Compounds > diisononyl phthalate
Page last updated: 2024-12-09

diisononyl phthalate

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

diisononyl phthalate: dielectric (electric insulating) fluid [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

diisononyl phthalate : The diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID590836
CHEMBL ID1905899
CHEBI ID35459
SCHEMBL ID21592
MeSH IDM0058948

Synonyms (66)

Synonym
BIDD:ER0440
AKOS015838981
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester
CHEBI:35459 ,
enj 2065
bis(7-methyloctyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
einecs 271-090-9
diisononyl phthalate, technical grade
ccris 7927
28553-12-0
diisononyl phthalate
dinp
NCGC00163810-01
68515-48-0
diisononylphthalate
bis(7-methyloctyl) phthalate
FT-0667185
FT-0667184
NCGC00163810-02
ec 271-090-9
cas-68515-48-0
NCGC00257365-01
dsstox_cid_2521
dsstox_rid_78653
tox21_303462
dsstox_gsid_28665
NCGC00259845-01
dsstox_rid_76608
tox21_200745
NCGC00258299-01
cas-28553-12-0
dsstox_gsid_22521
tox21_202296
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-diisononyl ester
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(7-methyloctyl) ester
20548-62-3
FT-0624987
SCHEMBL21592
mfcd00044119
bis(7-methyloctyl) phthalate #
phthalic acid, bis(7-methyloctyl) ester
W-104664
CHEMBL1905899
FT-0698830
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid 1,2-diisononyl ester
bis(7-methyloctyl)??phthalate, analytical standard
diisononyl phthalate, technical
phthalic acid, bis-isononyl ester (technical) 10 microg/ml in cyclohexane
phthalic acid, bis-isononyl ester (technical)
palatinol dinp
diacizer dinp
diisononyl phthalate [hsdb]
vinycizer 90
diisononyl phthalate [inci]
plastomoll dinp
monocizer dinp
dinp [mi]
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,1,2-bis(7-methyloctyl)ester
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(7-methyloctyl) ester (9ci); phthalic acid, bis(7-methyloctyl) ester (7ci,8ci); 1-octanol, 7-methyl-, phthalate (2:1) (8ci); bis(7-methyloctyl) phthalate; diisononyl phthalate; dinp
DTXSID60860420
Q410393
baylectrol 4200;enj 2065;phthalisocizer dinp;
D78402
AS-77000
bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate
1,2-benzenedicarboxylicacid, di-c8-10-branched alkyl esters, c9-rich

Research Excerpts

Overview

Diisononyl phthalate is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) in several organisms. It is a rising human toxicant due to its increased use as a DEHP substitute.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a high-molecular-weight phthalate, and has been recently introduced as di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) substitute and commonly used in a large variety of plastic items. "( Promoting differentiation and lipid metabolism are the primary effects for DINP exposure on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
Duan, X; Duan, Y; Sun, H; Sun, W; Zhang, L, 2019)		1.96
"Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is a plasticizer used to improve plastic performance in a large variety of items which has been reported as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) in several organisms. "( Effects of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) on the endocannabinoid and reproductive systems of male gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) during the spawning season.
Calduch-Giner, J; Carnevali, O; Di Marzo, V; Fakriadis, I; Forner-Piquer, I; Mylonas, CC; Papadaki, M; Pérez-Sánchez, J; Piscitelli, F, 2019)		2.35
"Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is a DEHP replacement that is a rising human toxicant due to its increased use as a DEHP substitute."( Subchronic Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Diisononyl Phthalate During Adulthood Has Immediate and Long-Term Reproductive Consequences in Female Mice.
Chiang, C; Flaws, JA, 2019)		1.48
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a widely used industrial plasticizer. "( The potential use of diisononyl phthalate metabolites hair as biomarkers to assess long-term exposure demonstrated by a rat model.
Ho, HH; Hsu, JY; Liao, PC, 2015)		2.18
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a synthetic material that has been widely used as a substitute for other plasticizers prohibited due to reproductive toxicity in consumer products. "( Inutero exposure to diisononyl phthalate caused testicular dysgenesis of rat fetal testis.
Bu, T; Chen, Z; Ge, RS; Hu, G; Hu, Y; Li, J; Li, L; Lian, Q; Liang, Y; Shan, Y; Su, H; Xu, R; Zhang, G; Zhu, D, 2015)		2.18
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a plasticizer that is frequently used as a substitute for other plasticizers whose use is prohibited in certain products. "( Cognitive deficits and anxiety induced by diisononyl phthalate in mice and the neuroprotective effects of melatonin.
Bornehag, CG; Guo, J; Liu, C; Liu, X; Lu, Y; Ma, P; Nanberg, E; Wu, J; Wu, Y; Yan, B; Yang, X; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.12
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a plasticizer abundantly used in consumer products as a substitute for other plasticizers prohibited in certain products due to reproductive toxicity. "( Reproductive and behavioral effects of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in perinatally exposed rats.
Axelstad, M; Boberg, J; Christiansen, S; Dalgaard, M; Hass, U; Kledal, TS; Nellemann, C; Vinggaard, AM, 2011)		2.08
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a compound widely used as a plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride products. "( Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in responses to diisononyl phthalate.
Cannelle, S; Cattley, RC; Corton, JC; Dunn, CS; Laughter, AR; Swanson, CL; Valles, EG, 2003)		1.99
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a complex mixture of predominantly nine-carbon branched-chain dialkyl phthalate isomers. "( Oxidative metabolites of diisononyl phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment.
Calafat, AM; Needham, LL; Preau, JL; Reidy, JA; Silva, MJ, 2006)		2.08

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) has been widely used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products and is ubiquitous as a substitute; however, its toxicity due to exposure remains to be determined. "( Oral exposure of Kunming mice to diisononyl phthalate induces hepatic and renal tissue injury through the accumulation of ROS. Protective effect of melatonin.
Jiao, M; Liu, C; Liu, X; Ma, P; Wu, J; Wu, Y; Yan, B; Yang, X; Zeng, Q, 2014)		2.13

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No treatment-related effects were noted at cesarean section, nor were there any fetal morphologic observations except for an increased frequency of seventh cervical and rudimentary lumbar ribs at the maternally toxic exposure level of 1000 mg/kg/d."( Developmental toxicity of di-isodecyl and di-isononyl phthalates in rats.
Ambroso, JL; Harris, SB; Keller, LH; Nikiforov, AI; Trimmer, GW; Waterman, SJ, )		0.13

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) was developed by adapting the existing models for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-butylphthalate (DBP)."( Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in pregnant rat and human.
Anderson, WA; Campbell, JL; Clewell, HJ; Clewell, RA; Longnecker, MP; North, C; Otter, R, 2020)		0.8

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Several studies have suggested a possible link between exposure to DINP and the development of allergic asthma, and the synergistic effect of DINP combined with Ovalbumin (OVA) is a possible way to promote an immune response."( The synergistic or adjuvant effect of DINP combined with OVA as a possible mechanism to promote an immune response.
Lei, F; Li, C; Lu, S; Ma, P; Song, P; Wu, Y; Xu, D; Yang, X; Zheng, G, 2020)		0.56

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It is very poorly absorbed from the skin, but once absorbed it behaves in the same way as the orally administered material."( Absorption, disposition and metabolism of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) in F-344 rats.
El-Hawari, M; Lington, AW; McKee, RH; Pallas, F; Stoltz, M, )		0.13
" In current risk assessment, oral bioavailability from a specific product is considered to be equal to bioavailability found in toxicity studies in which contaminants are usually ingested via liquids or food matrices."( Consumer product in vitro digestion model: Bioaccessibility of contaminants and its application in risk assessment.
Brandon, EF; Oomen, AG; Rompelberg, CJ; Sips, AJ; van Engelen, JG; Versantvoort, CH, 2006)		0.33
" As accurate as possible exposure assessment data of the oral bioavailability of these compounds are necessary, however only one in vivo study with piglets is available so far."( The oral bioavailability of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(isononyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH®) in house dust.
Fembacher, L; Fromme, H; Nowak, D; Plichta, V; Völkel, W; Wöckner, M, 2022)		0.72

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" A fifth group received clofibrate at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day to provide a positive Control for liver peroxisome activity."( Effects of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) on peroxisomal markers in the marmoset-DINP is not a peroxisome proliferator.
Hall, M; Harling, R; Matthews, A; Webley, L, 1999)		0.3
" This result is also consistent with the dose-response observations in rat and mouse chronic studies."( Comparative in vivo hepatic effects of Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and related C7-C11 dialkyl phthalates on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), peroxisomal beta-oxidation (PBOX), and DNA synthesis in rat and mouse liver.
Ackley, D; Isenberg, JS; Kamendulis, LM; Klaunig, JE; Lington, AW; Pugh, G; Smith, JH, 2000)		0.31
" Adjuvant effect was accepted to be present if a statistical increase in antibody production occurred in a test group as compared to an ovalbumin control group together with the fulfillment of dose-response relationships."( Adjuvant effect of di-n-butyl-, di-n-octyl-, di-iso-nonyl- and di-iso-decyl phthalate in a subcutaneous injection model using BALB/c mice.
Larsen, ST; Lund, RM; Nielsen, GD; Poulsen, OM; Thygesen, P, 2002)		0.31
"We previously performed dose-response studies of genistein, diisononyl phthalate, 4-nonylphenol, methoxychlor (MXC), and bisphenol A to examine the impact of maternal dietary exposure from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 10 on the development of rat reproductive system in later life."( Alteration of pituitary hormone-immunoreactive cell populations in rat offspring after maternal dietary exposure to endocrine-active chemicals.
Hirose, M; Lee, KY; Masutomi, N; Shibutani, M; Takagi, H; Uneyama, C, 2004)		0.57
" Controlled dosing data reporting the urinary excretion fractions of major DINP metabolites following administration of labeled DINP are reviewed, and BE values corresponding to the available exposure guidance values are derived assuming chronic, steady-state intake and excretion at those exposure values."( Biomonitoring equivalents for di-isononyl phthalate (DINP).
Aylward, LL; Hays, SM; Kirman, CR; Krishnan, K; Nong, A, 2011)		0.37
" Adult female CD-1 mice (39-40 days) were orally dosed with vehicle control (corn oil), DEHP (20 µg/kg/day-200 mg/kg/day), or DiNP (20 µg/kg/day-200 mg/kg/day) for 10 days."( Subchronic Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Diisononyl Phthalate During Adulthood Has Immediate and Long-Term Reproductive Consequences in Female Mice.
Chiang, C; Flaws, JA, 2019)		0.76
" Female CD-1 mice (age 39-40 days) were dosed with either vehicle control, DEHP (20 μg/kg/day-200 mg/kg/day), or DiNP (20 μg/kg/day-200 mg/kg/day) for 10 days and breeding trials were conducted at 12 and 15 months post-dosing."( Late-life consequences of short-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate during adulthood in female mice.
Borkowski, G; Chiang, C; Flaws, JA; Lewis, LR, 2020)		0.79
" Female CD-1 mice aged 39-40 days were orally dosed with either vehicle control (corn oil), DEHP (20 μg/kg/day-200 mg/kg/day), or DiNP (20 μg/kg/day-200 mg/kg/day) for 10 days."( Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate during adulthood disrupts hormones and ovarian folliculogenesis throughout the prime reproductive life of the mouse.
Borkowski, G; Chiang, C; Flaws, JA; Lewis, LR, 2020)		0.82
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
plasticiserAny compound that is used as an additive to increase the plasticity or fluidity of a substance, particularly but not exclusively to synthetic polymers.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
phthalate ester
diesterA diester is a compound containing two ester groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (8)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency1.93510.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.96980.000714.592883.7951AID1259369
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.73640.000221.22318,912.5098AID743042; AID743054; AID743063
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency61.19270.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.35080.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224849
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.49880.000229.305416,493.5996AID743075
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.39810.010039.53711,122.0200AID588545
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.06380.000627.21521,122.0200AID720636
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (133)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's9 (6.77)18.2507
2000's25 (18.80)29.6817
2010's70 (52.63)24.3611
2020's29 (21.80)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 63.84

