fluid when used for paracervical block in a human IVF-ET programme. ( Evers, H; Jakobsson, AH; Sandqvist, U; Sjöblom, P; Wikland, M, 1990)
"Lidocaine was infused at a constant rate of 0."	1.28	Adverse effects of maternally administered lidocaine on the asphyxiated preterm fetal lamb. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Santos, AC; Schapiro, HM, 1989)
"Lidocaine was infused intravenously to the mother at a constant rate of 0."	1.27	Does gestational age affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lidocaine in mother and fetus? ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Plosker, H; Santos, AC, 1988)
" However, the balance between these changes in Vd beta and Cl did not result in a significant difference in the elimination half-life of lidocaine (38."	1.27	Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. ( Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Santos, AC, 1988)
"This is the longest cardiac arrest in early pregnancy reported in the medical literature with normal maternal and fetal outcome."	1.27	Complete maternal and fetal recovery after prolonged cardiac arrest. ( Burke, TJ; Selden, BS, 1988)
"The effect of preeclampsia on the binding of lidocaine to serum proteins was studied in 25 term parturients with severe preeclampsia and in 21 normal parturients serving as controls."	1.27	Lidocaine protein binding in preeclampsia. ( Bottorff, MB; Boucher, BA; Hoon, TJ; Pieper, JA; Ramanathan, J; Sibai, BM, 1987)
"Lidocaine toxicity has been associated with fetal distress secondary to fetal ion trapping in the presence of acidosis."	1.27	Lidocaine toxicity after maternal pudendal anesthesia in a term infant with fetal distress. ( Bozynski, ME; Patel, JA; Rubarth, LB, 1987)
"Lidocaine has been used in obstetrical anaesthesia for many years but there are still concerns about possible adverse affects of this drug on the foetus in utero."	1.27	The effect of lidocaine on regional blood flows and cardiac output in the non-stressed and the stressed foetal lamb. ( Bachman, C; Biehl, D; Friesen, C; Meatheral, R; Yarnell, R, 1986)
" The laboratory session was rescheduled 2 weeks later, using the same ewes and a reduced dosage of lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg)."	1.27	Iatrogenic lidocaine toxicosis in ewes. ( Scarratt, WK; Troutt, HF, 1986)
"Pregnancy is associated with a wider dermatomal spread of local anesthetics after epidural and spinal anesthesia."	1.27	Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid progesterone concentrations in pregnant and nonpregnant women. ( Concepcion, M; Datta, S; Hurley, RJ; Lambert, DH; Naulty, JS; Ostheimer, GW; Stern, P; Tulchinsky, D; Weiss, JB, 1986)
" There were no significant differences between normotensive and preeclamptic patients in the total dose of lidocaine, peak maternal plasma concentration, volume of distribution, maternal elimination half-life and umbilical vein/maternal vein ratios."	1.27	The pharmacokinetics and maternal and neonatal effects of epidural lidocaine in preeclampsia. ( Bottorff, M; Jeter, JN; Khalil, M; Ramanathan, J; Sibai, BM, 1986)
"Our results suggest that the neonatal jaundice associated with maternal anesthesia, especially bupivacaine, may be related to the observations that these agents cross the placenta, bind to the red cell membrane and reduce its filterability, resulting in shortened red cell survival."	1.27	Bupivacaine alters red blood cell properties: a possible explanation for neonatal jaundice associated with maternal anesthesia. ( Clark, DA; Landaw, SA, 1985)
"Lidocaine was the drug used in the analgesia groups."	1.26	Metabolic effects of obstetric regional analgesia and of asphyxia in the newborn infant during the first two hours after birth. III. Adjustment of arterial blood gases and acid-base balance. ( Bratteby, LE; Swanström, S, 1981)
" An identical sequence of toxic manifestations occurred in the adult, newborn, and fetus: convulsions, hypotension, respiratory arrest, and circulatory collapse."	1.26	Toxicity of lidocaine in adult, newborn, and fetal sheep. ( Bruce, SL; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Gutsche, BB; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Sakuma, K; Stark, RI, 1981)
"Lidocaine was used in the analgesia groups."	1.26	Metabolic effects of obstetric regional analgesia and of asphyxia in the newborn infant during the first two hours after birth. I. Arterial blood glucose concentrations. ( Bratteby, LE; Swanström, S, 1981)
"Lidocaine was infused into the fetal jugular vein until cardiac arrest occurred, following which fetal brain, heart, lungs liver and kidneys were obtained."	1.26	Toxicity and distribution of lidocaine in nonasphyxiated and asphyxiated baboon fetuses. ( Covino, BG; Morishima, HO, 1981)
"Pain was positively associated with 1) age of 15 years or less, 2) with gestation of less than 7 weeks or more than 12 and with dilatation on a curvilnear basis, and 3) with patient fear."	1.26	Pain of first-trimester abortion: its quantification and relations with other variables. ( Chirchirillo, L; McCarthy, MJ; Smith, GM; Stubblefield, PG, 1979)
"Lidocaine was infused intravenously to the mother for 60 minutes during arterial lidocaine concentrations were maintained at 2 to 5 microgram per milliliter in the mother and at less than 2 microgram per milliliter in the fetus."	1.26	Relationship of fetal bradycardia to maternal administration of lidocaine in sheep. ( Barkus, JC; Covino, BG; Gutsche, BG; James, LS; Milliez, JM; Morishima, HO; Stark, RI, 1979)
"Lidocaine, 5--10 mg/kg, was injected intravenously either into the fetus or newborn lamb or into nonpregnant adult sheep."	1.26	Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in fetal and neonatal lambs and adult sheep. ( Covino, BG; Finster, M; Fukunaga, A; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Ronfeld, RA; Vassallo, HG, 1979)
" By using a modified jet injector instead of the standard syringe-and-needle technique, we obtained equal analgesia with one fifth of the standard milligram dosage of lidocaine in patients undergoing therapeutic abortion."	1.26	A safer method for paracervical block in therapeutic abortions. ( McKenzie, R; Shaffer, WL, 1978)
" A dose-response curve indicated that maximum responses were obtained at the 1000-microng/ml concentration (0."	1.26	Response of arterial segments from gravid human uterus to multiple concentrations of lignocaine. ( Gibbs, CP; Noel, SC, 1977)
"of lidocaine were reviewed."	1.26	Post--paracervical block bradycardia: its prediction and preventability. ( Crocker, K; Goodlin, RC; Haesslein, HC, 1976)
"Lidocaine was administered into a fetal femoral vein either as a continuous infusion or as a bolus injection."	1.26	Gestational differences in lidocaine toxicity in the fetal lamb. ( Benowitz, N; Heymann, MA; Rudolph, AM; Teramo, K, 1976)
" Dose-response curves determined in nonpregnant ewes indicate that significant decreases in blood flow may occur at arterial blood concentrations encountered clinically."	1.26	Effects of local anesthetic agents on the uterine vasculatures and myometrium. ( Anderson, SG; Greiss, FC; Still, JG, 1976)

Research

Studies (811)

Authors

Clinical Trials (65)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Overall Pain

