lidocaine and Postoperative Complications studies

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"This study examined whether systemic infusion of lidocaine, a local anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, can decrease surgical pain, length of postsurgical ileus, and hospital stay."	10.24	Can intravenous lidocaine decrease postsurgical ileus and shorten hospital stay in elective bowel surgery? A pilot study and literature review. ( Adair, JD; Harvey, KP; Isho, M; Robinson, R, 2009)
"The use of an endotracheal tube (ET) cuff filled with alkalized lidocaine (AL) can suppress ET-induced emergence phenomena, such as hypertension, tachycardia and coughing, and postoperative sore throat (POST) and hoarseness (PH)."	9.69	Alkalized lidocaine in a tapered cuff suppresses endotracheal tube-induced hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ishida, K; Ito, M; Kawamata, M; Maruyama, Y; Shen, D; Tanaka, S; Yoshiyama, Y, 2023)
"To compare the effect of intra-cuff lidocaine versus alkalinized lidocaine in the prevention of post-operative sore throat."	9.51	Comparison of intra-cuff lidocaine vs alkalinized lidocaine effects for prevention of post-operative sore throat. ( Abbas, N; Asghar, A; Hassan, SU; Naqvi, N; Rafique, M; Tariq, S, 2022)
"To compare and evaluate the efficacy, hemodynamic changes, and postoperative complications of 4% articaine using buccal infiltration and 2% lidocaine using inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular primary molars of children aged 6 to 8 years."	9.41	An in vivo, randomized, controlled comparative evaluation of efficacy, hemodynamic changes, and postoperative complications of 4% articaine using buccal infiltration and 2% lidocaine using inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular primary molars of chil ( Ameen, S; Khanna, SR; Panwar, S; Rao, D, 2021)
" This study compares the severity of postoperative complications in patients undergoing LRS who have received lidocaine intraoperatively either intravenously or via paravertebral administration versus saline."	9.30	Effect of intraoperative paravertebral or intravenous lidocaine versus control during lung resection surgery on postoperative complications: A randomized controlled trial. ( Aznar, PT; Benito, C; Cruz, P; De la Gala, F; De Miguel, JP; Duque, P; Garutti, I; Gonzalez, G; Grande, P; Higuero, F; Huerta, LJ; Lopez Gil, E; Martinez, D; Muñoz, M; Olmedilla, L; Paredes, SD; Perez, A; Piñeiro, P; Rancan, L; Reyes, A; Sanchez-Pedrosa, G; Sanz, D; Simón, C; Valle, M; Vara, E, 2019)
"We compared the effects of benzydamine hydrochloride (BH), 10% lidocaine, and normal saline spray on preventing postoperative sore throat (POST) in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy (TT)."	9.30	The effect of benzydamine hydrochloride on preventing postoperative sore throat after total thyroidectomy: a randomized-controlled trial. ( Choi, JW; Han, B; Jeong, H; Kang, S; Kim, D; Kwon, J; Lee, EK; Lee, SM, 2019)
"Alkalinized lidocaine in the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff decreases the incidence of cough and throat pain on emergence after surgery lasting more than 2 hours."	9.27	Alkalinized Lidocaine Preloaded Endotracheal Tube Cuffs Reduce Emergence Cough After Brief Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial. ( Girard, F; Herrera Méndez, LF; Massicotte, N; Nath, P; Ruel, M; Williams, S, 2018)
"To see whether betamethasone gel or lidocaine gel is superior in reducing the incidence of post-operative sore throat after tracheal extubation."	9.24	Comparing the effectiveness of Betamethasone Gel with Lidocaine Gel local application on endotracheal tube in preventing post-operative sore throat (POST). ( Akhtar, R; Ammar, A; Fayyaz, A; Furqan, A, 2017)
"The use of 160 mg of intracuff alkalinized lidocaine is associated with a decreased incidence of cough upon emergence from N2O-free general anesthesia > 120 min."	9.22	Intracuff 160 mg alkalinized lidocaine reduces cough upon emergence from N2O-free general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. ( D'Aragon, F; Fréchette, Y; Marsault, É; Masse, MH; Murza, A; Parent, AJ; Sansoucy, Y; Sarret, P; Souissi, H, 2016)
"The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of betamethasone gel and lidocaine jelly (over tracheal tube cuff) compared with distilled water on the postextubation syndrome incidence (sore throat, cough, and hoarseness)."	9.22	The Effect of Betamethasone Gel and Lidocaine Jelly Applied Over Tracheal Tube Cuff on Postoperative Sore Throat, Cough, and Hoarseness. ( Ansari, L; Aryafar, M; Gholami, F; Narimani, M; Seyed Mehdi, SA; Shahbazi, F, 2016)
"A randomized, double-blind, prospective, controlled study to determine the lowest concentration of lidocaine that provides satisfactory anaesthesia and analgesia for inguinal hernia repair."	9.17	Low concentrations of lidocaine for inguinal hernia repair under local infiltration anaesthesia. ( Gong, Y; Han, B; Kou, Y; Lei, W; Liu, Y; Ma, D; Song, Y, 2013)
"Intravenous perioperative lidocaine decreases the incidence and severity of PPSP after breast cancer surgery."	9.16	Perioperative intravenous lidocaine decreases the incidence of persistent pain after breast surgery. ( Grigoras, A; Lee, P; Sattar, F; Shorten, G, 2012)
"This prospective, randomized, double blind, controlled study compares the incidence of postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice after general tracheal anaesthesia when applying betamethasone gel (betamethasone group) or lidocaine jelly (lidocaine group) on the tracheal tube."	9.13	Controlled comparison between betamethasone gel and lidocaine jelly applied over tracheal tube to reduce postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice. ( Ambareesha, M; Krishna, HM; Shenoy, T; Sumathi, PA, 2008)
"To determine if intravenous lidocaine is useful and safe as a treatment for equine ileus."	9.12	Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. ( Andrews, F; Ensink, J; Keegan, K; Lumsden, J; Malone, E; Turner, T; Wilson, J, 2006)
"Propofol sedation with local sub-Tenon's injection of lidocaine/mercaine is recommended for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during unilateral or bilateral strabismus surgery in adults."	9.12	Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults. ( Axer-Siegel, R; Bachar, M; Friling, R; Katz, J; Snir, M; Weinberger, D, 2007)
"To evaluate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on coughing and variations in heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) at endotracheal intubation in propofol-anaesthetized dogs."	9.12	Effect of intravenous lidocaine on heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure and cough responses to endotracheal intubation in propofol-anaesthetized dogs. ( Adams, V; Jolliffe, CT; Leece, EA; Marlin, DJ, 2007)
"To compare the effect of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine on reducing coughing during emergence from general anesthesia."	9.12	[Comparison of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine for reducing coughing after extubation during emergence from general anesthesia]. ( Briones Corona, G; Cruz Villaseñor, JA; Gallardo Alonso, LA; Rodríguez Reyes, J; Sánchez Rodríguez, JP; Zamora Lozano, J, 2007)
"To determine the effect of laryngotracheal application of different doses of lidocaine spray on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness, we evaluated the incidence and severity of these complications in 168 ASA I-III patients aged 15-92 years in a placebo-controlled study."	9.11	Laryngotracheal application of lidocaine spray increases the incidence of postoperative sore throat after total intravenous anesthesia. ( Hara, K; Iijima, K; Kawahara, S; Maruyama, K; Miyazawa, H; Sakai, H; Toda, N, 2004)
"Sore throat and dysphagia were significantly more severe after lidocaine spray was used than after lidocaine or placebo was used."	9.11	Effect of additives in lidocaine spray on postoperative sore throat, hoarseness and dysphagia after total intravenous anaesthesia. ( Hara, K; Maruyama, K, 2005)
"Intravenous infusion of lidocaine has previously been demonstrated to have a transient inhibitory effect on tinnitus in 60% of individuals."	9.11	The inhibitory effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on tinnitus after translabyrinthine removal of vestibular schwannoma: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. ( Axon, PR; Baguley, DM; Jones, S; Moffat, DA; Wilkins, I, 2005)
"To evaluate the efficacy of various ways of lidocaine application in reducing postoperative cough and sore throat."	9.10	The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat. ( Aghadavoudi, O; Soltani, HA, 2002)
"Using lidocaine to inflate the ETT cuff decreases the severity of postoperative sore throat at one hour, and both the incidence and severity at 24 hours."	9.08	Lidocaine in the endotracheal tube cuff reduces postoperative sore throat. ( Baughman, VL; Navarro, RM, 1997)
" lidocaine and forestalling local spray of lidocaine have been used to help diminish coughing during emergence."	9.08	Prevention of coughing induced by endotracheal tube during emergence from general anesthesia--a comparison between three different regimens of lidocaine filled in the endotracheal tube cuff. ( Chen, CC; Hsu, YW; Huang, CJ; Ko, YP; Rau, RH; Wei, TT; Wu, KH, 1998)
"A randomized, double-blind study was carried out on 193 ASA I-II surgical patients to assess the effect of aerosolized lidocaine on sore throat, hoarseness and cough in connection with tracheal intubation."	9.07	Prophylactic laryngo-tracheal aerosolized lidocaine against postoperative sore throat. ( Bredahl, C; Herlevsen, P; Hindsholm, K; Kruhøffer, PK, 1992)
"To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of intravenous tocainide with that of intravenous lidocaine in patients with ventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery, 25 patients were randomized to either agent in a double-blind manner."	9.06	Randomized double-blind study of intravenous tocainide versus lidocaine for suppression of ventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery. ( Cleveland, R; Estes, NA; Manolis, AS; Payne, D; Rastegar, H; Smith, E, 1990)
"Intravenous lidocaine in adults undergoing general anesthesia has been shown to reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	9.05	Effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Goto, T; Kawakami, H; Mihara, T; Nakajima, D; Sato, H, 2020)
"In this double-blind parallel study, 99 patients with acute ventricular tachyarrhythmias after open-heart surgery were given either tocainide (50 patients) or lidocaine (49 patients) intravenously as 2 bolus injections 15 minutes apart, plus a fixed-rate infusion that started at the first bolus."	9.05	Efficacy and safety of intravenous tocainide compared with intravenous lidocaine for acute ventricular arrhythmias immediately after cardiac surgery. ( Harley, S; Johnson, J; MacVaugh, H; Morganroth, J; Panidis, IP; Smith, E, 1984)
" One group (n=15) received tocainide, an oral analogue of lidocaine, as a means of preventing thromboembolism; the other group (n=15) served as a control."	9.05	Effects of tocainide, an oral analogue of lidocaine, on thromboembolism after total hip replacement. ( Borg, T; Karlström, G; Modig, J; Rikner, L; Sahlstedt, B, 1981)
"The preventive effect of lidocaine against coughing in the recovery period after general anaesthesia was observed."	9.05	Lidocaine given intravenously as a suppressant of cough and laryngospasm in connection with extubation after tonsillectomy. ( Andersen, LW; Friesel, E; Gefke, K, 1983)
"The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and any harm caused by topical and systemic lidocaine used prophylactically to prevent postoperative sore throat in adults undergoing general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation."	8.91	Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat. ( Kawaguchi, M; Nakayama, T; Nishimori, M; Sato, Y; Tanaka, Y; Tsujimura, Y, 2015)
" The incidence of early- and late-phase postoperative sore throat (POST), coughing, agitation, hoarseness, and dysphonia decreased significantly in lidocaine groups, with RRs of 0."	8.91	Effect of Intracuff Lidocaine on Postoperative Sore Throat and the Emergence Phenomenon: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Chen, CY; Chen, TL; Lam, F; Lin, YC; Tam, KW; Tsai, HC, 2015)
"The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness and any harms of topical and systematic lidocaine for the prevention of postoperative sore throat in adults undergoing endotracheal intubation as part of general anaesthesia."	8.85	Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat. ( Furuya, H; Nakayama, T; Nishimori, M; Sato, Y; Tanaka, Y, 2009)
"In older patients, coughing and cardiovascular reactions under anesthesia and endotracheal intubations were reduced, as a result of using lidocaine/prilocaine cream on the surface of the tracheal tube cuff."	7.96	Effectiveness of lidocaine/prilocaine cream on cardiovascular reactions from endotracheal intubation and cough events during recovery period of older patients under general anesthesia: prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study. ( Chen, M; Liu, X; Lv, L; Yan, L, 2020)
"We present a case of a patient administered parasternal transdermal lidocaine patch therapy as part of a multimodal analgesic regime designed to diminish opioid-associated delirium after coronary bypass surgery."	7.88	Rare cause of delirium and hypoxemia after coronary bypass surgery: transdermal lidocaine patch-associated methemoglobinemia. ( Acevedo, FA; Chyatte, DA; Kim, EJ; Nielsen, VG, 2018)
"This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CT-guided embolization of internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm by transretroperitoneal approach using the lidocaine injection technique to iliacus muscle, making window for safe needle path for three patients for whom CT-guided embolization of IIAA was performed by transretroperitoneal approach with intramuscular lidocaine injection technique."	7.81	Transretroperitoneal CT-guided embolization of growing internal iliac artery aneurysm after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a transretroperitoneal approach with intramuscular lidocaine injection technique. ( Choi, SJ; Chung, SY; Kim, HO; Kim, JK; Kim, SJ; Kim, YT; Lee, HK; Lim, NY; Park, JY, 2015)
"Presentation of a case report of a 47-year-old male with a post-acoustic neuroma resection intractable headache responding to intravenous lidocaine infusion."	7.75	Intravenous lidocaine infusion for the treatment of post-acoustic neuroma resection headache: a case report. ( Schere, D; Silberstein, SD, 2009)
"To determine clinical features, outcome, risk factors for death, and efficacy of IV administration of lidocaine as a prophylactic treatment for ischemic reperfusion injury in gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs."	7.74	Evaluation of lidocaine treatment and risk factors for death associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs: 112 cases (1997-2005). ( Bdolah-Abram, T; Bruchim, Y; Buber, T; Epstein, A; Ranen, E; Saragusty, J, 2007)
"Even though we did not measure lidocaine plasma levels, lidocaine was the most likely cause of postoperative methemoglobinemia."	7.74	Postoperative methemoglobinemia following infiltrative lidocaine administration for combined anesthesia in pediatric craniofacial surgery. ( Christophis, P; Heckmann, M; Howaldt, HP; Mann, V; Neuhaeuser, C; Schaaf, H; Weigand, N, 2008)
"The lidocaine patch group had lower postoperative pain scores at rest at 24 hours (mean difference [MD] -15."	6.87	The use of 5% lidocaine medicated plaster for acute postoperative pain after gynecological surgery: A pilot randomized controlled feasibility trial. ( Chan, SK; Lau, LL; Lee, A; Li, CY, 2018)
"The incidence of POST, hoarseness, and cough in the postanesthesia patients was compared."	6.84	The effect of lidocaine jelly on a taper-shaped cuff of an endotracheal tube on the postoperative sore throat: a prospective randomized study: A CONSORT compliant article. ( Kim, HC; Lee, J; Lee, JY; Lee, YC; Son, JD, 2017)
" We conducted a trial to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological [smaller-sized endotracheal tube (ETT)] combined with pharmacological intervention [lidocaine intravenous (i."	6.77	A smaller endotracheal tube combined with intravenous lidocaine decreases post-operative sore throat - a randomized controlled trial. ( Ren, Y; Tan, ZM; Wang, SL; Xu, YJ; Zhu, Y, 2012)
"A sore throat is the most frequent adverse side effect of general anesthesia."	6.75	Lidocaine spray 10 min prior to intubation: effects on postoperative sore throat. ( Akamatsu, Y; Honma, K; Kamachi, M; Yamashita, N; Yoshioka, M, 2010)
"This study examined whether systemic infusion of lidocaine, a local anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, can decrease surgical pain, length of postsurgical ileus, and hospital stay."	6.24	Can intravenous lidocaine decrease postsurgical ileus and shorten hospital stay in elective bowel surgery? A pilot study and literature review. ( Adair, JD; Harvey, KP; Isho, M; Robinson, R, 2009)
"Seventy-six patients with inguinal hernia underwent TEP under GA (n = 52) or LA (n = 24)."	5.91	Laparoscopic total extra-peritoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia by topical lidocaine injection. ( Chang, HK; Cho, K; Ko, H; Lee, SM; Min, SY; Park, MS, 2023)
"The lidocaine group had a significantly shorter time to first flatus (24."	5.69	Effect of lidocaine or dexmedetomidine on postoperative recovery in elder patients undergoing colorectal surgery. ( Qin, P; Wei, K; Yang, Q; Zhang, H; Zheng, X; Zhu, Y, 2023)
"The use of an endotracheal tube (ET) cuff filled with alkalized lidocaine (AL) can suppress ET-induced emergence phenomena, such as hypertension, tachycardia and coughing, and postoperative sore throat (POST) and hoarseness (PH)."	5.69	Alkalized lidocaine in a tapered cuff suppresses endotracheal tube-induced hemodynamic changes: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ishida, K; Ito, M; Kawamata, M; Maruyama, Y; Shen, D; Tanaka, S; Yoshiyama, Y, 2023)
" ETB inflation with alkalinized lidocaine reduced the incidence of POLP, cough, dysphonia and PONV."	5.51	[Balloon catheter inflation with alkalinized lidocaine reduces post-operative laryngeal pain: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial]. ( Choura, D; Ketata, S; Maktouf, Y; Marwene, A; Moalla, H; Triki, Z; Zouari, A; Zouche, I, 2022)
"To compare the effect of intra-cuff lidocaine versus alkalinized lidocaine in the prevention of post-operative sore throat."	5.51	Comparison of intra-cuff lidocaine vs alkalinized lidocaine effects for prevention of post-operative sore throat. ( Abbas, N; Asghar, A; Hassan, SU; Naqvi, N; Rafique, M; Tariq, S, 2022)
"To compare and evaluate the efficacy, hemodynamic changes, and postoperative complications of 4% articaine using buccal infiltration and 2% lidocaine using inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular primary molars of children aged 6 to 8 years."	5.41	An in vivo, randomized, controlled comparative evaluation of efficacy, hemodynamic changes, and postoperative complications of 4% articaine using buccal infiltration and 2% lidocaine using inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular primary molars of chil ( Ameen, S; Khanna, SR; Panwar, S; Rao, D, 2021)
" Statistically significant differences were found between the A and B groups with regard to early postoperative pain, edema, ecchymosis, analgesic use, and satisfaction scores, suggesting the effectivity of the lavage with lidocaine-adrenaline mixture on the early postoperative pain, edema, and ecchymosis relief."	5.34	Lavage With Lidocaine and Adrenaline Mixture Reduces the Early Side Effects of Septorhinoplasty. ( Gümüş, N, 2020)
"Lidocaine carbonate injected into the ETC cuffs decreased the severity of postoperative pharyngalgia, postoperative hoarseness and bucking on emergence from general anesthesia."	5.34	Study on the Effect of Lidocaine in the Cuff for Endotracheal Tube in Vitro and in Vivo. ( Chen, S; Min, J; Song, Z; Zhan, B; Zhang, Y, 2020)
" This study compares the severity of postoperative complications in patients undergoing LRS who have received lidocaine intraoperatively either intravenously or via paravertebral administration versus saline."	5.30	Effect of intraoperative paravertebral or intravenous lidocaine versus control during lung resection surgery on postoperative complications: A randomized controlled trial. ( Aznar, PT; Benito, C; Cruz, P; De la Gala, F; De Miguel, JP; Duque, P; Garutti, I; Gonzalez, G; Grande, P; Higuero, F; Huerta, LJ; Lopez Gil, E; Martinez, D; Muñoz, M; Olmedilla, L; Paredes, SD; Perez, A; Piñeiro, P; Rancan, L; Reyes, A; Sanchez-Pedrosa, G; Sanz, D; Simón, C; Valle, M; Vara, E, 2019)
"We compared the effects of benzydamine hydrochloride (BH), 10% lidocaine, and normal saline spray on preventing postoperative sore throat (POST) in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy (TT)."	5.30	The effect of benzydamine hydrochloride on preventing postoperative sore throat after total thyroidectomy: a randomized-controlled trial. ( Choi, JW; Han, B; Jeong, H; Kang, S; Kim, D; Kwon, J; Lee, EK; Lee, SM, 2019)
"Alkalinized lidocaine in the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff decreases the incidence of cough and throat pain on emergence after surgery lasting more than 2 hours."	5.27	Alkalinized Lidocaine Preloaded Endotracheal Tube Cuffs Reduce Emergence Cough After Brief Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial. ( Girard, F; Herrera Méndez, LF; Massicotte, N; Nath, P; Ruel, M; Williams, S, 2018)
"To see whether betamethasone gel or lidocaine gel is superior in reducing the incidence of post-operative sore throat after tracheal extubation."	5.24	Comparing the effectiveness of Betamethasone Gel with Lidocaine Gel local application on endotracheal tube in preventing post-operative sore throat (POST). ( Akhtar, R; Ammar, A; Fayyaz, A; Furqan, A, 2017)
" In this study, we compared the effectiveness of lubricating an endotracheal tube with betamethasone gel or lidocaine jelly with using an unlubricated tube in reducing the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat, hoarseness and cough."	5.24	Betamethasone gel compared with lidocaine jelly to reduce tracheal tube related postoperative airway symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. ( Bajracharya, GR; Shrestha, RR; Shrestha, S; Thapa, P, 2017)
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral endoscopic injection of lidocaine with epinephrine in the sphenopalatine ganglion at the end of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in controlling postoperative pain and rescue analgesic requirements."	5.22	Endoscopic sphenopalatine ganglion blockade efficacy in pain control after endoscopic sinus surgery. ( Al-Qudah, M, 2016)
"The use of 160 mg of intracuff alkalinized lidocaine is associated with a decreased incidence of cough upon emergence from N2O-free general anesthesia > 120 min."	5.22	Intracuff 160 mg alkalinized lidocaine reduces cough upon emergence from N2O-free general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. ( D'Aragon, F; Fréchette, Y; Marsault, É; Masse, MH; Murza, A; Parent, AJ; Sansoucy, Y; Sarret, P; Souissi, H, 2016)
"The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of betamethasone gel and lidocaine jelly (over tracheal tube cuff) compared with distilled water on the postextubation syndrome incidence (sore throat, cough, and hoarseness)."	5.22	The Effect of Betamethasone Gel and Lidocaine Jelly Applied Over Tracheal Tube Cuff on Postoperative Sore Throat, Cough, and Hoarseness. ( Ansari, L; Aryafar, M; Gholami, F; Narimani, M; Seyed Mehdi, SA; Shahbazi, F, 2016)
"When instilled onto the glottis before intubation, lidocaine reduced both the incidence of coughing and the severity of postoperative sore throat in surgery of less than 120 minutes."	5.19	Lidocaine reduces endotracheal tube associated side effects when instilled over the glottis but not when used to inflate the cuff: A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. ( Bargaoui, A; Ben Gabsia, A; Ben Romdhane, M; Bousselmi, R; Ferjani, M; Lebbi, MA; Messaoudi, A, 2014)
"A randomized, double-blind, prospective, controlled study to determine the lowest concentration of lidocaine that provides satisfactory anaesthesia and analgesia for inguinal hernia repair."	5.17	Low concentrations of lidocaine for inguinal hernia repair under local infiltration anaesthesia. ( Gong, Y; Han, B; Kou, Y; Lei, W; Liu, Y; Ma, D; Song, Y, 2013)
"Intravenous perioperative lidocaine decreases the incidence and severity of PPSP after breast cancer surgery."	5.16	Perioperative intravenous lidocaine decreases the incidence of persistent pain after breast surgery. ( Grigoras, A; Lee, P; Sattar, F; Shorten, G, 2012)
" lidocaine administration and target-controlled infusion (TCI) of remifentanil may each be used to reduce cough and haemodynamic stimulation during emergence from general anaesthesia."	5.15	Differential effects of lidocaine and remifentanil on response to the tracheal tube during emergence from general anaesthesia. ( Jeong, JJ; Kim, HS; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR, 2011)
"Hemorrhoidectomy under local anesthesia with pudendal block with ropivacaine and sedation reduced postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, and postoperative complications, and can be performed as day-case procedure."	5.14	Ligasure versus diathermy hemorrhoidectomy under spinal anesthesia or pudendal block with ropivacaine: a randomized prospective clinical study with 1-year follow-up. ( Castellví, J; Espinosa, J; Gil, V; Pi, F; Sueiras, A; Vallet, J, 2009)
"This prospective, randomized, double blind, controlled study compares the incidence of postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice after general tracheal anaesthesia when applying betamethasone gel (betamethasone group) or lidocaine jelly (lidocaine group) on the tracheal tube."	5.13	Controlled comparison between betamethasone gel and lidocaine jelly applied over tracheal tube to reduce postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice. ( Ambareesha, M; Krishna, HM; Shenoy, T; Sumathi, PA, 2008)
"To determine if intravenous lidocaine is useful and safe as a treatment for equine ileus."	5.12	Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. ( Andrews, F; Ensink, J; Keegan, K; Lumsden, J; Malone, E; Turner, T; Wilson, J, 2006)
"Propofol sedation with local sub-Tenon's injection of lidocaine/mercaine is recommended for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during unilateral or bilateral strabismus surgery in adults."	5.12	Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults. ( Axer-Siegel, R; Bachar, M; Friling, R; Katz, J; Snir, M; Weinberger, D, 2007)
" lidocaine were able to decrease postoperative pain and duration of ileus."	5.12	Comparison of the effects of thoracic epidural analgesia and i.v. infusion with lidocaine on cytokine response, postoperative pain and bowel function in patients undergoing colonic surgery. ( Chen, KM; Jao, SW; Kuo, CP; Sheen, MJ; Wong, CS; Wu, CT; Yeh, CC, 2006)
"To evaluate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on coughing and variations in heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) at endotracheal intubation in propofol-anaesthetized dogs."	5.12	Effect of intravenous lidocaine on heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure and cough responses to endotracheal intubation in propofol-anaesthetized dogs. ( Adams, V; Jolliffe, CT; Leece, EA; Marlin, DJ, 2007)
"To compare the effect of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine on reducing coughing during emergence from general anesthesia."	5.12	[Comparison of topical, intravenous, and intracuff lidocaine for reducing coughing after extubation during emergence from general anesthesia]. ( Briones Corona, G; Cruz Villaseñor, JA; Gallardo Alonso, LA; Rodríguez Reyes, J; Sánchez Rodríguez, JP; Zamora Lozano, J, 2007)
"We sought to determine the benefits of using alkalinized lidocaine 40 mg to fill the cuff of a tracheal tube (ETT) in combination with water-soluble gel lubrication to prevent post-intubation sore throat."	5.11	Alkalinization of intra-cuff lidocaine and use of gel lubrication protect against tracheal tube-induced emergence phenomena. ( Chevanne, F; Delahaye, S; Dollo, G; Ecoffey, C; Estebe, JP; Le Corre, P; Le Naoures, A, 2004)
"To determine the effect of laryngotracheal application of different doses of lidocaine spray on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness, we evaluated the incidence and severity of these complications in 168 ASA I-III patients aged 15-92 years in a placebo-controlled study."	5.11	Laryngotracheal application of lidocaine spray increases the incidence of postoperative sore throat after total intravenous anesthesia. ( Hara, K; Iijima, K; Kawahara, S; Maruyama, K; Miyazawa, H; Sakai, H; Toda, N, 2004)
"Sore throat and dysphagia were significantly more severe after lidocaine spray was used than after lidocaine or placebo was used."	5.11	Effect of additives in lidocaine spray on postoperative sore throat, hoarseness and dysphagia after total intravenous anaesthesia. ( Hara, K; Maruyama, K, 2005)
"Intravenous infusion of lidocaine has previously been demonstrated to have a transient inhibitory effect on tinnitus in 60% of individuals."	5.11	The inhibitory effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on tinnitus after translabyrinthine removal of vestibular schwannoma: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. ( Axon, PR; Baguley, DM; Jones, S; Moffat, DA; Wilkins, I, 2005)
"The objectives of this study were to compare the incidence, onset, duration and pain scores of transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) with 1% versus 5% hyperbaric lidocaine in spinal anesthesia for short urological procedures in a large prospective study."	5.10	Prospective study on incidence and functional impact of transient neurologic symptoms associated with 1% versus 5% hyperbaric lidocaine in short urologic procedures. ( Bremang, J; Chung, F; Friedlander, M; Mezei, G; Streiner, D; Tong, D; Wong, J, 2003)
"To evaluate the efficacy of various ways of lidocaine application in reducing postoperative cough and sore throat."	5.10	The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat. ( Aghadavoudi, O; Soltani, HA, 2002)
"The purpose of this study was to examine if lidocaine diffusion across an endotracheal tube cuff could improve post-operative tolerance, especially sore throat."	5.09	Endotracheal tube cuffs filled with lidocaine as a drug delivery system: in vitro and in vivo investigations. ( Chevanne, F; Dollo, G; Ecoffey, C; Estebe, JP; Le Corre, P; Le Verge, R, 2001)
"Using lidocaine to inflate the ETT cuff decreases the severity of postoperative sore throat at one hour, and both the incidence and severity at 24 hours."	5.08	Lidocaine in the endotracheal tube cuff reduces postoperative sore throat. ( Baughman, VL; Navarro, RM, 1997)
"Children (3-16 yr) undergoing elective strabismus surgery as inpatients were randomly allocated to four anaesthetic techniques: (A) thiopentone induction and isoflurane maintenance; (B) as (A) plus ondansetron 5 mg x m(-2) i."	5.08	Oculocardiac reflex and postoperative vomiting in paediatric strabismus surgery. A randomised controlled trial comparing four anaesthetic techniques. ( Fuchs-Buder, T; Rifat, K; Sansonetti, A; Tramèr, MR, 1998)
"min-1), (2) the incidence of apnea and desaturation of oxygen (< 80%), (3) the degree of sedation, and (4) the serum levels of bilirubin and unbound bilirubin after surgery."	5.08	[Midazolam for anesthetic induction in neonates]. ( Iwasawa, K; Kadosaki, M; Kawakami, K; Mitono, H; Ohata, J; Saito, I, 1998)
" lidocaine and forestalling local spray of lidocaine have been used to help diminish coughing during emergence."	5.08	Prevention of coughing induced by endotracheal tube during emergence from general anesthesia--a comparison between three different regimens of lidocaine filled in the endotracheal tube cuff. ( Chen, CC; Hsu, YW; Huang, CJ; Ko, YP; Rau, RH; Wei, TT; Wu, KH, 1998)
"A randomized, double-blind study was carried out on 193 ASA I-II surgical patients to assess the effect of aerosolized lidocaine on sore throat, hoarseness and cough in connection with tracheal intubation."	5.07	Prophylactic laryngo-tracheal aerosolized lidocaine against postoperative sore throat. ( Bredahl, C; Herlevsen, P; Hindsholm, K; Kruhøffer, PK, 1992)
"To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of intravenous tocainide with that of intravenous lidocaine in patients with ventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery, 25 patients were randomized to either agent in a double-blind manner."	5.06	Randomized double-blind study of intravenous tocainide versus lidocaine for suppression of ventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery. ( Cleveland, R; Estes, NA; Manolis, AS; Payne, D; Rastegar, H; Smith, E, 1990)
"Intravenous lidocaine in adults undergoing general anesthesia has been shown to reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	5.05	Effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Goto, T; Kawakami, H; Mihara, T; Nakajima, D; Sato, H, 2020)
" lidocaine perioperatively decreased airway complications, including coughing and sore throat."	5.05	Intravenous lidocaine to prevent postoperative airway complications in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Beique, F; McGillion, M; Postonogova, T; Schricker, T; Wang, NN; Yang, GJ; Yang, SS, 2020)
"In this double-blind parallel study, 99 patients with acute ventricular tachyarrhythmias after open-heart surgery were given either tocainide (50 patients) or lidocaine (49 patients) intravenously as 2 bolus injections 15 minutes apart, plus a fixed-rate infusion that started at the first bolus."	5.05	Efficacy and safety of intravenous tocainide compared with intravenous lidocaine for acute ventricular arrhythmias immediately after cardiac surgery. ( Harley, S; Johnson, J; MacVaugh, H; Morganroth, J; Panidis, IP; Smith, E, 1984)
" One group (n=15) received tocainide, an oral analogue of lidocaine, as a means of preventing thromboembolism; the other group (n=15) served as a control."	5.05	Effects of tocainide, an oral analogue of lidocaine, on thromboembolism after total hip replacement. ( Borg, T; Karlström, G; Modig, J; Rikner, L; Sahlstedt, B, 1981)
"The preventive effect of lidocaine against coughing in the recovery period after general anaesthesia was observed."	5.05	Lidocaine given intravenously as a suppressant of cough and laryngospasm in connection with extubation after tonsillectomy. ( Andersen, LW; Friesel, E; Gefke, K, 1983)
"Intravenous lidocaine is widely used to prevent or treat postoperative ileus in horses."	5.01	Is There Still a Place for Lidocaine in the (Postoperative) Management of Colics? ( Freeman, DE, 2019)
"We are uncertain whether IV perioperative lidocaine, when compared to placebo or no treatment, has a beneficial impact on pain scores in the early postoperative phase, and on gastrointestinal recovery, postoperative nausea, and opioid consumption."	4.98	Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery in adults. ( Eberhart, LH; Hahnenkamp, K; Helf, A; Hollmann, MW; Jelting, Y; Kranke, P; Pace, NL; Poepping, DM; Schnabel, A; Weibel, S, 2018)
"The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and any harm caused by topical and systemic lidocaine used prophylactically to prevent postoperative sore throat in adults undergoing general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation."	4.91	Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat. ( Kawaguchi, M; Nakayama, T; Nishimori, M; Sato, Y; Tanaka, Y; Tsujimura, Y, 2015)
" The incidence of early- and late-phase postoperative sore throat (POST), coughing, agitation, hoarseness, and dysphonia decreased significantly in lidocaine groups, with RRs of 0."	4.91	Effect of Intracuff Lidocaine on Postoperative Sore Throat and the Emergence Phenomenon: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Chen, CY; Chen, TL; Lam, F; Lin, YC; Tam, KW; Tsai, HC, 2015)
"The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness and any harms of topical and systematic lidocaine for the prevention of postoperative sore throat in adults undergoing endotracheal intubation as part of general anaesthesia."	4.85	Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat. ( Furuya, H; Nakayama, T; Nishimori, M; Sato, Y; Tanaka, Y, 2009)
"Continuous intravenous administration of lidocaine may decrease the duration of ileus and pain after abdominal surgery."	4.84	Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. ( Beaussier, M; Bonnet, F; Marret, E; Rolin, M, 2008)
" In case of liver cirrhosis, only Child-Pugh-Turcott A patients with normal bilirubin levels and without portal hypertension should be considered for liver resection."	4.84	[Liver function test to predict hepatic failure after liver resection--expensive and without clinical relevance?]. ( Galle, PR; Kanzler, S; Teufel, A, 2007)
"Postoperative Sore throat was lower in alkalinized lidocaine group compared to the air group."	4.12	Effect of tracheal tube cuff inflation with alkalinized lidocaine versus air on hemodynamic responses during extubation and post-operative airway morbidities in children: prospective observational cohort study, Ethiopia. ( Aberra, B; Alemu, B; Assefa, B; Daniel, T; Fentie, F; Hika, A; Samuel, H, 2022)
