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positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:yaf]

Positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia is a crucial biological process that enables cells to adapt to low oxygen conditions, commonly known as hypoxia. This complex regulatory network involves a cascade of molecular events, primarily triggered by the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1).

Under normal oxygen levels, HIF-1 is rapidly degraded through the action of prolyl hydroxylase enzymes (PHDs). However, in hypoxic conditions, the activity of PHDs is inhibited, leading to the stabilization of HIF-1. Stabilized HIF-1 then translocates to the nucleus, where it forms a heterodimer with the HIF-1β subunit. This HIF-1α/β heterodimer acts as a transcription factor, binding to specific DNA sequences known as hypoxia response elements (HREs) located in the promoter regions of target genes.

The activation of these target genes initiates a complex cellular response to hypoxia, encompassing a variety of physiological and metabolic adaptations. These responses include:

1. **Increased production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis):** HIF-1 activates the transcription of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. This enhances the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

2. **Enhanced angiogenesis:** HIF-1 promotes the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) through the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This increases blood flow to hypoxic tissues, improving oxygen delivery.

3. **Metabolic reprogramming:** HIF-1 induces a shift in cellular metabolism towards glycolysis, a less efficient but oxygen-independent energy production pathway. This allows cells to generate ATP even in the absence of sufficient oxygen.

4. **Cell survival and proliferation:** HIF-1 can activate pathways that promote cell survival and proliferation under hypoxic conditions. This can be beneficial in situations like wound healing, but it can also contribute to the development of cancer.

5. **Regulation of immune responses:** HIF-1 can influence immune cell activity and the inflammatory response in hypoxic environments.

Overall, the positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia is a critical process that ensures cell survival and function in low oxygen environments. This complex regulatory network plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to various physiological and pathological conditions.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3AA DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y6K1]Homo sapiens (human)
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2A potassium channel subfamily K member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:O95069]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (42)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
4-aminopyridineaminopyridine;
aromatic amine
avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
theophyllinedimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amlodipineamlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.

Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bupivacaine1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.

bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.
aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
caffeinepurine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
carvedilolcarbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
chlorpromazinechlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.

Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flufenamic acidflufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.

Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16)
aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound
antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazineN-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines
anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluoxetinefluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.

N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluspirileneFluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.diarylmethane
glyburideglyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.

Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea
anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
haloperidolhaloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.

Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
lidocainelidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
loxapineLoxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
mexiletinemexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.

Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug
nifedipineNifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
norfluoxetinenorfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
procainamideprocainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.
benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
propafenonepropafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.

Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.
aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug
riluzoleRiluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.benzothiazoles
tolbutamidetolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.

Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
dichlonedichlone: structure
pimozidepimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.

Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound
antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
penfluridolPenfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.diarylmethane
haloperidol decanoateorganic molecular entity
niguldipinediarylmethane
mibefradilMibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
sipatriginesipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damagepyrimidines
5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid: inhibits attachment of ribosomes to microsomal membranes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & Merck Index, 9th ed, #5934
opromazineopromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 9th ed, Merck Index, #6697phenothiazines
s-adenosylhomocysteineS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.

S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.
adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide
cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
rg108RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first sourceindolyl carboxylic acid
flunarizineFlunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.diarylmethane
fluoxetine(S)-fluoxetine : An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amineantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
quininecinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
genistein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
flupenthixolcis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
7,10,13,16-docosatetraenylethanolamide7,10,13,16-docosatetraenylethanolamide: found in brain; binds to the cannabinoid receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (ALL-Z)-isomerN-acylethanolamine 22:4
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor
sgi-1027SGI-1027: inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1; structure in first source
gsk343GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).

GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor
aminopyridine;
indazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridone;
secondary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor