Page last updated: 2024-10-24

astrocyte projection

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1630537580]

Astrocyte projections, also known as astrocytic processes or astrocytic fibers, are elongated, highly branched extensions of the astrocyte cell body. They are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocyte projections are involved in a diverse range of functions, including:

- **Synaptic support and regulation:** Astrocyte projections envelop synapses, forming a perisynaptic astrocytic sheath. This sheath helps isolate synapses, regulate the microenvironment, and control neurotransmitter release and uptake.

- **Blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintenance:** Astrocyte projections, particularly those that contact blood vessels, contribute to the formation and maintenance of the BBB. They regulate the permeability of the BBB, preventing the passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream into the brain.

- **Neurotransmitter metabolism and clearance:** Astrocyte projections play a role in the uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, GABA, and ATP. This helps to maintain synaptic homeostasis and prevent neurotoxicity.

- **Ionic regulation:** Astrocyte projections contribute to the regulation of ion concentrations in the extracellular space, particularly potassium. This is important for maintaining neuronal excitability and preventing seizures.

- **Nutritional support:** Astrocyte projections can transport nutrients, such as glucose and lactate, from the bloodstream to neurons.

- **Synaptic plasticity:** Astrocyte projections are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), processes that underlie learning and memory.

- **Immune response:** Astrocyte projections can release cytokines and chemokines, playing a role in immune responses in the CNS.

The cellular structure of astrocyte projections is characterized by:

- **Intermediate filaments:** Astrocyte projections contain a dense network of intermediate filaments, primarily composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These filaments provide structural support and contribute to the rigidity of the projections.

- **Microtubules and microfilaments:** Astrocyte projections also contain microtubules and microfilaments, which are involved in the transport of molecules and the extension and retraction of the projections.

- **Membranous structures:** Astrocyte projections contain various membranous structures, including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. These structures support the metabolic activity of the projections.

- **Receptors and transporters:** Astrocyte projections express a variety of receptors and transporters that allow them to respond to neuronal signals and interact with their surroundings.

- **Gap junctions:** Astrocyte projections can form gap junctions with other astrocytes, allowing for intercellular communication and the exchange of ions and small molecules.

Astrocyte projections exhibit remarkable plasticity and can adapt their morphology and function in response to changes in the neuronal environment. They are essential for the proper functioning of the CNS and play a critical role in a wide range of physiological processes.'
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Proteins (8)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Cystine/glutamate transporterA cystine/glutamate transporter that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UPY5]Homo sapiens (human)
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3A metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q14832]Homo sapiens (human)
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2A metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q14416]Homo sapiens (human)
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2An excitatory amino acid transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P43004]Homo sapiens (human)
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5A metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P41594]Homo sapiens (human)
Gap junction beta-2 proteinA gap junction beta-2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx]Homo sapiens (human)
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P14415]Homo sapiens (human)
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2A potassium channel subfamily K member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:O95069]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (136)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
benzoic acidaromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.

benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.

Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acidalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
ibotenic acidIbotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine: weak agonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors; occludes the action of 1-aminocyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate in hippocampushydroxybenzoic acid
4-aminopyridineaminopyridine;
aromatic amine
avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source
theophyllinedimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amlodipineamlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.

Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bupivacaine1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.

bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
caffeinepurine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
carvedilolcarbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
chlorpromazinechlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.

Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flufenamic acidflufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.

Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16)
aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound
antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazineN-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines
anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluoxetinefluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.

N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluspirileneFluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.diarylmethane
glyburideglyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.

Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea
anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
haloperidolhaloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.

Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
lidocainelidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazoleLansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
loxapineLoxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
mesalaminemesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.

Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mexiletinemexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.

Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug
nifedipineNifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
norfluoxetinenorfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
omeprazole5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.

omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.

Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pantoprazolepantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.

Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
propafenonepropafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.

Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.
aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug
riluzoleRiluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.benzothiazoles
4-carboxyphenylglycine4-carboxyphenylglycine: RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93; glutamate receptor antagonistalpha-amino acid
sulfapyridinesulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.

Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.
pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic
antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazinesulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.

Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
tolbutamidetolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.

Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
cysteinecysteine;
cysteine zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
aspartic acidaspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent

Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.
aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
kanamycin akanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.

Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.
kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
kainic acidKainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
pimozidepimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.

Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound
antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
d-glutamateD-alpha-amino acid;
glutamic acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glutamic acidglutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.

Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
penfluridolPenfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.diarylmethane
quisqualic acidQuisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
haloperidol decanoateorganic molecular entity
quinpirolequinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.

Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.
pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
niguldipinediarylmethane
mibefradilMibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
sipatriginesipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damagepyrimidines
opromazineopromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 9th ed, Merck Index, #6697phenothiazines
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane, (trans)-isomer
d-aspartic acidaspartic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
mouse metabolite
L-2-aminoadipic acidL-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.2-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
sym 2081
alpha-aminopimelic acid2-aminopimelic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is heptanedioic acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group. It is a component of the cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria.

alpha-aminopimelic acid: antagonizes glutamate-induced inhibitions of Helix neurones
amino dicarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bacterial metabolite
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer
dihydrokainatedicarboxylic acid
rostafuroxinrostafuroxin: structure in first source
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
serine o-sulfateL-serine O-sulfate : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is the O-sulfo derivative of L-serine.

serine O-sulfate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-sulfoamino acid
alpha-amino-3-(hydroxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acidalpha-amino-3-(hydroxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source
homocysteic acidhomocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.

homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd

L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.
homocysteic acidNMDA receptor agonist
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid(2S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alpha-aminobutyric acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group. It is a potent and selective agonist for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4/6/7/8).non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist
eglumetadeglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first sourceL-alpha-amino acid
ouabaincardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.

ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.

Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.
11alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone
anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
digitoxindigitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.

Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)
cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
hinokininhinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).

hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg
benzodioxoles;
gamma-lactone;
lignan
trypanocidal drug
3-hydroxyaspartic acid, (threo-l)-isomer(3S)-3-hydroxy-L-aspartic acid : The (3S)-diastereomer of 3-hydroxy-L-aspartic acid.3-hydroxy-L-aspartic acidmetabolite
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine(S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.

alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
flunarizineFlunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.diarylmethane
9-(dimethylamino)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-pyrido[1,2]thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidinoneorganic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
fluoxetine(S)-fluoxetine : An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amineantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
digoxindigoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.

Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin
anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.

6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist
acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines
anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
quininecinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
susalimodsusalimod: analogue of sulphasalazine, was designed for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
4-methylglutamic acid, threo-(l)-isomer
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source
2-amino-3-phenylmethoxybutanedioic acidaspartic acid derivative
digitoxigenindigitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).

Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid
sib 1757SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source
flupenthixolcis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
7,10,13,16-docosatetraenylethanolamide7,10,13,16-docosatetraenylethanolamide: found in brain; binds to the cannabinoid receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (ALL-Z)-isomerN-acylethanolamine 22:4
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
l-ccg iii
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine
2r,4r-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylatepyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid
upf 596UPF 596: structure in first source
dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate
ly-367385
sib 1893SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine
ceftriaxone1,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane, cis-(1s,3s)-isomer
ampa, (r)-isomer
1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid: metabolic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist; structure in first source
dinitrofluorobenzene3,3'-difluorobenzaldazine: a selective positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5 activity; structure in first source
3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine: an excitatory amino acid antagonist
ly 341495xanthenes
n-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-n-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamineN-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamine: a metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor potentiator; structure in first source
ly 404039LY404039 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1S,5R)-2-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying oxo, oxo, amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 2, 2, 4S, 4S, and 6S, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 mGluR3 (Ki = 149 nM and 92 nM, respectively) and exhibits antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy in animal models.bridged compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
sulfone
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopamine agonist;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist
mgs 0028MGS 0028: a group II mGluR agonist; structure in first source
azd9272AZD9272: an mGluR5 antagonist
biphenyl-indanone abiphenyl-indanone A: an mGluR2 agonist; structure in first sourcebiphenyls
mavoglurantmavoglurant: antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5
n-(4-chloro-2-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2h-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamideN-(4-chloro-2-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide: a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5; structure in first source
ly 389795LY 389795: a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source
ly 379268LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.

LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source
amino dicarboxylic acid;
bridged compound;
organic heterobicyclic compound
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
3-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2h-tetrazol-2-yl)benzonitrile3-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)benzonitrile: structure in first source
3-fluoro-5-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2h-tetrazol-2-yl)benzonitrile3-fluoro-5-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)benzonitrile: structure in first source
phakellistatin 2phakellistatin 2: isolated from the marine sponge Phakellia carteri; structure in first source
erastinerastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.

erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source
aromatic ether;
diether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinazolines;
tertiary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer;
voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
3-cyano-n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: affects mGluR5 receptors; structure in first source
adx 47273
basimglurant
a 794282
a-841720A-841720: structure in first source
l-beta-threo-benzyl-aspartateL-beta-threo-benzyl-aspartate: structure in first source
ro 49563712-chloro-4-((2,5-dimethyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source
digitoxigenin monodigitoxosidedigitoxigenin monodigitoxoside: RN given refers to (ribo-3beta,5beta)-isomer
evomonosideevomonoside : A cardenolide glycoside consisting of digitoxigenin having an alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety attached at the O(3)-position.

evomonoside: a cytotoxic cardiac glycoside from Lepidium apetalum; RN refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer
cardenolide glycoside
vu0092273VU0092273: mGlu(5) positive allosteric modulator
sp 2033-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source
halisulfate 1halisulfate 1: an isocitrate lyase inhibitor sesterterpene sulfate from sponge, Hippospongia sp.; structure in first sourceorganic molecular entitymetabolite
jnj-404118131-butyl-3-chloro-4-(4-phenyl-1-piperidinyl)-(1H)-pyridone: an mGlu2 receptor modulator; structure in first source
ucph 1012-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source
vu0361737
6-fluoro-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)but-3-yn-1-yl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine6-fluoro-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)but-3-yn-1-yl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: an mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source
wms 1410
vu0409106VU0409106: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source
n-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamideN-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide: an mGlu5 agonist; structure in first source
ml289ML289: metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 probe
lsn2463359
3-chloro-5-(6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzonitrile3-chloro-5-(6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzonitrile: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source
fenobamfenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrateureas