Compounds > spirapril
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

spirapril

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Description

spirapril: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5311447
CHEMBL ID431
CHEBI ID135756
SCHEMBL ID17202
MeSH IDM0149125

Synonyms (43)

Synonym
setrilan
ti-211-950
sandopril
sch-33844
renormax
sch 33844
1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro(4,4)nonane-8-carboxylic acid, 7-(2-((1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)amino)-1-oxopropyl)-, (8s-(7(r*(r*)),8r*))-
espirapril [spanish]
brn 4277924
spiraprilum [latin]
spirapril [inn:ban]
spirapril
DB01348
CHEBI:135756
CHEMBL431 ,
83647-97-6
D08529
spirapril (inn)
7-[2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenyl-propylamino)-propionyl]-1,4-dithia-7-aza-spiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid (spirapiril)
bdbm50017124
7-[2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenyl-propylamino)-propionyl]-1,4-dithia-7-aza-spiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid
espirapril
spiraprilum
96u2k78i3v ,
unii-96u2k78i3v
AKOS016013943
spirapril [who-dd]
spirapril [inn]
spirapril [mi]
gtpl6575
(7s)-8-[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]-1,4-dithia-8-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-7-carboxylic acid
SCHEMBL17202
HRWCVUIFMSZDJS-SZMVWBNQSA-N
(s,s,s)-7-[2-[(1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]-1-oxopropyl]-1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid
DTXSID1044300
(8s)-7-[(2s)-2-{[(2s)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}propanoyl]-1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid
(s)-7-((s)-2-((s)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-ylamino)propanoyl)-1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid
(s)-7-((s)-2-(((s)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino)propanoyl)-1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid
Q835757
EN300-19766663
(8s)-7-[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]-1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-8-carboxylic acid
HY-A0230
CS-0017576

Research Excerpts

Overview

Spirapril is a prodrug that is converted by esterolysis to the active (but poorly absorbed) diacid spiraprilat. Spirapril proved to be a well tolerated ACE-inhibitor.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spirapril is a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prodrug which is converted to the active metabolite spiraprilat following oral administration, and which has been evaluated primarily for the treatment of hypertension. "( Spirapril. A preliminary review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hypertension.
Noble, S; Sorkin, EM, 1995)		3.18
"Spirapril is a new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with a long duration of action. "( Effects of spirapril and captopril on regional blood flow in chronic congestive heart failure: a comparison between a short- and a long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
de Graeff, PA; Girbes, AR; Hillege, H; Lie, KI; Smit, AJ; van den Broek, SA; van Gilst, WH; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Wesseling, H, 1995)		2.12
"Spirapril is a recent ACE inhibitor with a both renal and hepatic elimination pathway. "( [Kidney function in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure treated with the dual eliminated ACE-inhibitor spirapril].
Haufe, CC; Jansa, U; Sierakowski, B; Stein, G, 1994)		1.94
"Spirapril is a prodrug that is converted by esterolysis to the active (but poorly absorbed) diacid spiraprilat. "( Spirapril: pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions.
Gerbeau, C; Grass, P; Kutz, K, 1994)		3.17
"Spirapril proved to be a well tolerated ACE-inhibitor."( [Therapy of heart failure with spirapril--the open phase of the CASSIS study. Analysis of the 2nd year extension of the CASSIS study].
Jerie, P; Kremer, HJ; Nikodýmová, L; Uhlír, O; Widimský, J, 1997)		1.3
"Spirapril is a new angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. "( Efficacy and safety of spirapril in mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Hayduk, K; Kraul, H, 1999)		2.06
"Thus spirapril is seen to be an effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive drug whose efficacy is clearly related to baseline blood pressure and thus is also very effective in the treatment of severe forms of hypertension."( Clinical experience with spirapril in human hypertension.
Kraul, H; Schmidt, J, 1999)		1.06
"Spirapril is a new non-sulphydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor which is eliminated mainly through the liver. "( Comparison of the acute and chronic antihypertensive effect of two once-daily doses of spirapril by invasive twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1989)		1.94

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spirapril has no relevant drug interactions."( Efficacy and safety of spirapril in mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Hayduk, K; Kraul, H, 1999)		1.34