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	417 (51.42)	18.7374
1990's	140 (17.26)	18.2507
2000's	118 (14.55)	29.6817
2010's	96 (11.84)	24.3611
2020's	40 (4.93)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Chua, KJ	1
Cernadas, M	1
Nelson, BN	1
Strathmann, FG	1
Browne, T	1
Cervantes, A	1
Logan, BK	1
Liu, SM	1
Shaw, KA	4
Guan, X	1
Jiao, Z	1
Gong, X	1
Cao, H	1
Liu, S	1
Lan, H	1
Huang, X	1
Tan, Y	1
Xu, B	1
Lin, C	1
Rayssiguier, R	2
Fuchs, F	2
Mousty, E	2
Morau, E	1
Hlioua, T	1
Wells, C	1
Musizzano, Y	2
Nagot, N	1
Graf, C	1
Legoux, C	1
Boulot, P	2
Dumont, C	2
Reeves, MF	1
Goldfarb, CN	1
Rubin, SL	1
Kuperstock, JL	1
DiBianco, L	1
Picciotto, A	1
Hussein, A	1
Torky, H	1
Aly, R	1
Abdel-Rasheed, M	1
El-Baz, A	1
Mahmoud, H	1
Sileem, S	1
Badawy, M	1
Sayd, Z	1
Dief, O	1
Elsadek, A	1
Marie, H	1
Abo-Louz, A	1
Crouthamel, B	1
Economou, N	1
Averbach, S	1
Rible, R	1
Kully, G	1
Meckstroth, K	1
Mody, SK	1
Desai, N	1
Elane, GL	1
Pablo, L	1
Fackler, B	1
Biedrzycki, AH	1
Dagasan Cetin, G	1
Dostbil, A	1
Aksoy, M	1
Kasali, K	1
Ince, R	1
Kahramanlar, AA	1
Atalay, C	1
Topdagi Yilmaz, EP	2
Ince, I	1
Ozkal, MS	1
Lee, LO	1
Ramirez-Chapman, AL	1
White, DL	1
Zhang, X	1
Lu, M	1
Suresh, MS	1
Montaguti, E	1
Angilletta, E	1
Doroldi, S	1
Fabbri, E	1
Montedoro, C	1
Petrillo, F	1
Pilu, G	1
Lechat, T	1
d'Aprigny, T	1
Henriot, J	1
Arthur, J	1
Sylla, D	1
Bénard, A	1
Nouette-Gaulain, K	1
Cha, NH	1
Hu, Y	1
Zhu, GH	1
Long, X	1
Jiang, JJ	1
Gong, Y	1
Sium, AF	1
Shimeles, T	1
Gudu, W	1
Zhou, X	1
Zhong, Y	1
Pan, Z	1
Zhang, J	1
Pan, J	1
Gawron, I	1
Baran, R	1
Zmaczynski, A	1
Babczyk, D	1
Jach, R	1
Pietrus, M	1
Malinverno, M	1
Callegari, E	1
Pirona, L	1
Pellerani, I	1
Belmonte, B	1
Tripodo, C	1
Angelico, P	1
Biondi, S	1
Powell, MF	1
Jarzombek, KW	1
Venhuizen, KJ	1
Tubinis, MD	1
Morgan, CJ	1
Frölich, MA	1
Homkrun, P	1
Tongsong, T	1
Srisupundit, K	1
Shoab, AY	1
Maged, AM	1
Ramadan, W	1
Dahab, S	1
Deeb, WS	1
Ali, YZA	1
Mostafa, WAI	1
Hussein, EA	1
Thakur, D	1
Modak, S	1
Rayadurg, V	1
Tendolkar, BA	1
Abbas, AM	3
Magdy, F	1
Salem, MN	1
Bahloul, M	1
Mitwaly, ABA	1
Ahmed, AGM	1
Abdelbadee, AY	1
Kennedy, JP	1
Crociata, A	1
Burgess, A	1
Miller, K	1
Escobar-Botero, AM	1
Hasham, F	1
Meyer, R	1
Cahan, T	1
Yagel, I	1
Afek, A	1
Derazne, E	1
Bar-Shavit, Y	1
Yuval, Y	1
Admon, D	1
Shina, A	1
Ferreira, LS	1
de Nadai, MN	1
Poli-Neto, OB	2
Franceschini, SA	1
Juliato, CRT	1
Monteiro, IMU	1
Bahamondes, L	1
Vieira, CS	1
Barel, O	1
Preuss, E	1
Stolovitch, N	1
Weinberg, S	1
Barzilay, E	1
Pansky, M	1
Li, JZ	1
Wang, L	1
Li, XZ	1
Yu, WG	1
Kang, LP	1
Liu, YQ	1
Ji, XH	1
Wu, XF	1
Wang, MS	1
Tao, H	1
Sharawi, N	1
Bansal, P	1
Williams, M	3
Spencer, H	1
Mhyre, JM	2
Tolu, LB	1
Tufa, TH	1
Abas, F	1
Kahn, C	1
MacAfee, L	1
Prager, S	1
Bell, JD	1
López, T	1
Sastre, JA	1
Gómez-Ríos, MA	1
Baek, SY	1
Kim, JW	1
Kim, TW	1
Han, W	1
Lee, DE	1
Ryu, KH	1
Park, SG	1
Jeong, CY	1
Park, DH	1
Melcer, Y	1
Nimrodi, M	1
Levinsohn-Tavor, O	1
Gal-Kochav, M	1
Pekar-Zlotin, M	1
Maymon, R	1
Antony, KM	1
Adams, JH	1
Jacques, L	1
Hetzel, S	1
Chappell, RJ	1
Gnadt, SE	1
Tevaarwerk, AJ	1
Abu-Zaid, A	1
Alomar, O	1
Abuzaid, M	1
Baradwan, S	1
Kadah, KA	1
Magzoub, D	1
Al-Badawi, IA	1
Salem, H	1
Abd Ellah, NH	1
Hosny, MA	1
Abdellah, MS	1
Ali, MK	1
Höbek Akarsu, R	1
Kuş, B	1
Doğukan Akarsu, G	1
Topdaği, YE	1
Aydin, ME	1
Ates, I	1
Oral Ahiskalioglu, E	1
de Queiroz, VKP	1
da Nóbrega Marinho, AM	1
de Barros, GAM	1
Skovbjerg, BK	1
Hartig-Andreasen, C	1
Sædder, EA	1
Lerma, K	3
Hughes, T	1
Hastings, C	1
Fok, WK	1
Blumenthal, PD	3
Wei, CN	1
Zhang, YF	2
Xia, F	1
Wang, LZ	2
Zhou, QH	1
Maxey-Jones, CL	1
Palmerton, A	1
Farmer, JR	1
Bateman, BT	1
Kempen, PM	1
Gholipour Baradari, A	1
Firouzian, A	1
Hasanzadeh Kiabi, F	1
Emami Zeydi, A	1
Khademloo, M	1
Nazari, Z	1
Sanagou, M	1
Ghobadi, M	1
Fooladi, E	1
Asgari, Z	1
Razavi, M	1
Hosseini, R	1
Nataj, M	1
Rezaeinejad, M	1
Sepidarkish, M	1
MacFater, WS	1
Rahiri, JL	1
Lauti, M	1
Su'a, B	1
Hill, AG	1
Soon, R	1
Tschann, M	1
Salcedo, J	1
Stevens, K	1
Ahn, HJ	1
Kaneshiro, B	1
Grosse-Steffen, T	1
Krämer, M	1
Tuschy, B	1
Weiss, C	1
Sütterlin, M	1
Berlit, S	1
Zakus, P	1
Bittencourt, R	1
Downey, K	2
Tsui, BCH	1
Carvalho, JCA	1
Liu, Y	1
Pan, L	1
Wang, Y	1
Allen, RH	2
Singh, R	1
Campos Martins Chamochumbi, C	1
Toscano, P	1
Pitanguy Julio, M	1
Marques, W	1
Rosa-E-Silva, JC	1
Candido-Dos-Reis, FJ	1
Nogueira, AA	1
Ali, SS	1
Perez, MJ	1
Ménard, A	1
Levin, D	1
Cohen, S	1
Mellender, S	1
Kiss, G	1
Selvi, O	1
Tulgar, S	1
Gang, SP	1
Fang, KY	1
Ma, Y	1
Zhang, FX	1
Xiang, DK	1
Liu, XL	1
Wang, RP	1
Chen, DD	1
Ma, XW	1
Parikh, N	2
Demeulemeester, V	1
Van Hautem, H	1
Cools, F	1
Lefevere, J	1
Yoshimura, M	1
Murakami, Y	1
Matsumoto, Y	1
Torumi, T	1
Nakata, M	1
Schivone, GB	1
Montgomery, C	1
Wright, P	1
Conti, JA	2
Ibrahim, M	1
Gomaa, E	1
Faden, MS	1
Rosner, M	1
Miller, JL	1
Baschat, AA	1
Vincent, R	1
Blackburn, J	1
Wienecke, G	1
Bautista, A	1
Rekawek, P	1
Stone, JL	1
Robles, B	1
Connolly, KA	1
Bigelow, CA	1
Tudela, F	1
Bianco, AT	1
Veces, A	1
Reyes, O	1
Bidon, C	1
Desgranges, FP	1
Riegel, AC	1
Allaouchiche, B	1
Chassard, D	1
Bouvet, L	1
Sherratt, K	1
Adams, K	1
Gutton, C	1
Bellefleur, JP	1
Puppo, S	1
Brunet, J	1
Antonini, F	1
Leone, M	1
Bretelle, F	1
Torstensson, T	2
Lindgren, A	2
Kristiansson, P	2
Clivatti, J	1
Siddiqui, N	2
Goel, A	1
Shaw, M	1
Crisan, I	1
Carvalho, JC	4
López-Cepero, R	1
Lynch, L	1
de la Vega, A	1
Elimian, A	1
Goodman, JR	1
Knudtson, E	1
Wagner, A	1
Wilson, P	1
Raker, C	1
Goyal, V	1
Hu, XX	1
Chang, XY	1
Cuneo, BF	2
Strasburger, JF	2
Yu, S	1
Horigome, H	1
Hosono, T	1
Kandori, A	1
Wakai, RT	2
Nilsson, MF	1
Ritchie, H	1
Webster, WS	1
Deighan, M	1
Ash, S	1
McMorrow, R	1
Açmaz, G	2
Aksoy, H	2
Özoğlu, N	2
Aksoy, Ü	2
Albayrak, E	1
Waldvogel, D	1
Bleul, U	1
Liu, H	1
Yao, S	1
Rosinia, F	2
Darfelt, IW	1
Aasvang, EK	1
Wei, JS	1
Jin, ZB	1
Yin, ZQ	1
Xie, QM	1
Chen, JQ	1
Li, ZG	1
Tang, HF	1
Mercier, RJ	1
Liberty, A	1
Niraj, G	1
Kelkar, A	1
Girotra, V	1
Moises, EC	3
Duarte, Lde B	2
Cavalli, Rde C	3
Carvalho, DM	1
Filgueira, GC	1
Marques, MP	2
Lanchote, VL	5
Duarte, G	4
Orbach-Zinger, S	1
Aviram, A	1
Fireman, S	1
Kadechenko, T	1
Klein, Z	1
Mazarib, N	1
Artiuch, A	1
Reuveni, A	1
Ioscovich, A	1
Eidelman, LA	1
Landau, R	1
Ozyurt, S	1
Aydın, T	1
İdem Karadağ, Ö	1
Tayyar, AT	1
Timor-Tritsch, IE	2
Monteagudo, A	1
Bennett, TA	1
Foley, C	1
Ramos, J	1
Kaelin Agten, A	1
Liao, Z	1
Xiong, Y	1
Luo, L	1
Renner, RM	2
Edelman, AB	2
Nichols, MD	4
Jensen, JT	4
Lim, JY	1
Bednarek, PH	1
Dudley, ES	1
Johnson, RA	1
French, DC	1
Boivin, GP	1
Piccinno, M	1
Rizzo, A	1
Mutinati, M	1
D'Onghia, G	1
Sciorsci, RL	1
Crimmins, S	1
Vashit, S	1
Doyle, L	1
Harman, C	1
Turan, O	1
Turan, S	1
Kent, S	1
Mehaffey, G	1
Kang, HY	1
Lee, SW	1
Hong, EP	1
Sim, YH	1
Lee, SM	1
Park, SW	1
Kang, JM	1
Weiniger, CF	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Assessing the Effect of Paracervical Block Volume on Pain Control for Dilation and Curettage: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03636451]	Phase 3	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-29	Completed
The Value of Endocervical and Endometrial Lidocaine Flushing Before Office Hystroscopy[NCT03530488]	Phase 4	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Use of Nitrous Oxide for Pain Alleviation in Women Undergoing Osmotic Dilator Insertion for Second Trimester Dilatation and Evacuation[NCT05579288]	Early Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-31	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind Study Comparing 3% Chloroprocaine Versus 2 % Lidocaine/ Epinephrine/ Bicarbonate/ Fentanyl for Epidural Anesthesia in Elective Cesarean Delivery[NCT03414359]	Early Phase 1	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-15	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Intrauterine Lidocaine Flushing in Hysterosalpingo-foam Sonography: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04433611]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-17	Recruiting
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch for Post-Cesarean Pain Control for Women With Obesity: a Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03810235]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-15	Completed
Effect of Self-administered Lidocaine In-situ Gel Prior to Intrauterine Device Insertion in Women With no Previous Vaginal Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Study[NCT03166111]	Phase 3	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Completed
12 Versus 20 mL Paracervical Block for Pain-Control During Cervical Preparation for Dilation and Evacuation: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03356145]	Phase 4	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-01	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Active-Comparator, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority Study of the Efficacy of Continuous Nerve Block vs Single Block Plus Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain.[NCT04208516]	Phase 4	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-26	Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment was unable to be obtained in a timely fashion, so the study was stopped.)
Addition of Buprenorphine to Paracervical Block Prior to Osmotic Dilator Insertion for Dilation and Evacuation: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04254081]	Phase 4	57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-28	Completed
Paracervical Block for Pain Associated With Laminaria Insertion[NCT02454296]		41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Pain Control During Cervical Dilator Placement Prior to Dilation and Evacuation: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03868787]		74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-01	Completed
The Response Patterns to the Electrical Stimulation of Epidural Catheters With Varying Pulse Widths in Term Pregnant Women[NCT02762149]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to Analysis after 20 patients was convincing for a negative result for the primary outcome, so the study was stopped.)
Intravenous Ketamine for Pain Control During First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT03751423]	Phase 3	123 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-10	Suspended (stopped due to Study on-hold due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Will resume when possible.)
Self-administered Lidocaine Gel for Pain-control During Cervical Preparation for Dilation and Evacuation: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02852434]	Phase 3	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Efficacy of Midazolam Addition to Local Anesthetic in Peribulbar Block. Randomized, Controlled Trial[NCT03397069]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
