Compounds > cefmenoxime
Page last updated: 2024-12-09

cefmenoxime

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Description

Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9570757
CHEMBL ID1201224
CHEBI ID55490
SCHEMBL ID152861
MeSH IDM0023523

Synonyms (39)

Synonym
cefmenoxima
(6r,7r)-7-{[(2z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
cefmenoximum
CHEBI:55490 ,
sce-1365
65085-01-0
(6r,7r)-7-({(2z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(methyloxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-3-{[(1-methyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)thio]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefmenoxime
cefmenoxime (inn)
D07641
DB00267
cefmenoxima [inn-spanish]
(6r,7r)-7-((z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido)-3-((1-methyl-1h-5-tetraazolylthio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-2-carbonsaeure
ab 50912
cefmenoxime [inn]
sce 1365
(6r,7r)-(2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)glyoxylamido)-3-(1-methyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)thiomethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-2-carbonsaeure-7-(z)-(o-methyloxim)
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-(((2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-3-(((1-methyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-, (6r-(6alpha,7beta(z)))-
a 50912
cefmenoximum [inn-latin]
(6r,7r)-7-[[(2z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino-acetyl]amino]-3-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A834966
unii-kbz4844cxn
kbz4844cxn ,
SCHEMBL152861
CHEMBL1201224
cefmenoxime [who-dd]
cefmenoxime [mi]
cefmenoxime [jan]
DTXSID2022755
(6r,7r)-7-[(2z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-{[(1-methyl-1h-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
AKOS030573275
NCGC00373220-03
(6r,7r)-7-[[(2z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
HY-B0875A
CS-0013516
EN300-1692907
Z2583154272

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Electron microscopy revealed beginning toxic necrosis of the outer segments of the photoreceptors following drug doses equal to or greater than 2 mg."( [Retinotoxicity of intravitreous injection of cefmenoxime].
Duncker, G; Hansmann, ML; Papst, N; Schumacher, C, 1989)		0.28
" No adverse effects were observed in male fertility and F1 generation."( [A subacute oral toxicity study of T-2588 in juvenile rats].
Kawamura, Y; Nakada, H; Nojima, Y; Sanzen, T; Shibata, T; Yoneda, T; Yoshida, K, 1986)		0.27
" No serious adverse effects were observed."( Cefmenoxime efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics in critical care patients with nosocomial pneumonia.
Cumbo, TJ; Reitberg, DP; Schentag, JJ, 1984)		0.27
" Vigamox(®) containing moxifloxacin and Tosuflo(®) containing tosufloxacin were more toxic when compared with the other antibiotics."( In vitro assessment of the cytotoxicity of six topical antibiotics to four cultured ocular surface cell lines.
Ayaki, M; Iwasawa, A; Niwano, Y, 2012)		0.38

Pharmacokinetics

Cefmenoxime (1 g) was intravenously administered by one shot to investigate its pharmacokinetic profile with respect to transfer into the kidney, vesical wall and prostatic adenoma.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug was then superimposed on the bacterial MIC, and we then derived the patients individual peak to MIC ratio, area above MIC, and time above MIC."( Correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters to efficacy of antibiotics: relationships between serum concentrations, MIC values, and bacterial eradication in patients with gram-negative pneumonia.
Schentag, JJ, 1990)		0.28
" As it is the case with other cephem antibiotics, the half-life varied with age and tended to become shorter with aging."( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefmenoxime in neonates and premature infants].
Iwata, S; Kusumoto, Y; Oikawa, T; Osano, M; Sato, Y; Shiro, H, 1989)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic study of CFTM-PI was performed in 9 fasting patients whose ages ranged from 2 to 11 years."( [Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefteram pivoxil in children].
Fujita, K; Iseki, K; Kakehashi, H; Murono, K; Sakata, H; Takahashi, Y; Yoshioka, H, 1989)		0.28
"Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies were done on the effect of cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI, T-2588) (10% granules), a new oral cephalosporin, in the field of pediatrics."( [Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil in the pediatric field].