Treatment

Spirapril and enalapril treatment resulted in similar reductions in SBP at both peak and trough levels. Treatment with spirapril resulted in stable LV weight during the follow-up period of 32 days. The untreated group showed a significant steady increase in heart weight.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spirapril and enalapril treatment resulted in similar reductions in SBP at both peak and trough levels."( Comparison of efficacy of spirapril and enalapril in control of mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Alfiero, R; Alvisi, V; Guitard, C; Lohmann, FW; Ruina, M, 1997)		1.32
"Treatment with spirapril resulted in stable LV weight during the follow-up period of 32 days, whereas the untreated group showed a significant steady increase in heart weight."( Effect of spirapril on left ventricular hypertrophy due to volume overload in rats.
Hof, RP; Novosel, D; Pedersen, B; Robertson, E; Rudin, M; Umemura, K; Zierhut, W, 1992)		1.03
"Treatment with spirapril (2-2.5 mg.kg-1.d-1) or zofenopril (12-15 mg.kg-1.d-1) added to the drinking water was started immediately after myocardial infarction or sham operation and continued for six weeks."( Converting enzyme inhibition after experimental myocardial infarction in rats: comparative study between spirapril and zofenopril.
de Graeff, PA; de Langen, CD; Pinto, YM; van Gilst, WH; van Wijngaarden, J; Wesseling, H, 1991)		0.83

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Reported adverse events were mostly not study drug-related and were similar to those with placebo except for headache, which was more frequent with spirapril than placebo (5."( A multicentre multidose study of the efficacy and safety of spirapril in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. UK Study Group of Spirapril in Hypertension.
Fairhurst, GJ, 1994)		0.73
" The most commonly reported adverse effects were cough (13-17%), dizziness, headache and insomnia."( Efficacy and safety of spirapril, a new ace-inhibitor, in elderly hypertensive patients.
Ekman, K; Honkanen, T; Järveläinen, V; Kantola, I; Kataja, M; Terént, A, 1996)		0.6

Pharmacokinetics

The acute hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic responses to the oral angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor spirapril were studied in 15 patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure in a baseline controlled dose-ranging study. After intravenous infusion, the disposition of Spirapril is monophasic with a terminal half-life of 20-50 minutes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The acute hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic responses to the oral angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor spirapril were studied in 15 patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure in a baseline controlled dose-ranging study."( The acute hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic properties of oral spirapril in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.
de Graeff, PA; Hillege, H; Lie, KI; van Bruggen, A; van den Broek, SA; van Gilst, WH; Wesseling, H, 1991)		0.72
" However, there was no evidence of accumulation of spiraprilat in any of the groups as determined by the pharmacokinetic parameters derived after single and multiple doses."( Pharmacokinetics of spirapril in renal impairment.
Elliott, HL; Grass, P; Guitard, C; Meredith, PA, 1994)		0.86
" Regression analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters C(max)ss (the maximum steady-state drug concentration in plasma during a dosing interval), Cl/f (total plasma clearance) and k (elimination rate constant) of spirapril on creatinine clearance (Clcr) showed that the pharmacokinetics of spirapril were not significantly influenced by the degree of renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of spirapril and spiraprilat in patients with chronic renal failure.
Grass, P; Haufe, CC; Jansa, U; Sierakowski, B; Stein, G; Weidinger, G, 1994)		0.8
" After intravenous infusion, the disposition of spirapril is monophasic with a terminal half-life of 20-50 minutes."( Spirapril: pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions.
Gerbeau, C; Grass, P; Kutz, K, 1994)		1.99
"00 h-1 in control subjects) while the elimination half-life of spiraprilat was not different."( Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of a single oral dose of the novel ACE inhibitor spirapril in patients with chronic liver disease.
Grass, P; Krähenbühl, S; Kutz, K; Reichen, J; Surve, A, 1993)		0.75

Compound-Compound Interactions

quadropril (Spirapril, Pliva) was given for 2 months to patients with arterial hypertension combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results suggest that hydrochlorothiazide does not interact in the fixed combination with the pharmacokinetics of spirapril.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The results suggest that hydrochlorothiazide does not interact in the fixed combination with the pharmacokinetics of spirapril and vice versa."( Drug interaction of spirapril hydrochloride monohydrate and hydrochlorothiazide. A clinical study to compare the pharmacokinetics after administration of spirapril hydrochloride monohydrate tablets, hydrochlorothiazide tablets and fixed combination bi-lay
Amschler, S; Erb, K; Hermann, R; Junge, K; Krupp, S; Schäfer, HF; Schulz, HU; Schürer, M, 2003)		0.85
"In this study quadropril (Spirapril, Pliva) was given for 2 months to patients with arterial hypertension combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."( [Clinical application of spirapril in patients with arterial hypertension combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
Barbarash, OL; Kondrikova, NV; Smakotina, SA, 2006)		0.94