"In older patients, coughing and cardiovascular reactions under anesthesia and endotracheal intubations were reduced, as a result of using lidocaine/prilocaine cream on the surface of the tracheal tube cuff."	3.96	Effectiveness of lidocaine/prilocaine cream on cardiovascular reactions from endotracheal intubation and cough events during recovery period of older patients under general anesthesia: prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study. ( Chen, M; Liu, X; Lv, L; Yan, L, 2020)
"We present a case of a patient administered parasternal transdermal lidocaine patch therapy as part of a multimodal analgesic regime designed to diminish opioid-associated delirium after coronary bypass surgery."	3.88	Rare cause of delirium and hypoxemia after coronary bypass surgery: transdermal lidocaine patch-associated methemoglobinemia. ( Acevedo, FA; Chyatte, DA; Kim, EJ; Nielsen, VG, 2018)
" A 41-year-old man developed a fever and liver injury after undergoing internal hemorrhoid treatment with a submucosal injection of ALTA with lidocaine."	3.85	Liver injury after aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid treatment of hemorrhoids. ( Akasu, T; Fushiya, N; Hagiwara, N; Hirose, Y; Imai, N; Iwaku, A; Kawashima, R; Kijima, H; Kinoshita, A; Kobayashi, G; Kobayashi, H; Koike, K; Saruta, M; Shibata, K; Yokota, T; Yoshikawa, K, 2017)
"This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CT-guided embolization of internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm by transretroperitoneal approach using the lidocaine injection technique to iliacus muscle, making window for safe needle path for three patients for whom CT-guided embolization of IIAA was performed by transretroperitoneal approach with intramuscular lidocaine injection technique."	3.81	Transretroperitoneal CT-guided embolization of growing internal iliac artery aneurysm after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a transretroperitoneal approach with intramuscular lidocaine injection technique. ( Choi, SJ; Chung, SY; Kim, HO; Kim, JK; Kim, SJ; Kim, YT; Lee, HK; Lim, NY; Park, JY, 2015)
"Presentation of a case report of a 47-year-old male with a post-acoustic neuroma resection intractable headache responding to intravenous lidocaine infusion."	3.75	Intravenous lidocaine infusion for the treatment of post-acoustic neuroma resection headache: a case report. ( Schere, D; Silberstein, SD, 2009)
" These data suggest that lidocaine jelly lubrication to the endotracheal tube reinforces the severity of sore throat."	3.75	[Influence of endotracheal tube cuff lubrication on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness]. ( Kori, K; Minami, T; Muratani, T; Tatsumi, S, 2009)
"5% lidocaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine) injected into digits, comorbid patient conditions, and postoperative complications including ischemia or necrosis."	3.75	Local anesthesia using buffered 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for tumors of the digits treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. ( Davis, N; Firoz, B; Goldberg, LH, 2009)
"To determine clinical features, outcome, risk factors for death, and efficacy of IV administration of lidocaine as a prophylactic treatment for ischemic reperfusion injury in gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs."	3.74	Evaluation of lidocaine treatment and risk factors for death associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs: 112 cases (1997-2005). ( Bdolah-Abram, T; Bruchim, Y; Buber, T; Epstein, A; Ranen, E; Saragusty, J, 2007)
" We report a trial of pharmacologic-induced diaphragmatic paralysis through continuous paraphrenic injection of lidocaine to reduced residual airspace."	3.74	Reduction of airspace after lung resection through controlled paralysis of the diaphragm. ( Berg, P; Carboni, GL; Dutly, AE; Küster, JR; Schmid, RA; Vogt, A; Wagnetz, D, 2008)
"Even though we did not measure lidocaine plasma levels, lidocaine was the most likely cause of postoperative methemoglobinemia."	3.74	Postoperative methemoglobinemia following infiltrative lidocaine administration for combined anesthesia in pediatric craniofacial surgery. ( Christophis, P; Heckmann, M; Howaldt, HP; Mann, V; Neuhaeuser, C; Schaaf, H; Weigand, N, 2008)
"We investigated whether intravenous lidocaine prior to endotracheal intubation influences the postoperative airway symptoms of sore throat, cough, and sputum."	3.73	Effects of intravenous lidocaine prior to intubation on postoperative airway symptoms. ( Kinoshita, Y; Takekawa, K; Yoshimi, S, 2006)
" We prospectively evaluated the use of four anesthetic techniques (general anesthesia, axillary block, and IV regional anesthesia [IVRA] with lidocaine with or without clonidine) for patients undergoing fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture."	3.73	The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture: a prospective observational study of four anesthetic techniques. ( Dixon, D; Faruqi, S; Madabhushi, L; Pristas, R; Reuben, SS; Wenner, S, 2006)
" Neurovascular bundle blockage with lidocaine is very effective to diminish biopsy associated pain."	3.73	[Tolerability and complications of the ultrasound guided transrectal biopsy of the prostate extended to 10 cores. The role of neurovascular bundle blockage with lidocaine]. ( Alonso González, M; Burgos Revilla, FJ; García González, R; Lennie Zucharino, A; Mayayo Dehesa, T; Rodríguez-Patrón Rodríguez, RR, 2005)
"Implantation of an IOL at the time of cataract extraction under combined systemic ketamine and peribulbar lidocaine anesthesia appeared to be well tolerated and produced significant visual improvement in pediatric patients in Nepal."	3.72	Pediatric cataract surgery in Nepal. ( Gurung, R; Paudyal, G; Reddy, H; Ruit, S; Tabin, G; Thakur, J; Thapa, S; Wilson, ME, 2004)
"5- year-old girl with systemic lidocaine toxicity following treatment for postoperative bladder spasms."	3.70	Lidocaine toxicity secondary to postoperative bladder instillation in a pediatric patient. ( Cilento, BG; Clapp, CR; Poss, WB, 1999)
" After undergoing resection for femoral chondrosarcoma under epidural anesthesia, the patient received a continuous infusion of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia."	3.70	Perioperative stroke associated with postoperative epidural analgesia. ( Benesch, CG; Francisco, DR; Wu, CL, 2000)
"The lidocaine (MEGX [monoethylglycinexylidide]) test, which was performed in 200 patients with different liver diseases and in 23 organ donors, was compared with common laboratory tests."	3.70	The lidocaine (MEGX) test as an index of hepatic function: its clinical usefulness in liver surgery. ( Callivà, R; Cavallari, A; Cescon, M; Ercolani, G; Grazi, GL; Mazziotti, A; Pierangeli, F, 2000)
"5 to 2-microliters injections of 2% lidocaine at appropriate sites in the thalamic ventrocaudal or ventrointermedius nucleus can produce a temporary marked suppression of tremor."	3.68	Microinjection of lidocaine into human thalamus: a useful tool in stereotactic surgery. ( Davis, KD; Dostrovsky, JO; Hutchison, WD; Parrent, AG; Sher, GD; Tasker, RR, 1993)
"A Purtscher-like retinopathy occurred in a 41-year-old woman who underwent the excision of a pterygium after a retrobulbar injection of 3 ml of lidocaine HCl."	3.68	Purtscher-like retinopathy after retrobulbar anesthesia. ( Lemagne, JM; Michiels, X; Snyers, B; Van Causenbroeck, S, 1990)
"Unilateral stellate ganglion block (right or left) was achieved by local injection of 15 ml of lidocaine in 27 patients with hypertension after coronary bypass surgery."	3.66	Unilateral stellate block in the treatment of hypertension after coronary bypass surgery. Implications of a new therapeutic approach. ( Estafanous, FG; Fouad, FM; Tarazi, RC, 1978)
"lidocaine treatment or placebo."	3.30	Efficacy of prolonged intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative movement-evoked pain following hepatectomy: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. ( Hong, Y; Jiang, C; Kang, Y; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, F; Xiao, X; Xu, Y; Ye, M; Yu, F; Zhou, L; Zhou, M, 2023)
"The lidocaine patch group had lower postoperative pain scores at rest at 24 hours (mean difference [MD] -15."	2.87	The use of 5% lidocaine medicated plaster for acute postoperative pain after gynecological surgery: A pilot randomized controlled feasibility trial. ( Chan, SK; Lau, LL; Lee, A; Li, CY, 2018)
"The incidence of POST, hoarseness, and cough in the postanesthesia patients was compared."	2.84	The effect of lidocaine jelly on a taper-shaped cuff of an endotracheal tube on the postoperative sore throat: a prospective randomized study: A CONSORT compliant article. ( Kim, HC; Lee, J; Lee, JY; Lee, YC; Son, JD, 2017)
"Perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with pediatric anesthesia."	2.82	Site-directed topical lidocaine spray attenuates perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery. ( Ai, Y; Chu, Q; He, L; Li, LW; Zhang, W, 2016)
"PONV was lesser in group L at 6 and 18 h post-surgery (<0."	2.80	Effect of intravenous lignocaine on perioperative stress response and post-surgical ileus in elective open abdominal surgeries: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Ali, SM; Ananthanarayanan, PH; Badhe, AS; Karthikeyan, VS; Sistla, SC; Sridhar, P, 2015)
"The lidocaine group had lower serum MDA levels than those in the control group."	2.80	Neuroprotective effects of intravenous lidocaine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients following spine surgery. ( Chen, K; Li, J; Wei, P; Zheng, Q; Zhou, J, 2015)
"Association of trismus was found less with the steroid treatment groups when compared to the control group."	2.79	Effects of intra-space injection of Twin mix versus intraoral-submucosal, intramuscular, intravenous and per-oral administration of dexamethasone on post-operative sequelae after mandibular impacted third molar surgery: a preliminary clinical comparative ( Bhargava, D; Deshpande, A; Sreekumar, K, 2014)
" Group A (N = 95) was treated with chemonucleolysis only (the injection of oxygen-ozone combined with collagenase into the lumbar disc and the epidural space); group B (N = 97) was treated with chemonucleolysis and PCB."	2.79	CT-guided chemonucleolysis combined with psoas compartment block in lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled study. ( Du, Y; Huang, YY; Li, B; Li, Y; Meng, J; Xu, XX; Yang, HF; Zhang, Q, 2014)
" We conducted a trial to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological [smaller-sized endotracheal tube (ETT)] combined with pharmacological intervention [lidocaine intravenous (i."	2.77	A smaller endotracheal tube combined with intravenous lidocaine decreases post-operative sore throat - a randomized controlled trial. ( Ren, Y; Tan, ZM; Wang, SL; Xu, YJ; Zhu, Y, 2012)
"Pain, swelling, and trismus are the most common complications associated with third molar surgery."	2.76	Comparative study of effect of single and multiple suture techniques on inflammatory complications after third molar surgery. ( Adebola, RA; Osunde, OD; Saheeb, BD, 2011)
"The incidence of hoarseness 1 day after the operation decreased to 8."	2.75	Strepsils® tablets reduce sore throat and hoarseness after tracheal intubation. ( Ebneshahidi, A; Mohseni, M, 2010)
"A sore throat is the most frequent adverse side effect of general anesthesia."	2.75	Lidocaine spray 10 min prior to intubation: effects on postoperative sore throat. ( Akamatsu, Y; Honma, K; Kamachi, M; Yamashita, N; Yoshioka, M, 2010)
"There were no differences in postoperative pain scores and side effects between the two groups."	2.74	Effect of epidural saline washout on regression of sensory and motor block after epidural anaesthesia with 2% lidocaine and fentanyl in elderly patients. ( Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Lee, NH; Park, EY; Park, WS, 2009)
"22 [14-36] mg; P=0."	2.73	Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy. ( Detroz, BJ; Durieux, ME; Joris, JL; Kaba, A; Lamy, ML; Laurent, SR; Sessler, DI, 2007)
"Peri-prostatic injection of local anaesthetic is safe and reduces discomfort significantly, and should be routinely offered to patients."	2.71	Efficacy and safety peri-prostatic local anaesthetic injection in trans-rectal biopsy of the prostrate: a prospective randomised study. ( Keane, PF; Lynch, TH; Mahendra, V; Nambirajan, T; Walsh, IK; Woolsey, S, 2004)
"The results indicate that muscle fasciculation was not found in Group PR while the patients in Group LS had a lower incidence of muscle fasciculation than those in Group PS (p < 0."	2.70	Can lidocaine reduce succinylcholine induced postoperative myalgia? ( Amornyotin, S; Nilsuwankosit, P; Pipatnaraphong, H; Rachatamukayanant, P; Santawat, U, 2002)
"Pain was scored subjectively by each patient (0-10) during the injection, peroperatively and postoperatively."	2.70	[Comparison between Greenbaum's parabulbar anesthesia and Ripart's subtenon anesthesia in the anterior segment surgery]. ( Alberti, M; Baltenneck, A; Batisse, JL; de la Marnierre, E; Mage, F, 2002)
"Postoperative stridor, laryngospasm, cyanosis, bleeding, sedation degree, and respiratory depression were observed, and plasma lidocaine levels were measured."	2.69	The use of preoperative lidocaine to prevent stridor and laryngospasm after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. ( Aygenç, E; Cekiç, A; Koç, C; Kocaman, F; Ozdem, C, 1998)
" The aim of this study was to verify whether this action resulted from a local anaesthetic effect of pethidine or from inadequate fentanyl dosage in previous studies."	2.68	The effects of pethidine, fentanyl and lignocaine on postanaesthetic shivering. ( Alfonsi, P; Chauvin, M; Hongnat, JM; Lebrault, C, 1995)
"Lidocaine was associated with an increased incidence of diagnosis of POR (OR 6."	2.66	Meta-analysis of the effects of lidocaine on postoperative reflux in the horse. ( Durket, E; Gillen, A; Kottwitz, J; Munsterman, A, 2020)
"Postoperative cough and hoarseness at the 24th postoperative hour were also studied."	2.61	Lidocaine lubricants for intubation-related complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Chen, CY; Chen, TL; Lam, F; Liao, AH; Lin, YC; Yeoh, SR, 2019)
"Pneumothorax is a common complication and typically occurs in the first 2 days following treatment."	2.55	Endobronchial Valves for Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: Best Practice Recommendations from Expert Panel on Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction. ( Herth, FJ; Shah, PL; Slebos, DJ; Valipour, A, 2017)
"Postoperative sore throat has a reported incidence of up to 62% following general anaesthesia."	2.53	Postoperative sore throat: a systematic review. ( Bailey, CR; El-Boghdadly, K; Wiles, MD, 2016)
" However, before these agents are recommended for general use, large multicenter trials should be done exploring not only efficacy but also dose-response relationships and side effects."	2.50	Novel preoperative pharmacologic methods of preventing postoperative sore throat due to tracheal intubation. ( Austin, PN; Kalil, DM; Silvestro, LS, 2014)
"Lidocaine has been used for spinal anesthesia since 1948, seemingly without causing concern."	2.43	Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia with lidocaine versus other local anesthetics: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. ( Christiansen, C; Pace, NL; Punjasawadwong, Y; Zaric, D, 2005)
"Seventy-six patients with inguinal hernia underwent TEP under GA (n = 52) or LA (n = 24)."	1.91	Laparoscopic total extra-peritoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia by topical lidocaine injection. ( Chang, HK; Cho, K; Ko, H; Lee, SM; Min, SY; Park, MS, 2023)
" This study aimed to determine the safety and adverse effects seen in patients that receive larger amounts of locally injected lidocaine."	1.62	Risk of adverse events due to high volumes of local anesthesia during Mohs micrographic surgery. ( Clayton, A; Danford, BC; Darragh, C; Frank, N; Patrinely, JR; Wheless, L, 2021)
" No adverse events requiring emergency intervention with a crash cart or transfer to the emergency department occurred despite a patient population with advanced age and a wide range of comorbidities."	1.56	Safety of Intradermal/Subcutaneous Lidocaine With Epinephrine Use in Dermatologic Surgery. ( Diven, DG; Dozier, SE; Edmiston, C; Fox, MC; Hirshburg, JM; Woody, M, 2020)
"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGEs) performed under ketamine sedation may increase the risk of respiratory adverse events (RAEs) due to pharyngeal stimulation."	1.51	Topical Pharyngeal Lidocaine Reduces Respiratory Adverse Events During Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopies Under Ketamine Sedation in Children. ( Estalella-Mendoza, A; Flores-González, JC; Lechuga-Sancho, AM; Rodríguez-Campoy, P; Saldaña-Valderas, M, 2019)
"Intraoperative laryngospasm occurs in <1% of cases."	1.51	Nebulized Lidocaine in the Treatment of Refractory Postoperative Laryngospasm: A Case Report. ( Ha, CB; Oon, Z; Sicinski, M, 2019)
" Unsedated PEG insertion appears to be a feasible, well-tolerated, and safe option for stroke-related dysphagia."	1.51	Unsedated Outpatient Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Stroke Patients: Is It Feasible and Safe? ( Kapanidis, K; Kotzampassi, K; Michalopoulos, A; Stavrou, G; Tsaousi, G, 2019)
"Additionally, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, administration of pain rescue medication, time to hospital discharge and to first bowel movement, as well as any postoperative complications were recorded."	1.48	Factors associated with intravenous lidocaine in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy - a retrospective, single-centre experience. ( Both, CP; Bühler, PK; Piegeler, T; Schmitz, A; Thomas, J; Weiss, M, 2018)
"Traditional nonoperative management of stenosing tenosynovitis is limited to one corticosteroid injection, followed by surgery in the case of failure."	1.43	Management of Stenosing Flexor Tenosynovitis: Maximizing Nonoperative Success without Increasing Morbidity. ( Golas, AR; Marcus, LR; Reiffel, RS, 2016)
"Eighteen patients with postthoracotomy neuropathic pain were exposed to placebo and nocebo manipulations, in which they received open and hidden administrations of pain-relieving (lidocaine) or pain-inducing (capsaicin) treatment controlled for the natural history of pain."	1.40	Expectations and positive emotional feelings accompany reductions in ongoing and evoked neuropathic pain following placebo interventions. ( Benedetti, F; Finnerup, NB; Grosen, K; Jensen, TS; Petersen, GL; Pilegaard, HK; Price, DD; Tracey, I; Vase, L, 2014)
"One patient (patient 6) suffered from aphonia and from severe dysphagia and required a feeding tube."	1.40	Management of aphonic patients following total laryngectomy and trachea esophageal puncture. ( Benyamini, L; Cohen, JT; Gil, Z, 2014)
"Lidocaine has been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart, lung, and brain, potentially due to modulation of inflammatory responses and apoptotic signaling pathways."	1.38	Systemic lidocaine does not attenuate hepatic dysfunction after liver surgery in rats. ( de Graaf, W; Diepenhorst, GM; Erdogan, D; Herroeder, S; Hollmann, MW; van Gulik, TM, 2012)
"Transient facial palsy is a rare complication after adenotonsillectomy."	1.38	Peripheral facial palsy after adenotonsillectomy in children. ( Chen, YC; Lee, KS; Lin, KL, 2012)
" Thorough preoperative patient evaluation, detailed informed consent, and perioperative care delivered in a safe environment can contribute to improved safety in plastic surgery."	1.38	Patient safety in plastic surgery. ( Tabbal, GN; Trussler, AP, 2012)
" One technique is the tension suture technique, which can be combined with lidocain-adrenalin-saline-infiltration."	1.38	Tension suture technique combined with lidocain-adrenalin-saline-infiltration decreases complications in abdominoplasty. ( Helle, M; Kuokkanen, H; Saariniemi, K; Salmi, A, 2012)
"Tumescent liposuction under local anesthesia is a safe method, providing it is performed by an experienced surgeon and the guidelines of care for liposuction are strictly followed."	1.37	Safety of tumescent liposuction under local anesthesia in a series of 4,380 patients. ( Boeni, R, 2011)
" The rate of adverse events with conscious sedation has not been previously assessed in the interventional spine procedure setting."	1.37	Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. ( Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)
"A 2% lidocaine solution was infused through the thoracic drains, which were removed soon after surgery."	1.36	[Outpatient or short-stay videothoracoscopy-assisted thoracic sympathectomy: anesthesia in 445 cases]. ( Anglada, MT; Callejas, MA; Gomar, C; Pons, M; Tejedor, A, 2010)
"Six patients developed numbness in the infraorbital region, five of whom recovered within 3 months; the other recovered by 6 months postoperatively."	1.35	Blending of the eyelid-cheek junction and removal of protruding fat: an intraoral approach to blepharoplasty of the lower eyelid. ( Bu, R; Liu, C; Liu, H; Peng, C; Zhang, H; Zhu, K, 2009)
"Recurrence was observed in 3 patients (7."	1.35	Tumescent local anesthesia for excision and flap procedures in treatment of pilonidal disease. ( Aydin, C; Kayaalp, C; Olmez, A; Piskin, T, 2009)
"Transient abducens nerve palsy rarely occurs after an intranasal sphenopalatine nerve block."	1.34	Transient abducens nerve palsy during endoscopic sinus surgery: report of three cases. ( Kim, HD; Lim, SC, 2007)
"Sixteen patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers were enrolled in this study."	1.33	Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: how I do it. ( Chen, MF; Lee, WC, 2005)
"Postoperative pain was controlled by use of multimodal analgesia."	1.33	[Bilateral polyradiculitis after an epidural block: a rare, serious complication]. ( Aguilar, JL; Ferrer, AM; Mira, MD; Peláez, R; Segura, MC, 2006)
"Sore throat and hoarseness are common complications, but these have not been studied after total i."	1.32	Sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anaesthesia. ( Hara, K; Iinuma, Y; Maruyama, K; Miyazawa, H; Mochizuki, N; Otagiri, T; Sakai, H; Toda, N, 2004)
"Around 20% of the haemophiliacs developed post-oral surgical complications, which was not significantly different whether or not they were HIV-infected."	1.31	Complications in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected haemophiliacs and other patients after oral surgery. ( Dios, RD; Giangrande, PL; Scully, C; Watt-Smith, P, 2002)
"Chronic anal fissure is the main cause of anal pain and is very common."	1.31	Open lateral sphincterotomy is still the best treatment for chronic anal fissure. ( Argov, S; Levandovsky, O, 2000)
"We present a case of anterior spinal artery syndrome in a 57-year-old man having a total hip arthroplasty under epidural anaesthesia."	1.31	Anterior spinal artery syndrome following total hip arthroplasty under epidural anaesthesia. ( Hong, DK; Lawrence, HM, 2001)
"Tolerance to inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia was prospectively evaluated in a consecutive series of 41 patients who underwent hernia repair with local infiltration of 0."	1.29	Inguinal herniorrhaphy under local anesthesia: a study of intraoperative tolerance. ( Herrera, MF; Letayf, V; Prado, E, 1994)
"Conclusion."	1.29	[Diplopia after retrobulbar anesthesia in cataract surgery--a case report]. ( Lüthi, M; Schipper, I, 1994)
" In 112 patients, the mean lidocaine dosage was 33."	1.29	Tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves safety in large-volume liposuction. ( Klein, JA, 1993)
"A case is reported in which acute airway obstruction followed the injection of Teflon paste into a paralysed vocal cord."	1.27	Respiratory obstruction following vocal cord injection of Teflon paste. ( Bates, GJ; Curley, JW; Ward, ME, 1984)
"The most common intraoperative complications were hypotension (72 patients, 25."	1.27	Anaesthesia for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy at the Victorian Lithotripsy Service--the first 300 patients. ( Berg, J; Dixon, GC; Kluger, R; Silbert, BS, 1988)
"Herpes simplex esophagitis is a rare disease occurring mostly in immunocompromised and cancer patients."	1.27	Herpes simplex esophagitis in a renal transplant patient treated with cyclosporine A: a case report. ( Abnrashed, A; Alexander, LC; Check, FE; Fawcett, K; Watts, SJ, 1986)
"Postoperative diplopia and ptosis can be temporary or permanent complications in patients who have undergone ophthalmic surgery while under local anesthesia."	1.27	Postoperative diplopia and ptosis. A clinical hypothesis based on the myotoxicity of local anesthetics. ( Carlson, BM; Rainin, EA, 1985)
" Dosage can be calculated on this basis for operations on the perineum, lower and groin with 97 to 98% confidence."	1.26	Caudal analgesia in children. Five hundred cases for procedures below the diaphragm. ( McGown, RG, 1982)
"Clofibrate is a drug used commonly by persons in the age group requesting face lifts."	1.25	Latrogenic platelet dysfunction: an emerging peril. ( Lian, EC; Wolfe, SA, 1975)

Research

Studies (510)

Authors

Clinical Trials (77)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Incidence of Adverse Events

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	135 (26.47)	18.7374
1990's	84 (16.47)	18.2507
2000's	137 (26.86)	29.6817
2010's	117 (22.94)	24.3611
2020's	37 (7.25)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Tipton, CB	1
O'Rourke, AK	1
Karaarslan, K	1
Abud, B	1
Duan, L	1
Hu, GH	1
Wang, E	1
Zhang, CL	1
Huang, LJ	1
Duan, YY	1
Brown, S	1
McLoughlin, J	1
Russ, A	1
Casillas, M	1
Buehler, J	1
Heidel, RE	1
Yates, JR	1
Zhang, H	3
Qu, M	1
Guo, K	1
Wang, Y	1
Gu, J	1
Wu, H	1
Zhu, X	1
Sun, Z	2
Cata, JP	1
Chen, W	1
Miao, C	1
Choura, D	1
Ketata, S	1
Zouche, I	1
Zouari, A	1
Moalla, H	1
Maktouf, Y	1
Marwene, A	1
Triki, Z	1
Ko, H	1
Lee, SM	2
Chang, HK	1
Min, SY	1
Cho, K	1
Park, MS	1
Assefa, B	1
Samuel, H	1
Fentie, F	1
Daniel, T	1
Hika, A	1
Aberra, B	1
Alemu, B	1
Wang, F	2
He, Y	2
Zhou, M	3
Luo, Q	2
Zeng, Z	2
Liu, L	2
Zeng, S	2
Lei, Q	2
Murugaiyan, A	1
Sahoo, AK	1
Rao, PB	1
Misra, S	1
Sarenac, O	1
Lazovic, R	1
Vukcevic, B	1
Lazovic, JR	1
Palibrk, IG	1
Guinot, PG	1
Andrei, S	1
Durand, B	1
Martin, A	1
Duclos, V	1
Spitz, A	1
Berthoud, V	1
Constandache, T	1
Grosjean, S	1
Radhouani, M	1
Anciaux, JB	1
Nguyen, M	1
Bouhemad, B	1
Qin, P	1
Wei, K	1
Yang, Q	1
Zhu, Y	2
Zheng, X	1
Xu, Y	1
Ye, M	1
Liu, F	1
Hong, Y	1
Kang, Y	1
Li, Y	4
Li, H	2
Xiao, X	1
Yu, F	1
Zhou, L	1
Jiang, C	1
Hassan, SU	1
Abbas, N	1
Asghar, A	1
Tariq, S	1
Naqvi, N	1
Rafique, M	1
Yang, D	1
Ishida, K	1
Maruyama, Y	1
Yoshiyama, Y	1
Ito, M	1
Tanaka, S	1
Shen, D	1
Kawamata, M	1
Grotowska, M	1
Gozdzik, W	1
Borges, J	1
Loureiro, F	1
Matas, M	1
Sotošek, V	1
Kozmar, A	1
Likić, R	1
Sekulić, A	1
De la Gala, F	1
Piñeiro, P	1
Reyes, A	1
Simón, C	1
Vara, E	1
Rancan, L	1
Huerta, LJ	1
Gonzalez, G	1
Benito, C	1
Muñoz, M	1
Grande, P	1
Paredes, SD	1
Aznar, PT	1
Perez, A	1
Martinez, D	1
Higuero, F	1
Sanz, D	1
De Miguel, JP	1
Cruz, P	1
Olmedilla, L	1
Lopez Gil, E	1
Duque, P	1
Sanchez-Pedrosa, G	1
Valle, M	1
Garutti, I	1
Gümüş, N	1
Nakajima, D	1
Kawakami, H	1
Mihara, T	1
Sato, H	1
Goto, T	1
Yue, Y	1
Qu, Y	1
Mu, D	1
Yang, SS	1
Wang, NN	1
Postonogova, T	1
Yang, GJ	1
McGillion, M	1
Beique, F	1
Schricker, T	1
Lenoir, M	1
Bouhout, I	1
Jelassi, A	1
Cartier, R	1
Poirier, N	1
El-Hamamsy, I	1
Demers, P	1
Lv, L	1
Yan, L	1
Liu, X	1
Chen, M	1
Zhan, B	1
Song, Z	1
Chen, S	1
Min, J	1
Zhang, Y	1
Marzouk, M	1
Lafreniere-Bessi, V	1
Dionne, S	1
Simard, S	1
Pigeon, C	1
Dagenais, F	1
Ad, N	1
Jacques, F	1
Pustetto, M	1
Goldsztejn, N	1
Touihri, K	1
Engelman, E	1
Ickx, B	1
Van Obbergh, L	1
Connors, JR	1
Deep, NL	1
Huncke, TK	1
Roland, JT	1
Patrinely, JR	1
Darragh, C	1
Frank, N	1
Danford, BC	1
Wheless, L	1
Clayton, A	1
Sun, R	1
Bao, X	1
Gao, X	1
Li, T	1
Wang, Q	3
Xie, C	1
Gunaydin, S	1
Gunertem, OE	1
Babaroglu, S	1
Kunt, AT	1
McCusker, K	1
Ozisik, K	1
Khanna, SR	1
Rao, D	1
Panwar, S	1
Ameen, S	1
Fayyaz, A	1
Furqan, A	1
Ammar, A	1
Akhtar, R	1
Gordon, RJ	1
Lombard, FW	1
Davenport, L	1
Letson, HL	1
Dobson, GP	2
Gurich, RW	1
Langan, JW	1
Teasdall, RJ	1
Tanner, SL	1
Sanders, JL	1
Thapa, P	1
Shrestha, RR	1
Shrestha, S	1
Bajracharya, GR	1
Yoshikawa, K	1
Kawashima, R	1
Hirose, Y	1
Shibata, K	1
Akasu, T	1
Hagiwara, N	1
Yokota, T	1
Imai, N	1
Iwaku, A	1
Kobayashi, G	1
Kobayashi, H	1
Kinoshita, A	1
Fushiya, N	1
Kijima, H	1
Koike, K	1
Saruta, M	1
Acevedo, FA	1
Kim, EJ	1
Chyatte, DA	1
Nielsen, VG	1
Lee, J	1
Lee, YC	1
Son, JD	1
Lee, JY	1
Kim, HC	1
Peng, K	1
Zhang, J	2
Chen, WR	1
Liu, HY	1
Ji, FH	1
Nath, P	1
Williams, S	1
Herrera Méndez, LF	1
Massicotte, N	1
Girard, F	1
Ruel, M	1
Habibi, MR	1
Habibi, V	1
Habibi, A	1
Soleimani, A	1
Giannasio, B	1
Giacomelli, E	1
Dorigo, W	1
Fargion, AT	1
Chiti, E	1
Pratesi, C	1
Tasman, AJ	1
Poli-Neto, OB	1
Campos Martins Chamochumbi, C	1
Toscano, P	1
Pitanguy Julio, M	1
Marques, W	1
Rosa-E-Silva, JC	1
Candido-Dos-Reis, FJ	1
Nogueira, AA	1
Echevarría, GC	1
Altermatt, FR	1
Paredes, S	1
Puga, V	1
Auad, H	1
Veloso, AM	1
Elgueta, MF	1
Lubszczyk, M	1
Łuczyńska-Sopel, A	1
Polaczkiewicz, D	1
Zeng, ZW	1
Zhang, YN	1
Lin, WX	1
Zhang, WQ	1
Luo, R	1
Weibel, S	1
Jelting, Y	1
Pace, NL	5
Helf, A	1
Eberhart, LH	2
Hahnenkamp, K	2
Hollmann, MW	3
Poepping, DM	1
Schnabel, A	1
Kranke, P	2
Korolyov, AY	1
Pvreaov, AV	1
Both, CP	1
Thomas, J	1
Bühler, PK	1
Schmitz, A	1
Weiss, M	1
Piegeler, T	1
Lau, LL	1
Li, CY	1
Lee, A	1
Chan, SK	1
Forster, C	1
Vanhaudenhuyse, A	1
Gast, P	1
Louis, E	1
Hick, G	1
Brichant, JF	1
Joris, J	1
Flores-González, JC	1
Estalella-Mendoza, A	1
Rodríguez-Campoy, P	1
Saldaña-Valderas, M	1
Lechuga-Sancho, AM	1
Cornejo-Suarez, A	1
Chavez-Delgado, ME	1
Perez-Ramirez, R	1
Montoya-Hernandez, I	1
Montoya-Valdez, JR	1
Rosales-Orozco, CS	1
Govea-Camacho, LH	1
Ottaviani, F	1
Schindler, A	1
Klinger, F	1
Scarponi, L	1
Succo, G	1
Mozzanica, F	1
Rizvanović, N	1
Čaušević, S	1
Hrnčić, N	1
Hatibović, H	1
Oon, Z	1
Ha, CB	1
Sicinski, M	1
Othman, AH	1
Ahmed, DG	1
Abd El-Rahman, AM	1
El Sherif, FA	1
Mansour, S	1
Aboeleuon, E	1
Hirshburg, JM	1
Diven, DG	1
Edmiston, C	1
Dozier, SE	1
Woody, M	1
Fox, MC	1
Kim, D	1
Jeong, H	1
Kwon, J	1
Kang, S	1
Han, B	2
Lee, EK	1
Choi, JW	1
Akkuş, M	1
Öner, E	1
Tsaousi, G	1
Stavrou, G	1
Kapanidis, K	1
Michalopoulos, A	1
Kotzampassi, K	1
Freeman, DE	1
Liao, AH	1
Yeoh, SR	1
Lin, YC	2
Lam, F	2
Chen, TL	2
Chen, CY	2
Durket, E	1
Gillen, A	1
Kottwitz, J	1
Munsterman, A	1
Tran, QH	1
González, AP	1
Bernucci, F	1
Pham, K	1
Finlayson, RJ	1
Bhargava, D	1
Sreekumar, K	1
Deshpande, A	1
Song, Y	1
Lei, W	1
Kou, Y	1
Liu, Y	1
Gong, Y	1
Ma, D	1
Madsen, CS	1
Johnsen, B	1
Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A	1
Jensen, TS	2
Finnerup, NB	2
Patil, PM	1
Christensen, J	1
Matzen, LH	1
Vaeth, M	1
Wenzel, A	1
Schou, S	1
Alañón, F	1
Alañón, MA	1
Jiménez, JA	1
Calero, B	1
Noriega, A	1
Plaza, G	1
Huang, P	1
Gopal, L	1
Kumar, CM	1
Park, JY	1
Kim, SJ	1
Kim, HO	1
Kim, YT	1
Lim, NY	1
Kim, JK	1
Chung, SY	1
Choi, SJ	1
Lee, HK	1
Breebaart, MB	1
Teune, A	1
Sermeus, LA	1
Vercauteren, MP	1
Bousselmi, R	1
Lebbi, MA	1
Bargaoui, A	1
Ben Romdhane, M	1
Messaoudi, A	1
Ben Gabsia, A	1
Ferjani, M	1
Tan, H	1
Cao, J	1
Zuo, Z	1
Li, B	1
Xu, XX	1
Du, Y	1
Yang, HF	1
Zhang, Q	1
Huang, YY	1
Meng, J	1
Sridhar, P	1
Sistla, SC	1
Ali, SM	1
Karthikeyan, VS	1
Badhe, AS	1
Ananthanarayanan, PH	1
Kalil, DM	1
Silvestro, LS	1
Austin, PN	1
Petersen, GL	1
Grosen, K	1
Pilegaard, HK	1
Tracey, I	1
Benedetti, F	1
Price, DD	1
Vase, L	1
Kim, HJ	1
Kim, WH	1
Kim, G	1
Kim, E	1
Park, MH	1
Shin, BS	1
Sim, WS	1
Kim, CS	1
Lee, YT	1
Cho, HS	1
Benyamini, L	1
Gil, Z	1
Cohen, JT	1
Chen, K	1
Wei, P	1
Zheng, Q	1
Zhou, J	1
Li, J	1
Peng, Y	1
Zhang, W	2
Zhou, X	1
Ji, Y	1
Kass, IS	1
Han, R	1
Tanaka, Y	2
Nakayama, T	2

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effects of Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia on the Prognosis in Patients Undergoing Pancreatic Cancer Surgery: A Multi-center Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03245346]		540 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-12-19	Recruiting
Effect of Regional Anesthesia With Lidocaine on Perioperative Levels of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cerebral Aneurysm Patients[NCT03823482]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Enrolling by invitation
Impact of the Administration of Intravenous or Paravertebral Lidocaine in Continuous Perfusion During the Intraoperative Period of Lung Resection Surgery on the Appearance of Postoperative Complications[NCT03905837]	Phase 4	156 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-28	Completed
Effect of Intravenous Lignocaine Infusion on Intraoperative End Tidal Desflurane Concentration Requirements: A Randomised Double-Blinded Controlled Study[NCT06064331]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-21	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Study of Compound Lidocaine Cream to Prevent Postoperative Agitation in Patients With Endotracheal Intubation for General Anesthesia[NCT02017392]	Phase 4	2,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Endotracheal Tube Cuffs Pre-filled With Alkalinized Lidocaine Compared to Endotracheal Tube Cuffs Filled With Saline on the Incidence of Coughing During Emergence of Anesthesia.[NCT01715688]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Use of Intravenous Lidocaine in the Prevention of Postoperative Vomiting in Elective Tonsil Surgery, With or Without Adenoids[NCT01986309]	Phase 4	92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Comparison of the Effect of Lidocaine Infusion Applied at Different Doses During Lumbar Spinal Surgery on Hemodynamics and Postoperative Pain[NCT05936190]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-10	Recruiting
Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Recovery in Liver Surgery, a Randomized Double Blinded Placebo-controlled Study[NCT05153785]	Phase 2/Phase 3	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-15	Recruiting
Intranasal Lidocaine for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. A Prospective Double Blind Randomized Controlled Study.[NCT04810494]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Change in study team)
The Effect of Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion and Intraoperative Lidocaine Combined With Ketamine Infusion on Opioid Consumption After Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04524130]	Phase 4	87 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-01	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, Active-Comparator, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority Study of the Efficacy of Continuous Nerve Block vs Single Block Plus Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain.[NCT04208516]	Phase 4	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-26	Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment was unable to be obtained in a timely fashion, so the study was stopped.)
Lidocaine and Ketamine in Abdominal Surgery[NCT04084548]	Phase 3	420 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-15	Recruiting
Continous Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Intraoperative for Craniotomy Tumor Removal Surgery: Effect to Brain Relaxation, Opioid Consumption and Postoperative Cognitive Status[NCT04773093]	Phase 1/Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Recruiting
Intravenous Lignocaine as an Analgesic Adjunct in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery (IGNITE-AIS Study)[NCT04931433]	Phase 4	102 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-24	Recruiting
Investigation of the Effects of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion During Sedation for Colonoscopy[NCT02784860]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine on Propofol Requirements in Patients Undergoing Hysteroscopy and Diagnostic Curettage[NCT04633577]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-20	Completed
Effect of Continuous Pre-peritoneal Wound Infiltration Versus Epidural Analgesia on Inflammatory Response and Pain Following Radical Cytsectomy[NCT03002909]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
Efficacy of Combined Periportal and Preperitoneal Local Anesthetic Infiltration (CPPLAI) in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Patients[NCT04680923]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-08	Completed
The Effect of Cold Vapor on Intubation-Related Symptoms and Comfort in the Early Postoperative Period[NCT05317156]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-18	Not yet recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial on Assessment of Preoperative Versus Postoperative Submucosal Dexamethasone On Postoperative Complications Following Surgical Extraction Of Mandibular Third Molar.[NCT06160180]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Comparing the Efficacy of Local Anesthetics in Mohs Surgery[NCT03871478]		105 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-01	Recruiting
Influence of Spinal or Intravenous Dexmedetomidine on Spinal Anesthesia With Chloroprocaine and Bladder Function in Day-case Surgery. A Double Blind Randomized Study.[NCT02282319]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Comparison of Two Induction Regimens Using Topical Lidocaine or Muscle Relaxant; Impact on Postoperative Sore Throat and Haemodynamics[NCT03031808]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-31	Recruiting
S100B Protein as Predictor of Cognitive Dysfunction After Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Prospective Observational Study[NCT03018522]		89 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-02-14	Completed
Does Strepsils® With Lignocaine Lozenges Reduce Post Operative Sore Throat Due To Supraglottic Airway Devices[NCT03944655]		88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-17	Completed
Effect of Intravenous Dynastat on Postoperative Sore Throat: A Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Trial[NCT03915561]	Phase 2	140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Recruiting
''Comparison of Preoperative Aspirin and Benzydamine Hydrochloride Gargles on Reduction in Severity and Duration of Post-Operative Sore Throat. A Randomized Controlled Parallel Study.''[NCT05343429]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-01	Recruiting
Incidence of Postoperative Sore Throat and Risks Analysis in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia With Endotracheal Intubation: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study[NCT05354154]		249 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-04-01	Recruiting
Evaluating Ropivacaine and Lidocaine in the Endotracheal Tube Cuff on Post-Operative Sore Throat Incidence and Severity - A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03563963]		63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-01	Completed
Evaluation of a Preoperative Nerve Block in Pain Scores Following Rhinoplasty/Septoplasty[NCT03780478]	Phase 1/Phase 2	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-17	Enrolling by invitation
Evaluation of the Effect of Intracuff Alkalinized Lidocaine on Coughing Incidence at Extubation in Surgeries Without Nitrous Oxide Lasting More Than 2 Hours[NCT01774292]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Effect of Tramadol on Postoperative Sore Throat in Thyroid Surgery Under General Anesthesia With Endotracheal Intubation: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04991493]	Phase 4	168 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-10	Recruiting
Application of I-gel Laryngeal Mask Airway in Infants and Children Undergoing Surgical Procedures[NCT03748589]		413 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-12	Completed
Comparison of Weight-based Versus External Ear-size Based Technique for Selection of Laryngeal Mask Airway in Pediatric Surgical Patients.[NCT03931122]		136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-11	Recruiting
Inter-lobar Fissure Completion as a Salvage Treatment in Patients With Failed Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction[NCT05257681]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-24	Recruiting
Combined Zephyr Valve System With Inter-lobar Fissure Completion for Lung Volume Reduction in Emphysema: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04801108]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing the Intra-operative Effects, Safety, Efficacy and Performance of Two Commercially Available Laser Systems in Patients Undergoing Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery.[NCT01878838]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
The Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine on Quality of Recovery After Cesarean Delivery[NCT02257346]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to PI terminated study with no subjects enrolled.)
Intravenous Lidocaine for Perioperative and Postoperative Analgesia[NCT03921567]	Phase 4	520 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-15	Recruiting
The Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine on Quality of Recovery After Outpatient Gynecologic Laparoscopy[NCT01250002]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic and Open Pancreatectomies[NCT02623803]	Phase 4	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Opioid Consumption After Lumbar Spine Surgery[NCT03624985]	Phase 4	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-04	Terminated (stopped due to Subjects had a high dropout rate. Of 61 consented, 24 did not participate. Reasons: Surgical cancellations; changing procedure type after consent; and staffing issues. The dropout rate of 39% was considered a barrier to publication.)
Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion vs. Esmolol Infusion for Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: a Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT02327923]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
High Dose Intravenous Lidocaine vs Hydromorphone for Acute Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized, Comparative Efficacy Trial[NCT04398316]	Phase 4	187 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-18	Recruiting
Lidocaine For Neuroprotection During Cardiac Surgery[NCT00938964]		550 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Completed
Continuous Cerebral Autoregulation Monitoring to Reduce Brain Injury From Cardiac Surgery[NCT00981474]		460 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-01	Completed
Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in the Management of Post-operative Pain in Colorectal Patients[NCT01836614]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study was closed due to recommendations of performing a PK study first.)
Ketamine, Lidocaine and Combination for Postoperative Analgesia in Open Liver Resection: A Prospective, Randomized, Four-arm, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial[NCT03391427]		124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-01	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in Children[NCT02241096]	Phase 1	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Lack of available study participants.)
A Novel Approach to Reverse and Titrate the Clinical Effects of a Nerve Block[NCT02050295]		31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Terminated (stopped due to PI no longer at institution)
Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block Washout to Reverse Inadvertent Phrenic Nerve Blockade[NCT03677778]		43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-22	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasound Guided Needle Placement Versus Nerve Stimulation for Coracoid Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block[NCT00326261]		0 participants	Observational		Completed
The Effect of Two Local Anaesthesia Techniques on the Paediatric Patient's Recovery After Dental Treatment in General Anaesthesia[NCT04156334]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-25	Completed
Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Reduction of Pain in the Wounds Treatment Previously Applying Lidocaine Topical Solution vs Placebo, in the Outpatients Area.[NCT03676556]	Phase 3	46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-16	Recruiting
Randomised, Double-blind Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Reduction of Pain in the Wounds Treatment Previously Applying Lidocaine Topical Solution vs Placebo[NCT02584335]	Phase 4	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulties with the recruitment)
Comparing the Efficacies Between the Spray of S.L. Spray Solution and Difflam and Acular to Release Postoperative Sore Throat[NCT02608788]	Phase 4	380 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Efficiency of Intravenous Lidocaine to Reduce Coughing and the Hemodynamic Changes Associated to Tracheal Extubation[NCT03731429]	Phase 4	144 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-05	Recruiting
Intra-operative Nasal Compression After Lateral Osteotomy to Minimize Post-operative Peri-orbital Ecchymosis and Edema[NCT02319954]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Effect of Intra-cuff Lidocaine and Tetracaine on Tracheal Tube-induced Emergence Phenomena[NCT00798018]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
Effect of Two Plasma Concentrations of Remifentanil Through Target Controlled Anesthesia on Frequency and Intensity of Coughing During Extubation: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT02711904]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Limiting Emergence Phenomena After General Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Surgery With Combined Laryngeal Mask Airway and Endotracheal Tube Airway Management Technique[NCT02708836]		130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-01	Recruiting
Perioperative Protective Effects of Lidocaine - Clinical Study on the Route and Timing of Administration[NCT00413127]	Phase 2/Phase 3	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Terminated (stopped due to Less patients than expected for inclusion, therefore patient recruitment is to low)
Effectivness of Tramadol or Topic Lidocaine on Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection.[NCT05831761]		83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-01	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine in Patients Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy Surgery[NCT00913003]	Phase 4	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to PI terminated employment with the University)
The Study of Perioperative Intravenous Infusion of Lidocaine on Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Single-port Thoracoscopic[NCT04043624]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Recruiting
Intravenous Lignocaine Infusion as a Multimodal Analgesic Approach in Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy[NCT04052867]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-17	Recruiting
The Influence of Anesthesia on Postoperative Outcome and Complications in Colorectal Cancer Patients[NCT02786329]	Early Phase 1	450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Recruiting
Effect of Peroperative Intravenous Infusion of Lignocaine on the Quality of Postoperative Sleep[NCT03317912]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-12-31	Not yet recruiting
IRB-HSR# 13957: IV Lidocaine for Patients Undergoing Primary Breast Cancer Surgery: Effects on Postoperative Recovery and Cancer Recurrence[NCT01204242]	Phase 2	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-01	Completed
Diode Laser as a Biomarker for Neuropathic Pain of Peripheral Origin.[NCT06030297]		301 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-01	Recruiting
The Effect of Intravenous Infusions of Lidocaine and Magnesium Versus Lidocaine and Ketamine Versus Lidocaine Alone on Recovery Profile and Postoperative Pain After Elective Gynecological Surgery[NCT04622904]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-14	Recruiting
Comparing Analgesic Efficacy of Systemic Lidocaine Against Placebo in General Anesthesia in Bariatric Surgery: Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo Controlled, Mono-Center Study[NCT03667001]	Phase 3	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-16	Completed
Subcutaneous Injection of Large Volumes of Tumescent Lidocaine and Epinephrine (TLE) by Laypersons: a Double-blind, Non-inferiority, Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04733781]	Phase 2/Phase 3	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-22	Not yet recruiting
Traitement Des Frissons Lors de la césarienne Sous anesthésie péridurale Durant le Travail - un Essai Clinique randomisé Comparant la dexmédétomidine et la mépéridine[NCT03115047]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-07	Completed
Preoperative Fasting for Ambulatory Cataract Surgery: A Time-Interrupted Prospective Study[NCT03828500]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Lidocaine With Epinephrine vs. Bupivacaine With Epinephrine as Local Anesthetic Agents in Wide-awake Hand Surgery: an Outcome Study of Patients' Pain Perception.[NCT02315573]		61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Nausea and vomiting requiring treatment, hypotension, or bradycardia or tachycardia (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: From time of surgery to discharge, on average 1-4 days

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	0
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	0

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 12 hours after surgery

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	574.29
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	600

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	1096.07
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	1139.29

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Local Anesthetic Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	1973.57
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	2308.33

Local anesthetic consumption after surgery is reported in mg of lidocaine (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Opioid Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	2721.79
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	2570.0

Opioids will be converted to oral morphine equivalents (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Opioid Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	OME (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	34.93
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	46.50

Opioids will be converted to oral morphine equivalents (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Opioid Consumption After Surgery

Intervention	OME (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	61.5
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	84.75

Opioids will be converted to oral morphine equivalents (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	OME (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	88.57
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	128.1

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 12 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	6.17
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	6.07

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	4.5
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	6.43

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	5.86
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	4.83

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 6 hours after surgery

Pain After Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	6.17
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	6.14

By numeric pain rating scale, 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Serum Lidocaine Level

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	5.36
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	5.0

Serum lidocaine level measured via a blood test. Lidocaine has a therapeutic drug range of 1.5 to 5.0 mcg/mL. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Serum Lidocaine Level

Intervention	mcg/mL (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	2.5

Serum lidocaine level measured via a blood test. Lidocaine has a therapeutic drug range of 1.5 to 5.0 mcg/mL. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Serum Lidocaine Level

Intervention	mcg/mL (Number)
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	5.8

Serum lidocaine level measured via a blood test. Lidocaine has a therapeutic drug range of 1.5 to 5.0 mcg/mL. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: 72 hours after surgery

Total Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	mcg/mL (Number)
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	1.5

Hospital length of stay is measured in days from admission until discharge. (NCT04208516)
Timeframe: From admission to discharge, on average 1-4 days

Opioid Consumption (Morphine Equivalents)

Intervention	days (Mean)
Continuous Nerve Blocks	9.04
Single Nerve Blocks Plus IV Lidocaine Infusion	4.94

opioid consumption (morphine equivalents)post operatively (NCT01250002)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Quality of Recovery 40 Score

Intervention	mg (Median)
Group A (Study Group) Lidocaine	20
Placebo	30

Quality of recovery 40 score on the day after surgery. Scale ranges from a low of 40 (poor recovery) to a high of 200 (good recovery). (NCT01250002)
Timeframe: 24 hours post surgery

Length of Time to First Bowel Movement

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Group A (Study Group) Lidocaine	175
Placebo	157.5

Time of first instance of a bowel movement will be measured as the number of days post operatively for bowel function to return. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: up to 3 weeks postoperatively

Length of Time to First Flatus

Intervention	days (Mean)
Treatment Group	5.8
Control Group	5.2

Time of first instance of flatus will be measured as the number of days post operatively for bowel function to return. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: up to 3 weeks postoperatively

Opioid Consumption

Intervention	days (Mean)
Treatment Group	3.9
Control Group	2.7

Total opioid consumption in PACU converted to morphine equivalents in mg. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: up to 4 hours post-operatively

Overall Pain

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Treatment Group	3.9
Control Group	6.7

Overall pain will be measured 30 minutes after arrival at the post-operative care unit (PACU) using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after arrival to PACU

Overall Pain

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	3.3
Control Group	5.3

Overall pain will be measured approximately 12 hours post-operatively using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: approximately 12 hours post-operatively

Overall Pain

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.4
Control Group	5.4

Overall pain will be measured on post-operative day 1 at 1 pm using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: post-operative day 1 at 1 pm