Fukushima, Y; Hori, M; Imai, H; Sugita, M; Toyonaga, Y; Yamazaki, M, 1989)		0.28
"A pharmacokinetic study on cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI) granules and tablets for pediatric use was performed, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the one-compartment open model with a time lag."( [Pharmacokinetic studies on oral antibiotics in pediatrics. II. A pharmacokinetic study on cefteram pivoxil in pediatrics].
Iwai, N; Nakamura, H, 1989)		0.28
"05) the area under the curve in tissue-cage fluid of ceftriaxone and cefotiam-treated animals, and the terminal half-life of ceftriaxone in their sera (3."( Enhancement of the therapeutic effect of cephalosporins in experimental endocarditis by altering their pharmacokinetics with diclofenac.
Brion, N; Carbon, C; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1988)		0.27
"To determine the influence of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic regimen on the antibacterial effect in vivo, we compared three cephalosporins, cefotiam, cefmenoxime, and ceftriaxone, in a rabbit model of experimental Escherichia coli endocarditis after 4 days of treatment."( Comparative efficacy of cefotiam, cefmenoxime, and ceftriaxone in experimental endocarditis and correlation with pharmacokinetics and in vitro efficacy.
Abel, L; Brion, N; Buré, A; Carbon, C; Contrepois, A; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1987)		0.27
"The pharmacokinetic properties of SCE-1141, an anti stereoisomer of cefmenoxime, were compared with those of cefmenoxime."( Pharmacokinetics of SCE-1141, a stereoisomer of cefmenoxime, in rats.
Imada, A; Itakura, K; Kita, Y; Tsuchiya, K, 1986)		0.27
"A pharmacokinetic study of Cefmenoxime (CMX) has been carried out in 17 patients, 60 to 90 years old, following IV injection of 1 gram."( [Pharmacokinetics of cefmenoxime in the aged subject (60 to 90 years of age) after an intravenous injection of 1 g].
Boquet, A; Bryskier, A; Fourtillan, JB; Modai, J; Veyssier, P, 1986)		0.27
"According to the result of the pharmacokinetic examination of T-2588 (esterified prodrug of T-2525) administered to adult male volunteers who have undergone gastrectomy, it appears that the absorption of T-2588 is delayed in the hypoacidity or the anacidity and also the excretion ratio of T-2525A (an inactive metabolite of T-2525) showed a tendency to become higher in these subjects."( [Pharmacokinetic studies of a new oral cephem T-2588. Pharmacokinetics in gastrectomized volunteers and the renal excretory system in healthy volunteers].
Hojo, T; Hori, S; Kaji, M; Miyahara, T; Okuda, S; Saito, A; Shiba, K; Shimada, J; Yamaji, T, 1986)		0.27
"Cefmenoxime (1 g) was intravenously administered by one shot to investigate its pharmacokinetic profile with respect to transfer into the kidney, vesical wall and prostatic adenoma."( [Pharmacokinetic study of cefmenoxime concerning its transfer into tissues].
Hirao, N; Iwase, Y; Sakagami, H; Tsugaya, M; Washida, H, 1985)		0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data in 18 patients were determined from serum profiles."( Cefmenoxime efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics in critical care patients with nosocomial pneumonia.
Cumbo, TJ; Reitberg, DP; Schentag, JJ, 1984)		0.27
" This bacteriological and pharmacokinetic study was therefore performed in order to evaluate the potency of cefmenoxime in the treatment of respiratory infections."( Laboratory evaluation of cefmenoxime: a new cephalosporin. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities and pharmacokinetic properties.
Harada, T; Matsumoto, K; Nagatake, T; Rikitomi, N; Uzuka, Y, 1983)		0.27
" Therefore a simple half-life cannot be given."( Pharmacokinetics of Cefmenoxime in normal and impaired renal function.
Höffler, D; Koeppe, P, 1983)		0.27
" The data were fit by iterative nonlinear regression procedures to a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model, with elimination from the central compartment."( Effect of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of cefmenoxime.
Quinn, D; Rollins, DE; Sennello, LT; Sonders, RC; Tolman, KG, 1983)		0.27
" For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including C(max), AUC from time 0 (baseline) to 6 hours (AUC(0-6)), and AUC from baseline to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), blood samples were obtained at intervals over the 6-hour period after study drug administration."( Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence comparison of a single 100-mg dose of cefteram pivoxil powder suspension and tablet formulations: a randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover study in healthy Chinese adult male volunteers.