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of orally administered spirapril was 50% whereas the bioavailability. of spirapilat was virtually zero. The metabolite responsible for the pharmacological action of Spirapril, was significantly reduced in patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of orally administered spirapril was 50% whereas the bioavailability of orally administered spiraprilat was virtually zero."( Spirapril: pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions.
Gerbeau, C; Grass, P; Kutz, K, 1994)		1.99
" In contrast, the bioavailability of spiraprilat, the metabolite responsible for the pharmacological action of spirapril, was significantly reduced in patients (AUC 820 micrograms."( Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of a single oral dose of the novel ACE inhibitor spirapril in patients with chronic liver disease.
Grass, P; Krähenbühl, S; Kutz, K; Reichen, J; Surve, A, 1993)		0.78

Dosage Studied

The pharmacokinetics of spirapril were not significantly influenced by the degree of renal impairment. There were statistically significant differences between all active-treatment groups (except the 24-mg dose group) and placebo. If, after 4 weeks of treatment, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was still > 90 mm Hg, this dosage was doubled.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"To investigate whether the compensatory rise in renin and plasma angiotensin I in response to repeated angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment results in a partial escape of ACE inhibition over a 24-h dosing interval."( Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response?
Admiraal, PJ; Boomsma, F; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1992)		0.28
" At the end of dosing interval angiotensin II had returned to values seen under placebo with the 12."( Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response?
Admiraal, PJ; Boomsma, F; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1992)		0.28
" This escape also affects the antihypertensive response in the second half of the dosing interval."( Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response?
Admiraal, PJ; Boomsma, F; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1992)		0.28
" Systolic BP (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower in spirapril-treated rats, and the dose-response curve to ANGI was shifted to the right."( Effect of spirapril on left ventricular hypertrophy due to volume overload in rats.
Hof, RP; Novosel, D; Pedersen, B; Robertson, E; Rudin, M; Umemura, K; Zierhut, W, 1992)		0.91
" Dosage of spirapril was increased from 12 mg to 48 mg once daily."( Digoxin pharmacokinetics and spirapril, a new ace inhibitor.
Flemming, J; Johnson, BF; Johnson, J; Wilson, J, 1991)		0.96
" Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded once a week just before dosing and at varying time intervals up to 6 hr thereafter."( Antihypertensive effect of spirapril and felodipine during repeated administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Forlani, A; Milani, S; Monopoli, A; Ongini, E, 1988)		0.57
" The dose-response curve for spirapril appears to be flat for doses of 6 to 24 mg once daily."( Spirapril. A preliminary review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hypertension.
Noble, S; Sorkin, EM, 1995)		2.03
" The dosage was titrated if necessary after 4 weeks of treatment."( Sustained-release isradipine compared with spirapril in the treatment of elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
Chan, TY; Critchley, JA; Or, KK; Sanderson, JE; Tomlinson, B; Woo, J, 1994)		0.55
" If, after 4 weeks of treatment, CR-determined diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was still > 90 mm Hg, this dosage was doubled (n = 327) and, at week 8, pindolol at 5 mg or spirapril at 3 mg daily was added if necessary for blood pressure control."( A multicenter study using causal readings, self-recordings, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess isradipine effects. AMICUS Study Group.
Fitscha, P; Magometschnigg, D; Meisner, W, 1994)		0.48
" Regression analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters C(max)ss (the maximum steady-state drug concentration in plasma during a dosing interval), Cl/f (total plasma clearance) and k (elimination rate constant) of spirapril on creatinine clearance (Clcr) showed that the pharmacokinetics of spirapril were not significantly influenced by the degree of renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of spirapril and spiraprilat in patients with chronic renal failure.
Grass, P; Haufe, CC; Jansa, U; Sierakowski, B; Stein, G; Weidinger, G, 1994)		0.8
" There were statistically significant differences between all active-treatment groups (except the 24-mg dose group) and placebo, but not among the spirapril groups at the end of the +24-hour dosing interval."( A multicentre multidose study of the efficacy and safety of spirapril in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. UK Study Group of Spirapril in Hypertension.
Fairhurst, GJ, 1994)		0.73
" When blood pressures were measured at the end of the dosing interval (trough), all spirapril regimens had produced similar reductions in sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (siSBP/siDBP) which were significantly greater than those observed in placebo-treated patients."( Placebo-controlled comparison of spirapril at 6, 12 and 24 mg/day in mild to severe essential hypertension.
Alvisi, V; Boxho, G; Cocco, G; Franck, J; Guitard, C; Maibach, E; Mellein, B; Waite, R, 1994)		0.79
" In contrast, the single dosing of all agents failed to show antinociceptive effect."( Antinociceptive effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in mice.
Miyazaki, M; Okunishi, H; Song, K; Takai, S; Tanaka, T, 1996)		0.29
" In patients whose blood pressure was not normalized (defined as DBP< or =90 mmHg) after 6 weeks of treatment, the dosage of either medication was doubled or, in the placebo group, was switched to the fixed combination."( Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a low-dose combination of isradipine and spirapril in the first-line treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Antlsperger, A; Pittrow, DB; Schardt, W; Wambach, G; Weidinger, G; Welzel, D, 1997)		0.52
"The administration of most angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) at bedtime results in a greater reduction of nighttime blood pressure (BP) than dosing upon awakening."( Administration-time-dependent effects of spirapril on ambulatory blood pressure in uncomplicated essential hypertension.
Alonso, I; Ayala, DE; Fernández, JR; Fontao, MJ; Hermida, RC; Mojón, A, 2010)		0.63
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
prodrugA compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitorAn EC 3.4.15.* (peptidyl-dipeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of peptidyl-dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1).
antihypertensive agentAny drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (8)

ClassDescription
dipeptideAny molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
dithioketalA dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.
azaspiro compoundAn azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.
dicarboxylic acid monoesterA monoester of a dicarboxylic acid.
ethyl esterAny carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid with ethanol.
tertiary carboxamideA carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a secondary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1)R(2).
secondary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Angiotensin-converting enzymeRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.06700.00090.33223.0300AID38879
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (13)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID182326% Inhibition of angiotensin-I induced pressor response in normotensive rats after peroral dosing of 0.5 umol/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Mercaptan, carboxyalkyl dipeptide, and phosphinic acid inhibitors incorporating 4-substituted prolines.
AID39748Compound was tested for inhibitory activity against Angiotensin I converting enzyme when administered intraperitoneally to anesthetized dogs1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: spirapril and related compounds.
AID25872The acid dissociation constant, pKa was determined.'a' represents value of C-terminus carboxylic acid.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties of a novel, conformationally restricted 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which is preferentially eliminated by the biliary route in rats.
AID38879Compound tested in vitro for inhibition of Angiotensin I converting enzyme1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: spirapril and related compounds.
AID38110Compound tested in vivo for inhibition of Angiotensin I converting enzyme in rat1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: spirapril and related compounds.
AID182325% Inhibition of angiotensin-I induced pressor response in normotensive rats after peroral dosing of 0.15 umol/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Mercaptan, carboxyalkyl dipeptide, and phosphinic acid inhibitors incorporating 4-substituted prolines.
AID60351Compound was tested for its efficacy in dog1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: spirapril and related compounds.
AID38463Compound was tested for inhibitory activity against angiotensin converting enzyme when administered intraperitoneally to anesthetized dogs1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: spirapril and related compounds.
AID26306Logarithm of the ratio of anionic to unionized species at pH 7.41991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties of a novel, conformationally restricted 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which is preferentially eliminated by the biliary route in rats.
AID38464Compound tested in vivo for inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme in rat1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: spirapril and related compounds.
AID182327% Inhibition of angiotensin-I induced pressor response in normotensive rats after peroral dosing of 1.5 umol/kg1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Mercaptan, carboxyalkyl dipeptide, and phosphinic acid inhibitors incorporating 4-substituted prolines.
AID640615Clearance in human liver microsomes at 1 uM measured after 60 mins by HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Capture hydrolysis signals in the microsomal stability assay: molecular mechanisms of the alkyl ester drug and prodrug metabolism.
AID26526Compound was tested for its maximum lipophilicity.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties of a novel, conformationally restricted 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which is preferentially eliminated by the biliary route in rats.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (120)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19909 (7.50)18.7374
1990's78 (65.00)18.2507
2000's29 (24.17)29.6817
2010's4 (3.33)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 28.37

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index28.37 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.21 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.23 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index36.71 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (28.37)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials59 (47.97%)5.53%
Reviews6 (4.88%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.81%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other57 (46.34%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
NT-proBNP Selected PreventiOn of Cardiac eveNts in a populaTion of dIabetic Patients Without A History of Cardiac Disease: a Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT02817360]Phase 42,400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-29Recruiting
Prognostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events and Effects of Chronotherapy in Relation to Risk (the MAPEC Study). [NCT00295542]Phase 43,344 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-03-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0210catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0610alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		9.6732dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		9.9933ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0210aromatic ketone
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		7.4120dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.0710ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		210azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		6.1575benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.3911indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		1.9710catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		8.071815benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		1.9910biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
manidipine
[no description available]		2.0710diarylmethane
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0710beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
milrinone
[no description available]		1.9810bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.821benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		8.8421C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.0710dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.07102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0710C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		9.0731C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.6232indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9810naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
tinoridine
tinoridine: proposed anti-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS seach PYRIDINES (75-86)		2.0710thienopyridine
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.4320alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		4.623211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.3611quaternary ammonium salt
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.3820aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethoheptazine
ethoheptazine: major descriptor (65-83); on-line search AZEPINES (65-83); Index Medicus search ETHOHEPTAZINE (65-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710azepanes
efloxate
efloxate: structure		2.0710organic molecular entity
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.0710methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.7130cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
chromonar
Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0710coumarins
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		1.9810alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
vincamine
Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.		2.0710alkaloid ester;
hemiaminal;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
vinca alkaloid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
vasodilator agent
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		1.9910beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		5.4382alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		1.9910cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		1.9810dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.0710methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
xemilofiban
xemilofiban: SC-54684A was administered as the hydrochloride salt; inhibits platelet glycoprotein GPIIB IIIA receptor; structure given in first source		2.0710
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		1.9710L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
lercanidipine
[no description available]		2.0710diarylmethane
azelnidipine
azelnidipine: structure given in first source		2.0710isopropyl ester
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
talinolol
[no description available]		3.3911ureas
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		3.3911iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		7.4520peptide
zofenopril
zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.		6.9710aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thioester		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug;
vasodilator agent
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.0710alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sch 34826
Sch 34826: structure given in first source		1.9710
mdl 73404
MDL 73404: structure given in first source; a hydrophilic cardioselective free radical scavenger; analog of alpha-tocopherol		1.9810
sch 42495
[no description available]		2.3820
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		5.7983amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9710oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
elastin
[no description available]		1.9810oligopeptide
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		1.981011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		2.07103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
temocapril
[no description available]		2.0710dipeptide
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.0710ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		8.3611cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
spiraprilat
SCH 33861: RN given refers to (8S-(7(R*(R*)),8R*))-isomer. spiraprilat : An azaspiro compound that is spirapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid group. It is the active metabolite of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor spirapril.		7.72125azaspiro compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
dithioketal;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		1.9710aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		1.9910morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.0710cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.6730dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0710benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0710azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		18.8311959dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.6630dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		1.9910dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
bay 44-4400
Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.		2.0610cyclooctadepsipeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antinematodal drug
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		1.9710
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		1.9810polypeptide
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.730
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		1.9810
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		3.7621angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.98103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		012.486741
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.8221
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		14.0510
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		012.486741
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.8221
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.6532
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.6532
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.4120
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.9140
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		07.0110
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0110
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.0110
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0110
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		07.1885
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		07.1885
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.0210
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		04.6732
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		04.6732
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0310
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.0310
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		03.4111
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		03.4111
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.0310
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.0310
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.4211
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		03.4211
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.4211
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.6730
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		01.9810
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.6830
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.6830
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		07.4596
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.4596
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		01.9810
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.8286
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		07.8286
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.6232
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.7721
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.7721
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		03.3711
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		03.3711
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		09.0631
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.3920
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		01.9810
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		01.9810
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3711
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		06.4252
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.3422
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.3711
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		06.4252
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		01.9810
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.3711
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		03.3711
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.3711
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3711
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.3711
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		03.3711
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.3711
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		03.3711
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.3711
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.3711
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		04.3522
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		04.3522
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		04.3522
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9910
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		01.9910
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		01.9910
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.3811
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.3811
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.7921
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		0210
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		0210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0110
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.3820
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.3820
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.3611
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		03.3611
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.3611
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9710
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		01.9710
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		01.9710