A Randomized Trial to Determine if Local Anesthesia Decreases Pain Perception in Women Undergoing Chorionic Villus Sampling[NCT03140293]	Early Phase 1	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Completed
"Clinical Study on Pain Control of Cervical Dilation by Lidocaine Solution Injected Into a Single-use Micro-non-invasive Injection Cervical Dilator"[NCT05955768]		74 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-21	Enrolling by invitation
Injection Treatment of Slow-Release Corticosteroid to the Sacrospinous Ligament Insertions on Women With Long-Lasting Low Back Pain Starting in Pregnancy.[NCT00757016]		38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
The Efficacy of Ultrasound Guided Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament Corticosteroid Injection in Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02044991]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-24	Terminated (stopped due to The study was halted prematurely due to poor recruitment)
A Randomized Controlled Trial of 2% Lidocaine Gel for IUD Insertion[NCT01292447]		150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Effect of Adding Vaginal Isosorbide Mononitrate to Misoprostol Prior to Intrauterine Device Insertion in Women Delivered Only by Elective Cesarean Section: a Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT03587077]		113 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Fetal Electrophysiologic Abnormalities in High-risk Pregnancies Associated With Fetal Demise[NCT03775954]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-07-01	Recruiting
[NCT01947205]		111 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Oral Sedation During Cervical Dilator Placement: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03202550]	Phase 4	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-28	Completed
Gabapentin for Pain Control After Osmotic Dilator Insertion and Prior to D&E Procedure: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03080493]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-20	Completed
Intrauterine Lidocaine for Pain Control During Laminaria Insertion Prior to Dilation & Evacuation (D&E)[NCT01541293]	Phase 1	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Buffered Lidocaine for Paracervical Block to Decrease Injection Pain During First Trimester Uterine Aspirations[NCT03107754]	Phase 4	98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-15	Completed
Auricular Acupuncture as Adjunct for Pain Management During First Trimester Uterine Aspiration.[NCT03391986]		153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-09	Completed
Self-Administered Lidocaine Gel for Pain Management With First Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02447029]	Phase 3	142 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
The Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block as a Treatment Modality for Post-dural Puncture Headache in the Post-partum Patient[NCT03385772]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-31	Not yet recruiting
A Multicenter Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block for the Treatment of the Postdural Puncture Headache After Labor Epidural[NCT03560349]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Both Study PI's left the institution)
Analgesic Effect of IntraPeritoneal LIGNOcaine in Gynaecological Open Surgery: A Double-blinded Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial (IP LIGNO Trial)[NCT05897385]		112 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-22	Recruiting
Ropivacaine 0.75% Versus Levobupivacaine 0.5% for Conversion of Labour Epidural to Surgical Anaesthesia for Emergency Caesarean Section.[NCT01160965]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Not able provide staff for recruting at present)
Methemoglobin Levels in Generally Anesthetized Pediatric Dental Patients Receiving Prilocaine Versus Lidocaine[NCT01402869]		91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial on the Effect of Levobupivacaine Infiltration Versus Placebo on the Post Partum Perineal Pain in Episiotomy in Primiparous Women After Instrumental Delivery[NCT02796547]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-14	Withdrawn (stopped due to Lack of human ressources)
Paracervical Block for Pain Control During Osmotic Dilator Placement: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02354092]		14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-02	Terminated
Paracervical Block With Ketorolac and Lidocaine in First Trimester Surgical Abortions[NCT00617097]	Phase 2/Phase 3	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Is the Application of Scopolamine Patch With or Without Intra-operative Acupressure Point P6 Stimulation More Effective Than Intra-operative Acupressure Point P6 Stimulation Alone?[NCT02960113]	Phase 4	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
Analgesic Benefit of Locally Injected Bupivacaine on Perineal Pain Among Women With Epidural Anesthesia After a Vaginal Delivery: a Randomized, Single-masked, Controlled Trial[NCT03672500]		23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-14	Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment issues)
Efficacy of a Single-shot Wound Infiltration With Bupivacaine/Adrenalin During Cesarean Section in Reducing Postoperative Pain. A Randomized Prospective Controlled Trial[NCT03395912]		288 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-25	Completed
A Comparison of Two Different Anesthetic Application (Sedation / Analgesia & LMA) on Anxiety Level and Patient Satisfaction in Patients With in Vitro Fertilization: Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03814330]		140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-24	Completed
An Evaluation of the Paracervical Block for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01094366]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Lidocaine Patches After Cesarean Section[NCT04443569]	Phase 3	93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-10	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Intrathecal Chloroprocaine vs. Bupivacaine for Cervical Cerclage[NCT03305575]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-13	Completed
An Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01330459]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Double Blind, Randomized, Prospective Trial of Impact of Pain Scores on Intrauterine Lidocaine vs Normal Saline Infusion Before IUD Placement.[NCT01311102]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
A Comparison of Intrauterine Lidocaine Infusion and Paracervical Block for Pain Management in First Trimester Abortions[NCT00613821]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Low Epidural Anesthesia With Chloroprocaine Versus Lidocaine: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded Multi-centre Clinical Trial in China[NCT02287870]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
A Comparison of Lidocaine, Buffered Lidocaine, and Bacteriostatic Normal Saline for Local Anesthesia Prior to Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization[NCT01759459]	Phase 4	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
A Randomised, Open, Controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-Centre Phase II Clinical Study of Lidocain Pertubation as Treatment for Couples With Unexplained Infertility[NCT00449449]	Phase 2	330 participants	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled, Parallel Groups, Multi-center Phase II Clinical Study of Lidocaine Pertubation as a Treatment for Couples With Unexplained Infertility[NCT03386552]	Phase 2	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-06-20	Recruiting
Which Position is Best: A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effect That Position Has on Walking Labour Epidural Analgesia[NCT04469101]		216 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-31	Recruiting
Pain Control for Intrauterine Device Placement: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Paracervical Block[NCT02219308]		67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Bacteriostatic Saline as a Local Anesthetic in Minor Eyelid Procedures[NCT05294640]	Phase 4	95 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-05-17	Completed
Effect of Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine on Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair[NCT06120530]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-15	Recruiting
Optimizing Patient Analgesic Experience During IVF[NCT01814657]		308 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Relief During Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval Using Conscious Sedation[NCT03472430]		160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-04	Completed
A Randomized Study on Use of Virtual Reality Technology for Pain Relief in Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval Under Conscious Sedation[NCT05218382]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-01	Recruiting
A Retrospective Case-controlled Study of the Association Between Request to Discontinue Second Stage Labor Epidural Analgesia and Risk of Instrumental Vaginal Delivery[NCT00443560]		2,162 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-01-31	Completed
"Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Use in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A New Algorithm Named One Shock Per Minute"[NCT00139542]	Phase 3	5,107 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
Maternal-Fetal Monitoring of Patients With Rheumatic Heart Disease During Dental Procedure Under Local Anesthesia[NCT00482573]	Phase 1	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
Prospective, Observational and Bicentric Study of the Management of Arterial Hypotension During Planned Caesarean Section. Practice Comparison Between a Referral Center Using According to Service Protocol, an Intravenous Ephedrine/Phenylephrine Mixture at[NCT05513066]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-09-02	Recruiting
Effect of Epidural Dexmedetomidine VS Nalbuphine for Labor Analgesia[NCT05327088]	Phase 2	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-12	Completed
Interaction Between Epidural 2-chloroprocaine and Epidural Morphine: Effect of Timing on Efficacy of Morphine Analgesia After 2-chloroprocaine Anesthesia[NCT00487084]		136 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded after the procedure reflecting the overall pain felt during the procedure. Pain will be assessed using a 100 mm visual analogue scale with the anchors 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable. (NCT03636451)
Timeframe: Once 10 minutes after the procedure on the day of recruitment, approximately one minute.

Pain 10 Minutes Post Procedure

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
20cc 1% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	57
40cc Buffered 0.5% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	56

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded 10 minutes after the completion of the procedure. Pain will be assessed using a 100 mm visual analogue scale with the anchors 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable. (NCT03636451)
Timeframe: Once 10 minutes after the procedure on the day of recruitment, approximately one minute.

Pain With Cervical Dilation

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
20cc 1% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	26
40cc Buffered 0.5% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	11

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded at time of cervical dilation. Pain will be assessed using a 100 mm visual analogue scale with the anchors 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable. (NCT03636451)
Timeframe: Once during the procedure on the day of recruitment, approximately one minute. During procedure at time of cervical dilation.

Pain With Uterine Aspiration

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
20cc 1% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	52
40cc Buffered 0.5% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	45

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded immediately after uterine aspiration. Pain will be assessed using a 100 mm visual analogue scale with the anchors 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable. (NCT03636451)
Timeframe: Once during the procedure on the day of recruitment, approximately 1 minute. During procedure immediately after uterine aspiration.

Secondary Outcome: Number of Participants With Requirement for Intraoperative Analgesia Supplementation

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
20cc 1% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	46
40cc Buffered 0.5% Lidocaine With 2 Units of Vasopressin Paracervical Block	58

This requirement for any rescue medications to control discomfort or pain during CD (NCT03414359)
Timeframe: 1 hour

The Onset Time to Surgical Anesthesia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
2% Lidocaine	4
3% Chloroprocaine	7

The onset time to surgical anesthesia, as reported by the participant using a standard procedure This will be measured by the time taken from the end of the epidural loading dose to develop a loss of touch sensation using a neurotip® (Owen Mumford, USA) device bilaterally at the T7 dermatomal level using a non-inferiority study design. A non-inferiority limit of 3 minutes was chosen apriori. (NCT03414359)
Timeframe: Up to 35 minutes

Dose Opioids (Measured in Total Morphine Milligram Equivalents (mg) of All Pills) Prescribed at Discharge

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
2% Lidocaine	558
3% Chloroprocaine	655

Dose opioids (measured in total morphine milligram equivalents (mg) of all pills) prescribed at discharge (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours

Length of Hospital Stay

Intervention	MME (mg) (Mean)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	168.35
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	154.10

Measured in hours from admission to time of discharge This will be measured in hours from the documented time of admission until discharge (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 120 hours

Neonatal Outcomes: Gestational Age at Delivery

Intervention	hours (Median)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	75.5
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	76

Gestational age at delivery will be recorded as weeks and days of gestation (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours

Number of Opioid Pills Prescribed at Discharge

Intervention	weeks (Mean)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	38.7
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	38.85

The number of opioid pills prescribed at discharge (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours

Number of Participants With Complications of Lidocaine Use

Intervention	Number of pills (Mean)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	17.3
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	16.0

"Complications of lidocaine use include local burning, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, serious skin reactions such as blistering, confusion, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and allergies and hypersensitivities.~Definition: Patient reported side effects which will be reported as frequencies of occurrence. (These will be reported as dichotomous Yes/No outcomes for each side effect)" (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks postpartum

Number of Participants With Opioid-related Side Effects

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	2
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	4

"Patient-reported opioid-related side effects include pruritis, constipation, nausea, and mental clouding.~Definition: Patient reported side effects which will be reported as frequencies of occurrence. (These will be reported as dichotomous Yes/No outcomes for each side effect)" (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks postpartum

Number of Participants With Postoperative Complications

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	2
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	4

"Includes urinary tract infections, thromboembolic events, pneumonia, postpartum blood transfusions, falls, myocardial infarctions.~These events will be reported as frequencies of occurrence. (These will be reported as dichotomous Yes/No outcomes for each side effect)" (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 120 hours

Time to First Rescue Opioid Analgesic Medication

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	0
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	0

Measured in minutes from arrival in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) until the first as needed opioid dose is administered. This will be recorded in minutes from the time of the surgery completion (surgery end time) until the first opioid analgesic medication is administered. Data in table is noted in hours. (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours

Total Dose of Opioids During the Whole Hospitalization.

Intervention	hours (Median)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	1.4
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	1.7

All opioid doses will be converted into oral morphine equivalents. This will be recorded as the total dose of opioids received during the hospitalization (following surgery) calculated as oral morphine equivalents. (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 120 hours

Total Dose of Opioids Received in the First 24 Hours Following Cesarean

Intervention	MME, morphine milligram equivalents (Median)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	200
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	192

The total dose of opioids received in the first 24 hours following Cesarean delivery measured as oral morphine equivalents. This total dose will be calculated for every subject in the study, and the average and standard deviation (or appropriate non-parametric values if the data is not normally distributed) will be compared between the subjects randomized to the intervention arm and the placebo arm of the study. (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours

Total Dose of Opioids Used in the First 48 Hours Post-operatively

Intervention	MME, morphine milligram equivalents (Mean)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	87
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	83.9

All opioid doses will be converted into oral morphine equivalents. This will be recorded as the total dose of opioids received in 48 hours following surgery calculated as oral morphine equivalents (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours

Post-operative Pain Score at 24 Hours Post-operatively

Intervention	MME, morphine milligram equivalents (Mean)
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	149.3
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	139.0

The post-operative pain score at 24 hours post-operatively will be measured using the numeric rating scale (NRS), wherein subjects rate pain on a 0-10 scale (10 meaning the most pain and 0 meaning no pain). The median NRS score at 24 hours will be compared between the two groups. (NCT03810235)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours

Anticipated Pain Immediately Prior to Dilator Insertion

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Median Pain Score (0-10)	Pre pregnancy BMI 30-39.9	Prepregancy BMI >40	Delivery BMI 30 -39.9	Delivery BMI >40
Transdermal Hydrocolloid Placebo Patch	3.5	3.0	4.0	3.0	4.0
Transdermal Lidocaine Patch	3.0	3.0	4.0	3.0	3.0

Pain measured by VAS (0-100mm; 0 being no pain, 100 being worst pain imaginable). (NCT03356145)
Timeframe: Up to 1 minute to complete survey

Count of Participants With Procedural Complications

Pain Immediately Following Dilator Insertion

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
12 mL Arm	51
20 mL Arm	58

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
12 mL Arm	0
20 mL Arm	0

The primary objective is to determine pain perceived immediately following dilator insertion measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0-100mm; 0 being no pain, 100 being worst pain imaginable). (NCT03356145)
Timeframe: Time of dilator insertion (less than 1 minute to assess pain)

Patient Global Satisfaction Score

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
12 mL Arm	41
20 mL Arm	49

"Global satisfaction (acceptability) of procedure reported by participant, measured by 0-100mm VAS; with anchors at 0 (worse than expected), 50 (what I expected), and 100 (better than expected)." (NCT03356145)
Timeframe: Up to 1 minute to complete survey

Physician-reported Ease of Insertion

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
12 mL Arm	70
20 mL Arm	53

"Measured by VAS (0-100mm; 0 being very easy, 100 being very difficult)." (NCT03356145)
Timeframe: Up to 1 minute to complete survey

Total Procedure Time

Count of Participants With Side Effects Related to Lidocaine Administration

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
12 mL Arm	27
20 mL Arm	17

Intervention	minutes (Median)
12 mL Arm	5.5
20 mL Arm	5.7

Side effects were not necessarily considered to be adverse events by investigator. (NCT03356145)
Timeframe: Up to 10 minutes

Incidence of Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Metallic taste	Ringing in ears	Dizziness or lightheadedness	Shaky legs
12 mL Arm	2	2	1	0
20 mL Arm	3	3	6	1

Nausea and vomiting requiring treatment, hypotension, or bradycardia or tachycardia (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: From time of surgery to discharge, on average 1-4 days

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	0
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	0

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 12 hours after surgery

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	574.29
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	600

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	1096.07
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	1139.29

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	1973.57
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	2308.33

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Opioid Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	2721.79
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	2570.0

Opioids will be converted to oral morphine equivalents (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Opioid Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	OME (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	34.93
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	46.50

Opioids will be converted to oral morphine equivalents (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Opioid Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	OME (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	61.5
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	84.75

Opioids will be converted to oral morphine equivalents (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	OME (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	88.57
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	128.1

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 12 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	6.17
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	6.07

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	4.5
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	6.43

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	5.86
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	4.83

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 6 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	6.17
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	6.14

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Serum Lidocaine Level

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	5.36
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	5.0

Serum lidocaine level measured via a blood test. Lidocaine has a therapeutic drug range of 1.5 to 5.0 mcg/mL. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Serum Lidocaine Level

Intervention	mcg/mL (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	2.5

Serum lidocaine level measured via a blood test. Lidocaine has a therapeutic drug range of 1.5 to 5.0 mcg/mL. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Serum Lidocaine Level

Intervention	mcg/mL (Number)
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	5.8

Serum lidocaine level measured via a blood test. Lidocaine has a therapeutic drug range of 1.5 to 5.0 mcg/mL. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Total Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	mcg/mL (Number)
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	1.5

Hospital length of stay is measured in days from admission until discharge. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: From admission to discharge, on average 1-4 days

Pain Score 1 Hour After Osmotic Dilator Insertion

Intervention	days (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	9.04
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	4.94

Median pain score on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) numeric rating scale 1 hour after osmotic dilator insertion assessed via text message (NCT04254081)
Timeframe: 1 hour after osmotic dilator insertion

Pain Score 2 Hours After Osmotic Dilator Insertion

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Buprenorphine 0.15mg + 1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	2
1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	3.5

Median pain score on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) numeric rating scale 2 hours after osmotic dilator insertion assessed via text message (NCT04254081)
Timeframe: 2 hours after osmotic dilator insertion

Pain Score 6 Hours After Osmotic Dilator Insertion

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Buprenorphine 0.15mg + 1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	3
1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	3.5

Median pain score on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) numeric rating scale 6 hours after osmotic dilator insertion assessed via text message (NCT04254081)
Timeframe: 6 hours after osmotic dilator insertion

Pain Score at the Time of Osmotic Dilator Insertion

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Buprenorphine 0.15mg + 1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	3
1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	3

Median pain score on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) numeric rating scale at the time of osmotic dilator insertion (NCT04254081)
Timeframe: Assessed immediately after last dilator inserted

Pain After Placement of Laminaria (100 mm Visual Analog Scale)

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Buprenorphine 0.15mg + 1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	3.5
1% Lidocaine Paracervical Block	4.0

We asked the participant to rate her pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) immediately after laminaria was placed. The VAS is a validated measure of pain where 0=no pain and 100=worst pain ever felt. (NCT02454296)
Timeframe: Measured within 10 seconds after placement of laminaria

Paracervical or Sham Block Pain

Participants reported her pain level on the 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) within 10 seconds after she received either the paracervical block or the sham block. The VAS is a validated measure of pain where 0=no pain and 100=worst pain ever felt. (NCT02454296)
Timeframe: Within 10 seconds after receiving paracervical or sham block

Satisfaction With Overall Pain Control (100 mm Visual Analog Scale)

Patients rated their satisfaction with overall pain control on the 100 mm VAS, with 0 as not satisfied at all and 100 as completely satisfied (NCT02454296)
Timeframe: 15 minutes post-operatively

Interval Pain

Self-reported highest level of pain between dilator placement and D&E on 100mm visual analog scale (VAS). Range is from 0mm to 100mm, with 0mm being the least amount of pain (minimum score) and 100mm being the greatest (maximum score). Higher values are considered a worse outcome. (NCT03868787)
Timeframe: 5 mins after dilator placement to 36 hours after dilator placement

Pain Following Dilator Placement

Self-reported pain on 100mm visual analog scale (VAS) immediately following dilator placement. Range is from 0mm to 100mm, with 0mm being the least amount of pain (minimum score) and 100mm being the greatest (maximum score). Higher values are considered a worse outcome. (NCT03868787)
Timeframe: within 5 mins after dilator placement procedure

Patient Satisfaction

Patient satisfaction with device based on 4 questions with 5 point Likert scale. Minimum value is 1, maximum is 5. Higher score is a better outcome. (NCT03868787)
Timeframe: 24-36 hours after dilator placement, immediately prior to D&E

Anticipated Pain Measured by Visual Analogue Scale

Measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), 0-100, Pain was measured on a 100 mm VAS scale. Lower scores correspond to less pain, higher scores correspond to more pain. (NCT02852434)
Timeframe: Preoperative; 30 minutes prior to procedure

Baseline Pain Measured by Visual Analogue Scale

Pain Perceived at the Time of Laminaria or Osmotic Dilator Insertion

Measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), 0-100; Pain was measured on a 100 mm VAS scale. Lower scores correspond to less pain, higher scores correspond to more pain. (NCT02852434)
Timeframe: Intraoperative; Immediately (0-30 seconds) following cervical dilation

Speculum Placement Measured by Visual Analogue Scale

Overall Pain Measured by Visual Analogue Scale

Measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), 0-100; Pain was measured on a 100 mm VAS scale. Lower scores correspond to less pain, higher scores correspond to more pain. (NCT02852434)
Timeframe: Postoperative; Assessed once 10 minutes after procedure

Change in Pain

Pain is measured using the Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), which ranges from 0 to 10 with higher scores indicating greater pain. This measure is recorded at baseline (0 weeks) and 8 weeks. The change in pain between these two time points (i.e., the difference score) is compared between the two groups. (NCT02044991)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Disability

Disability is measured at baseline (0 weeks) and week 8 using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), which is a measure of low back pain that ranges from 0 points to 100 with higher scores indicating greater disability. The change in disability between these two time points (i.e., the difference score) is compared between the two groups. (NCT02044991)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Pelvic Functioning

Pelvic functioning is measured at baseline (0 weeks) and week 8 using the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ), which ranges from 0 to 100 points with higher scores revealing greater pelvic girdle pain. The change in pelvic functioning between these two time points (i.e., the difference score) is compared between the two groups. (NCT02044991)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Mean Pain Score During IUD Insertion

0 to 100 mm visual analog scale, higher values represent more pain. (NCT01292447)
Timeframe: Day 1

Baseline Pain Score Before Drugs Were Administered

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: pain score given prior to administration of study drugs, up to 1 minute

Cervical Dilator Placement Pain as Assessed by VAS on a Tablet Device

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: Immediately after the last dilator is placed, up to 1 minute

Number of Participants With Desired Number of Dilators Inserted

Assess whether desired number of dilators was not able to be successfully inserted, comparing 2 arms. (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: After speculum removed, up to 30 minutes

Pain Score 15 Minutes After Last Dilator Placed

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever). This was to be assessed at 15 minutes after last dilator is placed. Some participants had this assessment done up to 45 minutes after last dilator was placed because it could not be done at 15 minutes (some were being attended to by a nurse at the 15 minutes mark). (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: Assessed up to 45 minutes after last dilator placed

Pain Score After First Dilator Placement

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: pain score given immediately after first dilator placed, up to 1 minute

Pain Score After Speculum Placement

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: pain score given at time of speculum placement, up to 1 minute

Pain Score at Tenaculum Placement

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: Immediately scored at time of tenacula placement, up to 1 minute

Pain Score Before Speculum Placement

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: pain score given before specula placed, up to 1 minute

Pain Score During Paracervical Block

Compare pain scores on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (anchors 0=no pain; 100=worst pain ever) (NCT03202550)
Timeframe: pain score given at time of paracervical block administration, up to 1 minute

Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 2 Hours After Dilator Insertion

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained via text message. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: 2 hours after insertion of last osmotic dilator

Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 4 Hours After Dilator Insertion

Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 5 Minutes After Last Dilator Insertion

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained in person before subject leaves clinic appointment. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after insertion of last osmotic dilator

Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 8 Hours After Dilator Insertion

Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at Time of Presentation for D&E Procedure (Day Following Dilator Insertion)

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained in person upon presentation for D&E procedure. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: Time of presentation for D&E (day after dilator insertion)

Number of Participants Using Narcotic Pain Medication (Acetaminophen/Codeine)

Subject account of how many used acetaminophen/codeine (standard medications given for supplement NSAID as needed after dilator insertion) (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: Collected between each subject contact (2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours after dilator insertion and at time of presentation for D&E procedure)

Injection Pain

For the primary outcome, pain immediately after paracervical block injection was measured by a scale. The scale used was the 100-mm visual analog scale. The minimum score was 0 and the maximum score was 100. Higher numbers indicate worse pain. (NCT03107754)
Timeframe: Immediately after injection of the paracervical block

Pain After Speculum Placement, Cervical Dilation, and Aspiration

Pain scores were measured at multiple points throughout the procedure. Pain scores were measured using a 100 mm visual analog scale with 0 being no pain and 100 being the worst pain ever. (NCT03107754)
Timeframe: Immediately after speculum placement, cervical dilation, uterine aspiration

Change in Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Placebo Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of placebo as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive placebo adhesives and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: prior to the procedure (baseline), at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Percentage of Patients Rated Good or Very Good on Satisfaction Survey in Overall Care - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Using a satisfaction survey (investigator-developed, 6 questions, each question is graded on a scale of 1-5, 1 being very poor and 5 being very good) to measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for improving satisfaction. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 5-10 minutes)

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during first trimester uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive auricular acupuncture and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). The VAS has no sub-scales. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Difference in Pain Level at Time of Cervical Dilation as Measured by a Visual Analog Scale

This is the amount of pain self-reported by the patient at the time of cervical dilation. VAS ranged from 0 to 100 mm, 0 equals no pain, 100 equals worse pain imaginable. (NCT02447029)
Timeframe: At time of cervical dilation, 30 minutes after lidocaine administration

Overall Complication Rate as Measured by a Count of Participants in Each Group

Overall Satisfaction With Procedure as Measured by a Visual Analog Scale

This is the level of overall satisfaction self-reported by the patient at the completion of the procedure and prior to discharge. VAS ranged from 0 to 100 mm, 0 equals not satisfied, 100 equals highest satisfaction possible. (NCT02447029)
Timeframe: 30-45 minutes after completion of procedure

Pain 30-45 Minutes After Procedure as Measured by a Visual Analog Scale

This is the amount of pain self-reported by the patient 30-45 minutes after procedure. VAS ranged from 0 to 100 mm, 0 equals no pain, 100 equals worse pain imaginable. (NCT02447029)
Timeframe: Pain prior to discharge home: 30-45 minutes after completion of procedure

Pain Level Prior to Procedure (Anticipated Pain) as Measured by a Visual Analog Scale

This is the amount of pain self-reported by the patient prior to the procedure (Anticipated pain). VAS ranged from 0 to 100 mm, 0 equals no pain, 100 equals worse pain imaginable. (NCT02447029)
Timeframe: Pain level prior to procedure

Pain With Speculum Insertion as Measured by a Visual Analog Scale

This is the amount of pain self-reported by the patient at the time of speculum insertion. VAS ranged from 0 to 100 mm, 0 equals no pain, 100 equals worse pain imaginable. (NCT02447029)
Timeframe: Pain at time of speculum insertion

Pain With Tenaculum Placement as Measured by a Visual Analog Scale

This is the amount of pain self-reported by the patient at the time of tenaculum placement. VAS ranged from 0 to 100 mm, 0 equals no pain, 100 equals worse pain imaginable. (NCT02447029)
Timeframe: Pain at time of tenaculum placement

Delta Methemoglobin Blood Level

Change in percentage of methemoglobin in blood from baseline level to peak level (NCT01402869)
Timeframe: From administration of local anesthetic or start of restorative procedures to time at which maximum methemoglobin blood level was documented during dental treatment for an average of 2 hours

Peak Methemoglobin Blood Levels

The maximum percentage of methemoglobin in blood (NCT01402869)
Timeframe: Measured at 10 second intervals during dental treatment for an average of 2 hours

Time to Peak Methemoglobin Blood Levels

The length of time between the administration of local anesthetic (Prilocaine and Lidocaine Groups) or start of restorative dental procedures (No local anesthetic Group) and the time at which the maximum methemoglobin blood level is observed. (NCT01402869)
Timeframe: Measured at 10 second intervals during dental treatment for an average of 2 hours

Pain at Time of Osmotic Dilator Placement

"Measure of distance (mm) from the left (no pain) on the 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS - reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded at time immediately after osmotic dilator placement. 0 mm=No Pain and 100 mm= worst possible pain. A higher score indicates a higher level of pain." (NCT02354092)
Timeframe: Within 5 minutes of PCB or sham procedure

Pain With Overall Dilator Placement

"Measure of distance (mm) from the left (no pain) on the 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS - reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded 15 minutes after osmotic dilator placement. mm=No Pain and 100 mm= worst possible pain. A higher mean score indicates a higher level of pain experienced at this time point." (NCT02354092)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after dilator placement

Pain With Paracervical Block or Sham

"Measure of distance (mm) from the left (no pain) on the 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS - reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded at time immediately after last injection for paracervical block OR script for sham injection. 0 mm=No Pain and 100 mm= worst possible pain. A higher score indicates a higher level of pain." (NCT02354092)
Timeframe: Within 5 minutes after baseline

Reported Pain at Baseline

"Measure of distance (mm) from the left (no pain) on the 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS - reflecting magnitude of pain) of pain recorded at baseline prior to the paracervical block or sham block procedure. 0 mm=No Pain and 100 mm= worst possible pain. A higher score indicates a higher level of pain." (NCT02354092)
Timeframe: Baseline, just prior to PCB or sham procedure

Reported Symptoms

fever, chills, vomiting, heavy bleeding/clots (collected without regard to the specific event) (NCT00617097)
Timeframe: end of study (upon discharge from facility after procedure)

Visual Analogue Scale Regarding Satisfaction Level

100-mm Visual Analogue Scale -- minimum: 0 mm (lower satisfaction), maximum: 100 mm (greater satisfaction) (NCT00617097)
Timeframe: end of study (prior to clinic discharge)

Complications

Level of Pain During Specific Time Intervals Throughout D&C Procedure.

"100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) during specific time intervals of D&C procedure: minimum: 0 mm (less pain); maximum: 100 mm (more pain)~Time intervals include: basline expected level of pain during procedure, after speculum insertion, at paracervical block injection, after dilation, end of procedure, and 30 minutes after procedure." (NCT00617097)
Timeframe: Baseline, Speculum Insertion, at Paracervical block injection, After dilation, End of procedure, 30 minutes after procedure

Level of Nausea After Eversion of the Uterus

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) after eversion of the uterus. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: After eversion of the uterus until replacement of the uterus

Level of Nausea After Replacement of the Uterus

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) after replacement of the uterus. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: After replacement of the uterus and to the next 15 minutes

Level of Nausea After the Administration of the Regional Anesthesia Medications

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) after the administration of the regional anesthesia medications. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: From administration of anaesthesia until eversion of uterus

Level of Nausea Upon Arrival to the Post-operative Recovery Room

Patients offer their subjective assessments of the level of nausea on a scale of 0-10 (0 = no nausea, 10 = worst nausea ever experienced) upon arrival to the post-operative recovery room. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea in each group at this point. Patients that report nausea (1 or more on our scale) will be recorded as that they have experienced nausea. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after replacement of the uterus to arrival at post-anaesthesia care unit

Number of Patients With Nausea

The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that experience nausea at any point during the surgical procedure in each group. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: Throughout the entire surgical procedure

Number of Patients With Vomiting

The investigators will perform objective assessments of whether or not the patients have vomited during the procedure. The investigators will then analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that vomit in each group. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: Throughout the surgical procedure

Number of Patients With Vomiting After Eversion of the Uterus

Objective assessments of whether or not the patients have vomited at this point in the surgical procedure will be done. The investigators will analyze if there is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients that vomit in each group. (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: After eversion of to replacement of the uterus

Number of Patients With Vomiting After Replacement of the Uterus

Number of Patients With Vomiting After the Administration of the Regional Anesthesia Medications

Number of Patients With Vomiting Upon Arrival to the Post-operative Recovery Room

Satisfaction With Intraoperative Antiemetic Treatment

Patients are asked their nausea and vomiting treatment satisfaction (0 = Not Satisfied, 10 = Extremely Satisfied). Patients are also asked their overall satisfaction with the procedure (0 = Not Satisfied, 10 = Extremely Satisfied). (NCT02960113)
Timeframe: Throughout the surgical procedure

Narcotic Use

The primary outcome of this study would be the total average milligrams of narcotic, or opioid, medication that a patient receives calculated in morphine equivalents (NCT04443569)
Timeframe: the first 72 hours post-operative

Subjective Pain

daily pain scores conducted by the nursing staff every morning and prior to medication administration. This will be a repeated measure using the subjective 0-10 pain scale. The scores will be averaged over each 24 hour (day) period and then compared. Lower scores indicate less pain. (NCT04443569)
Timeframe: the first 72 hours post-operative, up to 4 days

Duration of Motor Block

"The time difference between local anesthetic injection and complete resolution of motor block -as measured on the Bromage scale:~I = free movement of feet, legs and hip = No block II = able to flex knees, with free movement of feet = Mild block III = unable to flex knees, but with free movement of feet = Moderate block IV = unable to move legs or feet = Complete block" (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Duration of Sensory Block

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and complete resolution of sensory block. The sensory level was tested using a blunt needle tip along the patient's demratomal distribution of the spinal anesthetic. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Time to Ambulation

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and patient's walking for the first time postoperatively. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Time to Micturation

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and the patient's voiding for the first time postoperatively. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Need for Additional Intraoperative and/or Postoperative Pain Medication

To assess need for additional intraoperative and/or postoperative pain medication (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Patient Perception of Pain

To determine whether HC/APAP, given in addition to a standard regimen of ibuprofen, lorazepam, and PCB, affects patient pain perception at the time of uterine aspiration, as measured by distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The number 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: At time of uterine aspiration (baseline)

Patient Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS scale (VAS anchors: 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable) recorded after cervical dilation (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: During procedure (approximately 45-90 min after hydrocodone/acetaminophen or placebo, and within 5 minutes of procedure starting)

Postoperative Nausea

To assess whether HC/APAP is associated with nausea, measured on the 100 mm VAS, recorded 30 minutes postoperatively. VAS anchors: 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Satisfaction With Pain Control

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS (VAS anchors: 0 = unsatisfied, 100 mm = very satisfied) recorded 30 minutes after completion of the procedure. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Pain During IUD Placement

"IUD was inserted following the manufacturer's instructions, and a pain score was immediately obtained. Pain was scored on 0-9 scale; with 0 being no pain and 9 being worst pain in life." (NCT01311102)
Timeframe: Immediately after IUD placement

Pain During Tenaculum Placement

"Pain score on 0-9 scale for tenaculum placement (without anesthesia); with 0 being no pain and 9 being worst pain in life. Taken to adjust for different pain thresholds among subjects" (NCT01311102)
Timeframe: Immediately following tenaculum placement

Pain Measurement During Liquid Infusion/Sounding

"After liquid infused into three parts of the endometrial cavity: in the lower one third, the middle, and at the top of the cavity. Pain was scored on a 0-9 scale; with 0 being no pain and 9 being worst pain in life." (NCT01311102)
Timeframe: Recorded at the end of the infusion

Pain Scores During Overall IUD Placement

"Pain score on 0-9 scale obtained just before the patient left the examination room; with 0 being no pain and 9 being worst pain in life." (NCT01311102)
Timeframe: Before patient left the examination room at conclusion of procedure

The Effects of an Intrauterine Lidocaine Infusion to Standard Paracervical Block on Decreasing Patient Pain Measured by Visual Analog Scale in First Trimester Abortions.

Subjects perception of pain is measured using a 100mm visual analog scale (VAS).The 100mm Pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is an instrument used to capture subjective attitudes that cannot be directly measured. When responding to a VAS item, respondents specify their level of pain by indicating a position along a 100mm continues line: pain scores can range from 0 (no pain) to 100 (worst pain imaginable). (NCT00613821)
Timeframe: Immediately (time zero) at uterine aspiration

Economic Analysis of Cost of Compounding Buffered Lidocaine Versus Cost of Purchasing Regular Lidocaine and/or Bacteriostatic Normal Saline

A secondary outcome includes a pharmacoeconomic analysis that will look specifically at the cost-savings of using one agent over the other and will take into account the daily time allocated to pharmacy technicians and pharmacists for compounding and verifying buffered lidocaine. The outcome data was measured and reported in a single value dollar amount per group, tallied over a 3 month period. The dollar amounts were estimated by adding up the costs of drug purchasing, technician compounding time, and pharmacist verifying time. Buffered lidocaine required both drug purchasing and compounding time, where the lidocaine and bacteriostatic normal saline required drug purchasing alone and labor costs were not taken into account. (NCT01759459)
Timeframe: 3 months

Pain Score Following Anesthetic Administration

The primary outcome measured in this study will be the level of pain reported, on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst pain ever felt, by the patient upon administration of the local anesthetic and upon insertion of the peripheral intravenous catheter. (NCT01759459)
Timeframe: Day 1

Pain Score Following Peripheral Catheter Insertion

Pain With Intrauterine Device (IUD) Placement

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm visual analog scale (reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded at time of IUD Placement. Scale range is from 0mm (no pain) to 100mm (worst pain possible). A lower score (less pain) is considered a better outcome. (NCT02219308)
Timeframe: Moment of IUD insertion

Median Pain Scores for All Time Points

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm visual analog scale of pain at various time points. Scale range is 0mm (no pain) to 100mm (worst pain possible). Lower scores are considered better outcomes. (NCT02219308)
Timeframe: Anticipation of procedure through 5 minutes after IUD placement

Duration of Labor Analgesia

Time in minutes from initiation of labor analgesia until delivery of the infant (NCT00443560)
Timeframe: Time form initiation of labor analgesia to delivery (up to 24 hours)

Number of Parturients With a Decrease in the Infusion of Epidural Analgesia During Second Stage of Labor

At the request of the obstetric provider, second stage analgesia density was decreased by decreasing the basal infusion rate if there was dissatisfaction with the progress of labor or a perceived inability to push. The basal infusion was never totally discontinued. (NCT00443560)
Timeframe: Second stage of labor up to 3 hours

Number of Participants With Breakthrough Pain in the First Stage of Labor

Pain not responding to epidural analgesia in the first stage of labor was treated with bolus dose of bupivacaine 1.25 mg/mL or lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 10 to 15 mL. If pain relief was obtained the infusion concentration was increased. If the patient had no pain relief following the bolus injection, the epidural catheter was replaced. (NCT00443560)
Timeframe: Supplemental analgesia in first stage of labor (<24 hours)

Duration of Continuing Analgesia

Time to first request for supplemental analgesia (NCT00487084)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Supplemental Analgesia in First 48 Hours

Participants requesting supplemental analgesia in first 48 hours (NCT00487084)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Supplemental Analgesia in First 90 Minutes

Participants requesting supplemental analgesia in the first 90 minutes following study drug (NCT00487084)
Timeframe: 90 min

Verbal Rating Score (0 to 10) for Pain (VRPS)

Verbal Rating Pain Score (VRPS) at time of post-anesthesia recovery room entry, where 0 = no pain and 10 = worst pain imaginable (NCT00487084)
Timeframe: At recovery room entry

Intervention	units on a scale (100 mm VAS) (Median)
Paracervical Block With Lidocaine	13
Sham Paracervical Block	54

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Pain control	Comfort	Ease of use	Would you use again
Active TENS	4	5	2	3
Sham TENS	3	4	4	2

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Overall Pain	Overall Experience	Provider Reported Ease of Insertion
Paracervical Block	51.7	62.4	21
Self-administered Gel	45.4	65.2	27

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Standard Paracervical Block	44.5
Buffered Lidocaine Paracervical Block	30

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	After insertion of speculum	After cervical dilation	After uterine aspiration
Buffered Lidocaine Paracervical Block	17	55	69
Standard Paracervical Block	13	60.06	67.5

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Active Comparator	86
Standard Lidocaine Paracervical Block	92.5

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Active Comparator	19.5
Standard Lidocaine Paracervical Block	22.3

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Active Comparator	39.8
Standard Lidocaine Paracervical Block	32.4

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Paracervical Block With Lidocaine	62.9
Paracervical Block With Ketorolac and Lidocaine	63.6

Intervention	participants (Number)
	minor	serious
Paracervical Block With Ketorolac and Lidocaine	1	2
Paracervical Block With Lidocaine	1	0

Authors	Studies
Chua, KJ	1
Cernadas, M	1
Nelson, BN	1
Strathmann, FG	1
Browne, T	1
Cervantes, A	1
Logan, BK	1
Liu, SM	1
Shaw, KA	4
Guan, X	1
Jiao, Z	1
Gong, X	1
Cao, H	1
Liu, S	1
Lan, H	1
Huang, X	1
Tan, Y	1
Xu, B	1
Lin, C	1
Rayssiguier, R	2
Fuchs, F	2
Mousty, E	2
Morau, E	1
Hlioua, T	1
Wells, C	1
Musizzano, Y	2
Nagot, N	1
Graf, C	1
Legoux, C	1
Boulot, P	2
Dumont, C	2
Reeves, MF	1
Goldfarb, CN	1
Rubin, SL	1
Kuperstock, JL	1
DiBianco, L	1
Picciotto, A	1
Hussein, A	1
Torky, H	1
Aly, R	1

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	expected level of pain during procedure	after speculum insertion	during paracervical block administration	after cervical dilation	immediately after procedure	30 min after procedure
Paracervical Block With Ketorolac and Lidocaine	51.7	32.7	46.0	59.8	64.3	17.6
Paracervical Block With Lidocaine	52.2	33.6	50.8	74.8	61.5	21.8

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	1.28
Acupressure Point P6	1.09
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	1.40

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	2.19
Acupressure Point P6	2.19
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	2.51

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	0.18
Acupressure Point P6	0.25
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	0.23

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Scopolamine Patch	9.29
Acupressure Point P6	8.96
Scopolamine Patch + Acupressure Point P6	9.59

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Post-Op Day 1	Post-Op Day 2	Post-Op Day 3	Post-Op Day 4
Control Group	4.1	5.2	4.3	4.5
Lidocaine Patch Group	3.5	5.2	5.2	5.7

Intervention	Dollars (Number)
Buffered Lidocaine Cost	13400
Lidocaine Cost	9100
Bacteriostatic Normal Saline Cost	4840

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	2.81
Buffered Lidocaine	1.64
Bacteriostatic Normal Saline	2.05

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Average pain score following medication injection	Average pain score following IV inserti
Bacteriostatic Normal Saline	2.10	3.05
Buffered Lidocaine	1.6	1.81
Lidocaine	2.58	1.81

Intervention	mm (Median)
No Paracervical Block (Sham PCB)	54
Paracervical Block (PCB)	33

Intervention	mm (Median)
	Anticipated Pain	Baseline Pain	Speculum Insertion	Capped Needle or PCB	Tenaculum placement	Uterine Sounding	IUD placement	5 mins after IUD placement	Overall pain
No Paracervical Block (Sham PCB)	51	0	6	8	10	47	54	27	51
Paracervical Block (PCB)	58	0	10	30	15	30	33	12	30

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Instrumental Vaginal Delivery (IVD)	420
Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery (SVD)	300

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Supplemental bolus	Infusion increase	Concentration increase
Instrumental Vaginal Delivery (IVD)	802	149	32
Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery (SVD)	243	87	19

Intervention	hours (Median)
Morphine - 2 Chloroprocaine - Saline (MCS)	28.6
Saline-2 Chloroprocaine - Morphine (SCM)	2.2
Saline - Lidocaine - Morphine (SLM)	25.8

Article	Year
Pain management in outpatient surgical abortion. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 2021, 12-01, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Outpatients; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Pre	2021
Physiology of pregnancy and oral local anesthesia considerations. PeerJ, 2023, Volume: 11 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Pain; Pregnancy	2023
Ropivacaine versus lidocaine infiltration for postpartum perineal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction, 2021, Volume: 50, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Pain; Pain Management; Pain Measurement; Perine	2021
[Local anaesthesia and steroid blockades for carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2021, 05-31, Volume: 183, Issue:22 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Pregnancy;	2021
Intravenous lignocaine in colorectal surgery: a systematic review. ANZ journal of surgery, 2017, Volume: 87, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Loca	2017
Society of Family Planning clinical guidelines pain control in surgical abortion part 1 - local anesthesia and minimal sedation. Contraception, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-I	2018
Greater occipital nerve block for postdural puncture headache (PDPH): a prospective audit of a modified guideline for the management of PDPH and review of the literature. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2014, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Patch, Epidural; Engla	2014
[Arrhythmias during pregnancy]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2008, Volume: 133, Issue:36 Topics: Adenosine; Ajmaline; Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Defibrillators, Impla	2008
Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia; Anesthetics, Local; Benzocaine; Chi	2009
Analgesia/pain management in first trimester surgical abortion. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortion, Induced; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; A	2009
A review of physician anaesthesia prescribing practices in an abortion clinic in British Columbia. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2010, Volume: 32, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; British C	2010
Extending epidural analgesia for emergency Caesarean section: a meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia, 2011, Volume: 107, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; An	2011
Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011, Nov-09, Issue:11 Topics: Amniocentesis; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Local; Chorionic Villi Sampling; Cryoanesthesia; Female; Human	2011
[No problem with liposuction?]. Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen, 2003, Volume: 74, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Body Mass Index; Contraindications; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Lipectomy;	2003
[Continuation 48. Sudden hearing loss: new guidelines for diagnosis and therapy]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2003, Sep-25, Volume: 145, Issue:39 Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Audiometry; Blood Component Removal; Contraindications; Diagnosis, Differential	2003
Sedation and analgesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America, 2006, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Conscious Sedation;	2006
Antiarrhythmic drug therapy during pregnancy. Annals of internal medicine, 1983, Volume: 98, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Breast Feeding; Digitalis	1983
Aminophylline. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1981, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aminophylline; Anesthesia; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Asthma; Biotransfo	1981
[Extradural anesthesia in cesarean operations]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1982, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Ep	1982
An overview of perinatal clinical pharmacology. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 1981, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Carbamazepine; Chloramphenicol; Diazepam; Digo	1981
[Temperature changes and thermoregulatory responses during epidural anesthesia in women undergoing cesarean delivery]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation;	1996
Monoplegia following obstetric epidural anaesthesia. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 1997, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenou	1997
Current status of diagnosis and treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias in pediatric patients. Southern medical journal, 1977, Volume: 70, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bundle-Branch Block; Digitalis Glycosides; Electrocardiogra	1977
Fatal consequences of local anesthesia: report of five cases and a review of the literature. Journal of forensic sciences, 1976, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Child; Cocaine; Female; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Lidocaine; Male; Middl	1976
Control of pain for women undergoing abortion. Supplement to International journal of gynecology and obstetrics, 1989, Volume: 3 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrica	1989
Plasma drug binding: implications for anesthesiologists. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:7 Topics: Age Factors; Alfentanil; Alprenolol; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Blood Proteins; Bupivacaine; Burns; Ca	1986
Recent advances in local anaesthesia. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1986, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Pt 2 Topics: Acidosis; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bupivacaine; Cardiov	1986
Clinical pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and perinatology. I. Placental transfer and fetal side effects of local anaesthetic agents. Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, 1985, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Etidocaine; Female; Fetus; Half-Life; Huma	1985
Aspects of the pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents. British journal of anaesthesia, 1970, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Anilides; Blood Pressure; Central Nervous System; Epine	1970
[Anesthesia during pregnancy]. Lakartidningen, 1972, Jun-12, Volume: 69 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, I	1972
Obstetric analgesia. International anesthesiology clinics, 1973,Spring, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrical	1973
The physiology and pharmacology of epidural blockade. Clinical anesthesia, 1969, Volume: 2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obst	1969
Comparative clinical pharmacology of local anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology, 1971, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anura; Cats; Drug S	1971