Di, B; Fan, H; Hu, Q; Li, JH; Wang, GJ; Wu, CY; Xiao, D; Zhu, Y; Zou, J, 2008)		0.35

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These results suggested that T-2588 was well absorbed and hardly crossed the blood-brain barrier and placenta."( [The autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-labeled pivaloyloxymethyl (+)-(6R,7R)- 7-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-[(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-8-o xo-5-thia- 1-azabicyclo [4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate (14C-
Hayakawa, H; Maeda, T; Matsutani, H; Nakashima, Y; Onoda, M; Saikawa, I; Sakai, H, 1986)		0.27

Dosage Studied

Cefmenoxime was given as single drug therapy in all patients but one, in a daily dosage of 2 g divided into two intramuscular injections, for 3 to 28 days (average 22 days) Despite varying renal function in patients, mean cef menoxime serum concentration-time curves for all three dosing regimens were closely aligned.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Traditional antibiotic dosage adjustments target predetermined serum concentrations, whereas a host of in vitro studies and recent clinical trials establish that bacteria vary in their susceptibility."( Mathematical examination of dual individualization principles (I): Relationships between AUC above MIC and area under the inhibitory curve for cefmenoxime, ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin.
Adelman, MH; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ, 1991)		0.28
" Clearly, these methods can be used to develop dosing strategies for patients, as well as to determine clinically relevant doses and dosing strategies in clinical trials."( Correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters to efficacy of antibiotics: relationships between serum concentrations, MIC values, and bacterial eradication in patients with gram-negative pneumonia.
Schentag, JJ, 1990)		0.28
" Cefmenoxime (CMX) was administered with a dosage regimen of 20-25 mg/kg, 2-3 times daily (40-75 mg/kg/day) by intravenous drip over 30 minutes to 9 neonates with bacterial infections including purulent meningitis and septicemia."( [A preclinical and clinical study of cefmenoxime in newborns].
Fujii, R; Hashira, S; Nonaka, C, 1989)		0.28
" As described above, dose-response was observed between the doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg."( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefmenoxime in newborn infants].
Chikaoka, H; Hirama, Y; Matsumoto, K; Nakanishi, Y; Nakazawa, S; Narita, A; Niino, K; Sato, H; Suzuki, H, 1989)		0.28
" Spinal fluid concentrations of the drug at 80 to 90 minutes after dosing to 1 neonate with purulent meningitis (causative organism presumed: Escherichia coli) given 48."( [Clinical evaluation of cefmenoxime in infections of neonates].
Haruta, T; Kobayashi, Y; Kuroki, S; Okura, K; Yamamoto, H; Yamaoka, K, 1989)		0.28
" At 20 mg/kg (n = 16) dosage level, mean peak plasma concentrations were 63."( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefmenoxime in neonates and premature infants].
Fujimoto, T; Kawakami, A; Koga, T; Kuda, N; Motohiro, T; Nishiyama, T; Sakata, Y; Shimada, Y; Tanaka, K; Tomita, S, 1989)		0.28
" Peak serum concentrations in 4 children given orally a dose of 3 mg/kg and 2 children given orally a dose of 6 mg/kg after meal were reached in 3 to 4 hours and the concentration curves were dependent on dosage levels."( [Laboratory and clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil in pediatric field].
Suzuki, G; Watanabe, A, 1989)		0.28
" Urinary excretion rates up to 6 or 8 hours after dosing were 10."( [Clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil granules in pediatrics].
Matsumoto, K; Nakanishi, Y; Nakazawa, S; Narita, A; Niino, K; Sato, H; Suzuki, H, 1989)		0.28
"Cefmenoxime (CMX) has been administered under parenteral injection to 39 neonates delivered at term, nearly always by monotherapy in an average dosage of 86."( [Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of cefmenoxime in the newborn infant].