Overall Pain

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.8
Control Group	4.8

Overall pain will be measured on post-operative day 1 at 1am using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: post-operative day 1 at 1am

Overall Pain in Postoperative Period

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	5.1
Control Group	5.5

Overall pain will be measured upon arrival at the post-operative care unit (PACU) using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: baseline - arrival at the PACU

Pain at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	1.6
Control Group	2.7

Pain at rest will be measured 30 minutes after arrival at the post-operative care unit (PACU) using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after arrival to PACU

Pain at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	3.3
Control Group	5.1

Pain at rest will be measured approximately 12 hours post-operatively using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: approximately 12 hours post-operatively

Pain at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.0
Control Group	5.0

Pain at rest will be measured at post-operative day 1 at 1 pm using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: post-operative day 1 at 1 pm

Pain at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.0
Control Group	4.8

Pain at rest will be measured on post-operative day 1 at 1 am using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: post-operative day 1 at 1 am

Pain at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.0
Control Group	4.6

Pain will be measured at rest upon arrival at the post-operative care unit (PACU) using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: baseline - arrival at the PACU

Pain With Coughing

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	2.1
Control Group	2.6

Pain with coughing will be measured 30 minutes after arrival at the post-operative care unit (PACU) using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after arrival to PACU

Pain With Coughing

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.3
Control Group	5.8

Pain with coughing will be measured approximately 12 hours post-operatively using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: approximately 12 hours post-operatively

Pain With Coughing

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	4.7
Control Group	7.6

Pain with coughing will be measured on post-operative day 1 at 1 am using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: post-operative day 1 at 1 am

Pain With Coughing

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	5.4
Control Group	7.1

Pain with coughing will be measured on post-operative day 1 at 1 pm using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: post-operative day 1 at 1 pm

Pain With Coughing

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	5.4
Control Group	5.8

Pain with coughing will be measured upon arrival at the post-operative care unit (PACU) using numerical rating scale (NSR). Subjects will rate their pain after surgery on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: baseline - arrival at the PACU

Total Opioid Consumption

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group	2.3
Control Group	2.5

Total amount of opioids converted to morphine equivalents in mg administered in the first 24 hours after surgery. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours post-operatively

Quality of Recovery

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Treatment Group	7.4
Control Group	7.9

This questionnaire is a short 15 question form that measures the quality of a subject's postoperative recovery. The scale is ranked from 0 to 10, where 0 is a poor response and 10 is an excellent response. (NCT02623803)
Timeframe: Day 15 post-operatively

Change in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Able to breathe easily	Been able to enjoy food	Feeling rested	Have had a good sleep	Able to look after personal toliet and hygiene	Able to communicate with family or friends	Getting support from hospital doctors and nurse	Able to return to work or usual home activities	Feeling comfortable and in control	Having a feeling of general well-being	Moderate pain	Severe pain	Nausea or vomiting	Feeling worried or anxious	Feeling sad or depressed
Control Group	8.7	5.4	6.0	6.6	8.8	9.3	9.5	4.9	6.7	6.7	6.6	8.8	8.2	7.6	7.8
Treatment Group	9.1	6.2	7.2	7.1	9.2	9.6	8.8	5.4	7.1	7.5	7.9	9.4	8.6	7.7	8.4

"Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The CES-D is a 20-item self-report examination designed to measure symptoms of depression. Subjects rate the degree to which they have experienced a range of symptoms of depression, such as I had crying spells and I felt lonely. Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Scores greater than 16 are typically considered indicative of clinically significant depression." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	-1.27
Placebo	-0.89

Change in Cognitive Function From Baseline

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	0.57
Placebo	0.16

To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. To quantify overall cognitive function, a baseline cognitive index was first calculated as the mean of the 5 preoperative domain scores. The cognitive index score has a mean of zero, thus any positive score is above the mean, any negative score is below the mean. A continuous change score was then calculated by subtracting the baseline from the 1 year cognitive index. The resulting outcome measure is unbounded with standard deviation of 0.35. A negative change score indicating decline and a positive score indicating improvement (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: 1 year after surgery

Change in Cognitive Function From Baseline Characterized as Continuous Cognitive Change

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	0.09
Placebo	0.07

To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. To quantify overall cognitive function, a baseline cognitive index was first calculated as the mean of the 5 preoperative domain scores. The cognitive index score has a mean of zero, thus any positive score is above the mean, any negative score is below the mean. A continuous change score was then calculated by subtracting the baseline from the 6-week cognitive index. The resulting outcome measure is unbounded with standard deviation of 0.35. A negative change score indicating decline and a positive score indicating improvement. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Preoperative to 6 weeks after surgery

Change in Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	0.07
Placebo	0.07

"The DASI is a 12-item scale of functional capacity that has been found to correlate well with objective measures of maximal exercise capacity. Items reflect activities of personal care, ambulation, household tasks, sexual function, and recreational activities. Activities done with no difficulty receive scores, which are weighted and summed, for a quantitative measure of functional status. Scores range from 0 to 60; a higher-weighted score indicates better function." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	6.3
Placebo	6.96

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	-10.98
Placebo	-11.67

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a 15-item neurologic examination stroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect, visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss. A trained observer rates the patent's ability to answer questions and perform activities. Ratings for each item are scored with 3 to 5 grades with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. The range of scores is from 0 (normal) to 42 (profound effect of stroke on patient). (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Lidocaine	0.05
Placebo	0.07

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the Western Perioperative Neurologic Scale (WPNS)

The Western perioperative neurologic scale was designed to detect neurologic deficits after cardiac surgery. It includes 14 items classified into eight domains (mentation, speech, cranial nerve function, motor weakness, sensation and cerebellum, reflexes, and gait). Each item is scored from 0 (severe deficit) to3 (normal), and a maximum score of 42 indicates normal neurological function. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Neurological Function, as Measured by the Western Perioperative Neurologic Scale (WPNS)

Change in Perceived Social Support

"Perceived Social Support Scale: Twelve items indicate how strongly subjects agree that there is a special person who is around when I am in need and my family really tries to help me. Choices range from very strongly disagree to very strongly agree. Items are summed for a range of 12 to 84, with a high score meaning more social support." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Perceived Social Support

Change in Social Activity

"Social Activity: This measure consisted of eight items that indicate the degree of social interaction. Sample items are How often do you talk on the telephone with friends and relatives? and How often do you attend meetings of social groups, clubs, or civic organizations? Scores range from 8 to 32. A lower score indicates more social activity." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Social Activity

Change in Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

"Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The STAI consists of two 20-item scales that measure anxiety. Representative items include statements such as I feel nervous and I feel worried. These items are rated on a 4-point scale, based on how well they describe the patient's current or typical mood, from not at all to very much so. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

Change in Symptom Limitations

Symptom limitations: Patients were given a list of eight symptoms and asked to rate the degree to which the symptom limited daily activities. The symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, arthritis, back trouble, leg pains, headaches, fatigue, and other. Scores range from 8 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater limitations. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Symptom Limitations

Change in the Cognitive Difficulties Scale

"Cognitive Difficulties Scale: a 39-item scale, is a self-report assessment of perceived problems in long- and short-term memory, concentration, attention, and psycho-motor coordination. Sample items are I forget errands I planned to do and I fail to recognize people I know. Scores range from 39 to 164, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive difficulty." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in the Cognitive Difficulties Scale

Change in the Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL)

"Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL): This measure contains six items that assess the ability to perform important tasks for daily living (e.g., Could you prepare your own meals? Could you drive a car?). Scores range from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate increasing difficulty in engaging in daily activities." (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in the Duke Older Americans Resources and Services Procedures- Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (OARS-IADL)

Count of Participants With a Decline of Greater Than or Equal to One Standard Deviation in One or More of Five Cognitive Domain Scores Reported as a Dichotomous Post-operative Cognitive Deficit (POCD) Outcome

To characterize cognitive function over time, while minimizing potential redundancy in the cognitive measures, a factor analysis was performed on the 14 cognitive test scores from baseline. We chose a five-factor solution, which represents 5 cognitive domains: structured verbal memory, unstructured verbal memory, executive function, visual memory and attention/concentration. Each domain score is normally distributed with a mean of zero. A change score was calculated for each domain by subtracting the baseline from the 6-week score. A dichotomous outcome variable of post-operative cognitive deficit was defined as a decline of ≥1 standard deviation in 1 or more of the 5 domains. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Preoperative to 6 weeks after surgery

Change in Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)

The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): The SF-36 was designed to measure general health status. Two scales were used: Work Activities (four items) and General Health (one item). For the work activities scale, the reported score was the sum of four questions, each with values ranging from 1 to 4, the total score could range from 4 to 16. A higher score on Work Activities indicates more health-related problems For the general health question, the patients ranked their health from Excellent (1) to poor (5), the scale ranged from 1 to 5 with 1 being best health and 5 being worst. A high score in General Health indicates poorer health state. (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: baseline, 1-year

Change in Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)

Transcerebral Activation Gradient of Platelet-neutrophil Conjugates

Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removalime points and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hours post cross-clamp removal

Transcerebral Activation Gradients of Monocytes

Transcerebral Activation Gradients of Neutrophils

Paired jugular venous and radial arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, cross-clamp removal, end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 6 hours post cross-clamp removal and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify activated platelets. Transcerebral activation gradients were calculated by subtracting arterial values from venous values and were compared between groups (NCT00938964)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hours post cross-clamp removal

Transcerebral Activation Gradients of Platelets

Acute Kidney Injury Within 7 Days After Surgery.

Subject developed acute kidney injury within 7 days after surgical procedure. Based on Kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification system. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: 7 days after surgery

Composite Neurological Outcome of Clinical Stroke or New Ischemic Brain Lesion on Diffusion Weighted MRI or Neurocognitive Dysfunction 4 to 6 Weeks After Surgery.

The composite neurological outcome was composed of clinical stroke, or new ischemic lesions detected on postoperative brain diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging(DWI), or cognitive decline from baseline to 4-6 weeks after surgery. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Up to 6 weeks post-operative

Insertion of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump

Procedural insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump within 7 days after surgical procedure (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: 7 days after surgery

Mechanical Lung Ventilation>24 Hours After Surgery

Subjects need for mechanical lung ventilation more than 24 hours after planned surgical procedure. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days after surgery.

Mortality

Subject death within 28 days after surgical procedure (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: 28 days

Multiple Inotropic Drugs>24 Hours After Surgery

Use of multiple inotropic drugs greater than 24 hours after the planned surgical procedure until discharge from the hospital. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: 7 days after surgery

Multisystem Organ Failure After Surgery

Subject diagnosis of multisystem organ failure after surgery. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days after surgery.

New Renal Replacement Therapy

Subjects requiring new renal replacement therapy prior to discharge from hospital (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days after surgery.

Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation

Clinical diagnosis of postoperative atrial fibrillation from date of surgical procedure to discharge from the hospital. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days after surgery.

Postoperative Delirium

Assessed with Confusion Assessment Method or Confusion Assessment Method-ICU along with adjudication by team of experts (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Postoperative days 1-4

Sepsis

Clinical diagnosis of sepsis from time of surgical procedure to discharge from the hospital. (NCT00981474)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days after surgery.

Visual Analogue Scale(0-100mm) by the Subject.

visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the post-intubation sore throat. The VAS was a well-recongnized standard tool for rating of pain. The VAS measures exactly 100 mm. 0 means no pain and 100 means the worst pain that one can image. Patient marks a point on the line that matches the amount of pain he or she feels. (NCT00798018)
Timeframe: 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after extubation

24 Hour Hydromorphone

Total IV hydromorphone administered during surgery to 24 hours post surgery (NCT00913003)
Timeframe: 24 hour

Number of Participants Experiencing Post Operative Ileus

Number of Participants Experiencing Post Operative Nausea

Nausea at any time during the post operative period for 48 hours (NCT00913003)
Timeframe: Immediate post operative to 48 hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	1 year Change Work Activities	1 year Change General health perception
Lidocaine	-1.37	-0.28
Placebo	-1.42	-0.43

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	6-Week Change Work activities	6-Week Change General health perception
Lidocaine	2.71	-0.004
Placebo	3	-0.03

Intervention	Mean linear fluorescence intensity-MLFI (Mean)
	Baseline	Cross-clamp removal	End of Bypass	6 hours post cross-clamp removal
Lidocaine	-0.15	0.02	-0.73	-0.10
Placebo	-0.43	-0.73	-0.40	0.19

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	6h	12h	24h	48h
Air Alone	51	50	43	45
Lidocaine	22	25	20	23
Normal Saline	40	38	41	43
Tetracaine	9	13	7	9