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index63.84 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.97 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.15 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index104.98 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (63.84)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (1.42%)5.53%
Reviews10 (7.09%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.71%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other128 (90.78%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
benzene
[no description available]		2.2110aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0310benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		7.5820aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.0510aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		2.1110hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
melatonin
[no description available]		2.5120acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.1110nitrogen oxoacid
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		5.95170benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.2110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.0210phenolsenvironmental contaminant
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.2110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
butylbenzyl phthalate
spatozoate: structure in first source		4.350benzyl ester
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		7.420aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		5.83160diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.4820chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		7.7130organochlorine insecticide
tempol-h
TEMPOL-H: hydroxylamine (protonated, reduced) form of TEMPOL; a N-hydroxyl form of LASTAR A; TEMPOL is paramagnetic radical used in NMR as SPIN LABELS whereas TEMPOL-H is not. 4-hydroxy-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.		2.1110
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.021017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
aniline
[no description available]		2.0310anilines;
primary arylamine
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.4841benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
2-acetyltributylcitrate
[no description available]		2.0110organooxygen compound
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		8.2150bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
dicyclohexyl phthalate
[no description available]		2.1310diester;
phthalate ester
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		4.1840diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diisobutyl phthalate
diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.		4.1240diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser;
PPAR modulator;
teratogenic agent
di-n-hexyl phthalate
[no description available]		2.13102-hydroxyisophthalic acid
2,4-diaminotoluene
2,4-diaminotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. 2,4-diaminotoluene : An aminotoluene that is para-toluidine with an additional amino group at position 2.		2.0310aminotoluenemetabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		14.08491diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
di-n-octyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate: plasticizer		2.0110diester;
phthalate ester
dianisidine
Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.		2.0310biphenyls
monobutyl phthalate
monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9910phthalic acid monoester
sec-butylbenzene
sec-butylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butan-2-yl group.		2.1110alkylbenzene
phthalazine
phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.		3.811azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.0310calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.7220dialdehydebiomarker
decabromobiphenyl ether
decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.		2.110polybromodiphenyl etherneurotoxin
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.1110alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate
tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate: authors commonly refer to it as trioctyl trimellitate		2.1310benzoate ester
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.1310fluorescein isothiocyanate
diheptyl phthalate
diheptyl phthalate : The diheptyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		210diester;
phthalate ester
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		210phthalic acid monoester
di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
[no description available]		2.1310
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.2110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		3.4211dihydrogen
dioctyl adipate
[no description available]		2.4120carboxylic ester
diisodecyl phthalate
monodesmethylisoproturon: a metabolite of isoproturon; structure in first source		5.75150diester;
phthalate ester
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.1110hexachlorobiphenyl
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.6320dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.610benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
prolinedithiocarbamate
prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC		2.610
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.1510retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.1110olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.2110benzamides
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		2.1510
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.1110aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.0340
genistein
[no description available]		7.71307-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.5720endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.57202-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.0310carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
musk
musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.		2.1510macrolide
diisononyl adipate
[no description available]		2.0110
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		7.1510
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.4870
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		03.1840
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		09.4870
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.53240
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.5920
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.2510
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.830
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.0840
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.2510
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.830
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		02.5720
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.89110
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		02.5720
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.3110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.3110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.3110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.470
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.1510
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.1510
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.1510
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.5420
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.5420
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.1710
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.1710
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.2110
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.2110
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.2110
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.2110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.0340
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.0340
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.0810
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		02.0810
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.4320
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		02.0810
Gonadal Agenesis
The complete failure of gonadal development.		02.1110
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.1110
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		02.1110
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.1110
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.1110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.1110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.1110
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.1110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.1110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.1110
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.5420
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.5420
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.9910
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.9910
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		03.6230
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.0110
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		02.0210
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0310
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.420
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.420
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		0210
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.420
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.4120
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		01.9810
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		01.9810