Bebear, C; Megraud, F; Quentin, C; Sarlangue, J, 1988)		0.27
" They also demonstrate that, provided that the dose is sufficient, a long-acting broad-spectrum cephalosporin may be effective in severe gram-negative infections, even when given at relatively long dosing intervals, in contrast with a rapidly cleared drug with the same intrinsic activity."( Comparative efficacy of cefotiam, cefmenoxime, and ceftriaxone in experimental endocarditis and correlation with pharmacokinetics and in vitro efficacy.
Abel, L; Brion, N; Buré, A; Carbon, C; Contrepois, A; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1987)		0.27
" A crossover analysis of concentrations of CMX in bile of patients given doses of 1 g and 2 g revealed a dose-response relationship."( [Clinical studies on the transference of cephem-type antibiotics into bile and gallbladder tissues with special reference to cefotiam and cefmenoxime].
Aeba, S; Hasegawa, S; Iijima, K; Kusaba, T; Matsumoto, H; Mishima, T; Okano, A; Shiozaki, H; Totsuka, S; Usui, R, 1986)		0.27
" It appeared, therefore, that this dosage regimen was useful for the treatment of refractory complicated urinary tract infection."( [Concomitant therapy with cefmenoxime and cefsulodin for refractory complicated urinary tract infection (especially caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa)].
Arakawa, S; Fujii, A; Harada, M; Ishigami, J; Kamidono, S; Kataoka, N; Kawabata, G; Miyazaki, S; Takasaki, N; Umezu, K, 1986)		0.27
" Recommendations for dosage adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency are proposed based on the data obtained in this study."( Pharmacokinetics of cefmenoxime in patients with impaired renal function and in those undergoing hemodialysis.
Konishi, K, 1986)		0.27
" In spite of kinetics modifications, it seems that it is not necessary to modify the dosage regimen in elderly."( [Pharmacokinetics of cefmenoxime in the aged subject (60 to 90 years of age) after an intravenous injection of 1 g].
Boquet, A; Bryskier, A; Fourtillan, JB; Modai, J; Veyssier, P, 1986)		0.27
" After an oral administration of (aminothiazole-2-14C) T-2588 to rats and mice, urinary excretion of radioactivity was about 26% and 35% of the dosed radioactivity in rats and mice, respectively, and fecal excretion was about 76% and 63% of the dosed radioactivity in rats and mice, respectively."( [Studies on absorption, distribution and excretion of 14C labeled pivaloyloxymethyl (+)-(6R,7R)- 7-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-[(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia- 1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate (14C-T
Hayakawa, H; Maeda, T; Matsutani, H; Nakashima, Y; Onoda, M; Saikawa, I; Sakai, H, 1986)		0.27
" The usual dosage regimen was given 2 approximately 4 g/day of CMX by intravenous drip infusion over 1 hour."( [Clinical evaluation of cefmenoxime in chronic complicated urinary tract infection].
Ashiki, A; Hamada, W; Kusumi, Y; Sudo, Y; Suzuki, T; Tsukui, A; Yamato, K, 1985)		0.27
" Cefmenoxime was given as single drug therapy in all patients but one, in a daily dosage of 2 g divided into two intramuscular injections, for 3 to 28 days (average 22 days)."( [Clinical evaluation of cefmenoxime in urinary tract and prostatic infections].
Acar, JF; Bryskier, A; Destree, D; Guibert, J, 1985)		0.27
" Cefmenoxime was given as monotherapy to 63 patients in a mean daily dosage of 3 g (range: 1 to 6 g)."( [Bacteriologic, clinical and kinetic evaluation of cefmenoxime (SCE 1365) in the treatment of 68 cases of septicemia. A multicenter trial].
Bleichner, G; Bryskier, A; Canton, P; Dureux, JB; Guerin, JM; Lallement, PY; Mottin, J; Segrestaa, JM; Sollet, JP; Veyssier, P, 1984)		0.27
" Thus, the chosen dosage regimens considered apt for gonorrhea led to high initial as well as long-standing drug levels."( Plasma and skin blister fluid levels of cefotiam and cefmenoxime after single intramuscular application of 1 g in gonorrhea.
Korting, HC, 1984)		0.27
" Dosage recommendations for subjects with renal insufficiency are proposed."( Cefmenoxime pharmacokinetics in patients with renal insufficiency.
Baggett, JW; Kerkering, TM; Kline, BJ; Patterson, PM; Polk, RE; Sica, DA, 1984)		0.27
" The dosage of cefmenoxime was 2 g per day (n = 30) or 1 g per day (n = 10)."( Clinical results and concentrations of cefmenoxime in serum, amniotic fluid, mother's milk, and umbilical cord.
Adams, D; Gutschow, K; Luehr, HG; Peters-Welte, C; Weissenbacher, ER, 1984)		0.27
" The same determinations were made in 18 patients prospectively treated, except that dosage was optimized on the basis of previous mathematical relations to achieve bacterial eradication in four days."( Role for dual individualization with cefmenoxime.
DeAngelis, C; Fracasso, JE; Schentag, JJ; Smith, IL; Swanson, DJ; Vance, JW; Vari, A, 1984)		0.27
" Cefmenoxine dosage should be reduced in proportion to the decline in creatinine clearance."( Cefmenoxime pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and subjects with renal insufficiency and on hemodialysis.
Alexander, DP; Barriere, SL; Gambertoglio, JG, 1984)		0.27
" Plasma clearance of the drug was dosage level and route independent, averaging 254 ml/min; thus, there was an excellent linear relationship between the area under the plasma level curve and the dose."( Intramuscular and intravenous pharmacokinetics of cefmenoxime, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, in healthy subjects.
Granneman, GR; Sennello, LT; Sonders, RC; Steinberg, FJ, 1982)		0.26
" The dosage of the drug was 30 to 200 mg/kg/day; 103 mg/kg/day and under in 21 cases, 150 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day in 1 case each."( [Therapeutic effects of cefmenoxime in the treatment of various infections on infants and children].
Hamawaki, M; Kitamura, I; Kurashige, T; Nishibayashi, Y; Ozaki, H; Wakiguchi, H, 1982)		0.26
" The daily dosage administered in meningitis, pyothorax and brain abscess ranged from 145-311 mg/kg/day, from 43-88 mg/kg/day in other bacterial infections."( [Clinical trial of cefmenoxime in children].
Furukawa, S; Okada, T, 1982)		0.26
" Despite varying renal function in patients, mean cefmenoxime serum concentration-time curves for all three dosing regimens were closely aligned, reflecting successful empiric dosage adjustment."( Effect of protein binding on cefmenoxime steady-state kinetics in critical patients.
Cumbo, TJ; Reitberg, DP; Schentag, JJ; Smith, IL, 1984)		0.27
" In both animals, a large amount of the dosed 14C was excreted in urine as unaltered antibiotic."( Metabolic fate of SCE-1365, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, after parenteral administration to rats and dogs.
Adachi, K; Kondo, T; Tanayama, S; Yoshida, K, 1980)		0.26
"To determine if dual individualization of cefmenoxime dosing is cost-effective."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of cefmenoxime dual individualization in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.
Fell, RE; Paladino, JA, 1994)		0.29
" Thirty-three patients received cefmenoxime at standard dosing and 28 patients received doses according to dual individualization methodology."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of cefmenoxime dual individualization in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.
Fell, RE; Paladino, JA, 1994)		0.29
"Sensitivity analysis indicates that, by reducing ALOS, dual individualization could be a cost-effective method of beta-lactam dosing for patients with pneumonia."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of cefmenoxime dual individualization in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.
Fell, RE; Paladino, JA, 1994)		0.29
" dosing was studied in 12 patients with severe renal failure and sepsis during continuous haemofiltration."( Elimination of cefmenoxime during continuous haemofiltration.
Borner, K; Evers, J; Koeppe, P, 1993)		0.29
"To present a systematic evaluation of the are under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) approach for the optimization of antibiotic dosing schedules for three major antibiotic classes (beta-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides)."( AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics?
Dalla Costa, T; Derendorf, H, 1996)		0.29
" Moreover, a specific equation is derived for the situation that results in a trough concentration at the end of the dosing interval equal to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)."( AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics?
Dalla Costa, T; Derendorf, H, 1996)		0.29
"It does not seem valid to accept the proposed breakpoint AUIC target of at least 125 as an applicable value for determining the appropriate dosing schedule of these classes of antibiotics."( AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics?
Dalla Costa, T; Derendorf, H, 1996)		0.29
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
antibacterial drugA drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
cephalosporinA class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (19)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (351)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990274 (78.06)18.7374
1990's52 (14.81)18.2507
2000's15 (4.27)29.6817
2010's7 (1.99)24.3611
2020's3 (0.85)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials28 (7.76%)5.53%
Reviews6 (1.66%)6.00%
Case Studies23 (6.37%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other304 (84.21%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		1.9610aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.3711azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
carnitine
[no description available]		4.2941amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		1.9710carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		1.9610N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		1.9710
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		1.9710aromatic ketone
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		7.8940carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		3.3770
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9710aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		9.9791aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		1.9710amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
disulfiram
[no description available]		7.3720organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.3920
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.8840difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		8.0650
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		1.9710benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		1.9810secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		6.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0710fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.12503-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		6.9610benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.3720isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tosufloxacin
tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.		2.43201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
aminopyrrolidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
tertiary amino compound
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		7.3720aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.3720beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.8940penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		1.9610cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.940C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.3820azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9810monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.8840penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.8681beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
4-anisic acid
4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.		1.9610methoxybenzoic acidplant metabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		1.9710aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		7.3720penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		1.9810isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.2560cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		6.9610glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		1.9710cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		7.39202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.661beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.3820bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		8.67100beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.3870penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		6.9710azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		6.9610amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.2460amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		9.2741alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		1.9710beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.0110penicillin
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		4.1750cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		9.8342penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefotiam
Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.		6.75191beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		10.28100cephalosporinantibacterial drug
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		7.31201cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		1.9710cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.4382cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.8840
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.3920fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		1.9810
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		10.45855cephalosporinfungal metabolite
flomoxef
flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.		2.3920N-acyl-amino acid;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
talampicillin
Talampicillin: An ester of AMPICILLIN which is readily hydrolyzed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin.. talampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-phthalidyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		210organic molecular entity
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.9140macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		3.9940beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
cefbuperazone
cefbuperazone: RN given refers to parent cpd(6R-(6alpha,7alpha,7(2R*,3S*)))-isomer; structure. cefbuperazone : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and {N-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]-D-threonyl}amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7beta respectively.		2.3720cephalosporin;
peptide
sulbactam
[no description available]		1.9710penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.3920
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		3.7930beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.14509-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.7930aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
cs 834
CS 834: orally active carbapenem; structure in first source; an ester-type prodrug of R-95867		1.9910
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.3720
carboplatin
[no description available]		6.9710
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		552beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		1.9610
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		3.3511penicillanic acid esterprodrug
sultamicillin
sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam		1.9710penicillanic acid ester
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		210
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		1.9810epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.4320macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.3620cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0710kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		1.9710one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.3511penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefsulodin
Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.		5.65150cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide		antibacterial drug
1-n-methyl-5-thiotetrazole
1-N-methyl-5-thiotetrazole: side chain of several new antibiotics associated with development of hypoprothrombinemia		1.9910
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		210C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
micronomicin
micronomicin: DE 020 & DE 020 eyedrops both consist of KW 1062, benzalkonium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide & distilled water pH 7.4; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for gentamicin C; structure		2.0110aminoglycoside
bilirubin
[no description available]		6.9710biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9910prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		1.9810antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.3920oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefroxadine
cefroxadine: orally active, broad spectrum cephalosporin. cefroxadine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methoxy and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9710cephalosporin
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.96101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefteram pivoxil
cefteram pivoxil: structure given in first source		10.46491,3-thiazoles;
cephams;
oxime O-ether;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester;
tetrazoles
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		6.9710cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9810cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		3.91130cephalosporin
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		12.34192121,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefuzonam
cefuzonam: article gives L-105 as synonym, however L 105 is a rifamycin derivative according to Chemline. cefuzonam : A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		4.0531cephalosporinantibacterial drug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefclidin
cefclidin: structure given in first source. cefclidin : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (4-carbamoyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.3820cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
romurtide
romurtide: a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog; stimulates chemotactic mobility, phagocytic activity & superoxide production by neutrophils in mice; used for the prophylaxis of leukocytopenia during radiation therapy; structure given in first source		7.3820organic molecular entity
tm 723
TM 723: similar in chem struct to kassein R, component of pueraria root (popular in China & Japan as crude drug)		1.9710
desacetylcefotaxime
desacetylcefotaxime: RN given refers to parent cpd (6R-(6alpha,7alpha(Z)))-isomer		8.7530
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		2.420carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		2.4120
rifamycins
[no description available]		1.9610
cromolyn sodium
[no description available]		2.0110
sy 5555
SUN 5555: structure given in first source		1.9810
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		5.72160
ceftizoxime alapivoxil
ceftizoxime alapivoxil: structure in first source		2.4120
cefteram
cefteram: structure given in first source. cefteram : A cephalosporin compound having (5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		6.17321
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		1.9710
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		210
cefuroxime axetil
[no description available]		210
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		1.9610
pivaloylcarnitine
O-pivaloylcarnitine : A C5-acylcarnitine in which the acyl group specified is pivaloyl.		1.9810C5-acylcarnitinemetabolite
dactinomycin
cefozopran: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/91. cefozopran : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.2510
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.9140
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.2460
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.2510
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		07.9140
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		04.2841
Corneal Perforation
A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.		02.2510
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		04.2841
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		02.2510
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.7630
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.9840
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.7630
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.1110
Moraxella Infections
[description not available]		02.1110
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.1110
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.1510
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.1510
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		03.7821
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.0610
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.0110
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.0110
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.0110
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0210
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.0210
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.2260
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.2260
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		011.318712
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.6630
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		113.318712
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		07.6630
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		03.4111
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		06.78184
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		03.4111
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0310
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		04.21180
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		04.21180
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		04.8581
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		06.79243
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		04.8581
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		06.79243
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		04.1360
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		04.1360
Bleb
[description not available]		02.3720
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.2260
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		02.8840
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		02.8840
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.2260
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.3511
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		03.3511
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		03.3511
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.3511
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.3511
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		03.3511
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.3511
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.3720
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.8840
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9610
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9610
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		06.58282
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		08.75110
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		07.66267
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		04.8342
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		07.66267
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		04.8342
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		06.9610
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.3511
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9610
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.3720
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.3720
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		04.4551
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		01.9610
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		03.0650
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		03.0650
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9610
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.0431
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.0431
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		01.9610
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		03.4780
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		03.4780
Adenitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		01.9610
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9610
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.0531
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		01.9610
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.6530
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.6530
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.3720
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		07.3720
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		01.9610
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.3720
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.3720
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.6630
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.6630
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9810
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9810
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.3820
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.3820
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.7621
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.7621
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		08.7621
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		08.7621
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.3820
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.3820
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.3820
Granulomas
[description not available]		01.9810
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		01.9810
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.3820
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		03.7721
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.3811
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		03.3811
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9910
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9910
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9910
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9910
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9910
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9910
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		01.9910
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		01.9910
E coli Infections
[description not available]		03.2260
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		03.2260
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		0210
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		0210
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		01.9810
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		03.0750
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		01.9810
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		03.0750
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		09.6161
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.3820
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		01.9710
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9710
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		01.9710
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		03.3611
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		03.3611
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.6630
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.6630
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		02.3820
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		01.9610
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		01.9610
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		03.3611
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.8940
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		03.7621
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		03.7621
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		01.9710
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		01.9710
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.3720
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.7621
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.7621
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		01.9710
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.6630
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.8840
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.6630
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.8840
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B
[description not available]		01.9710
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		01.9610
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		01.9610
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.6630
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.6630
Candida Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.8840
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.6630
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		01.9610
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.6630
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		03.3511
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.3511
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3511
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.3511
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.3511
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.3720
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		01.9710
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.3720
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		01.9710
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		01.9710
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		01.9710
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		01.9710
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		01.9710
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9610
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9610
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9610
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		01.9610
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		01.9610
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		01.9610
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		01.9710
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		01.9710
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9610
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		01.9610
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9610
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9610
Hakim Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		01.9610
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)		01.9610
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		01.9610
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.3720
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.3720
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9610
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		01.9610
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9610
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9610
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		01.9610
Aphakia
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.		01.9610
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		01.9610
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		01.9610
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		01.9610