RNA transport

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]

RNA transport is a fundamental process in eukaryotic cells, essential for the delivery of newly synthesized RNA molecules from their site of synthesis in the nucleus to their site of function in the cytoplasm or other cellular compartments. It is a highly regulated and complex process involving a multitude of protein factors that recognize and bind to specific RNA sequences or structures, ensuring accurate and efficient transport.

The process can be broadly divided into the following stages:

1. **RNA processing and export:**
- In the nucleus, newly transcribed RNA molecules undergo a series of processing steps, including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.
- These modifications are crucial for generating mature and functional RNAs.
- Once processed, RNA molecules are recognized by specific nuclear export factors, which bind to specific RNA sequences or structures.
- These factors facilitate the passage of RNA molecules through the nuclear pore complex, a large protein channel that connects the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

2. **Transport through the nuclear pore complex:**
- The nuclear pore complex acts as a gatekeeper, regulating the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
- RNA molecules are transported through this complex by a combination of passive diffusion and active transport mechanisms.
- Export factors bind to the RNA and facilitate its movement through the pore.
- The nuclear pore complex is a dynamic structure that can adjust its size and permeability to accommodate different cargo molecules.

3. **Cytoplasmic delivery and localization:**
- Once in the cytoplasm, RNA molecules are delivered to their specific target sites, which can include ribosomes for translation, specific organelles, or other cellular compartments.
- The transport of RNA molecules to their target sites is often guided by specific sequences or structures in the RNA, which are recognized by cytoplasmic transport factors.
- These factors can be involved in binding to the RNA, interacting with motor proteins, or mediating interactions with other cellular components.

4. **Translation and function:**
- Upon reaching their target site, RNA molecules can fulfill their function.
- For example, messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are translated by ribosomes into proteins, while transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transport amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
- Other types of RNA, such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), are essential components of ribosomes.

The fidelity of RNA transport is crucial for maintaining cellular function and homeostasis. Errors in RNA transport can lead to a wide range of cellular defects, including developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

The regulation of RNA transport is tightly controlled by a complex interplay of factors, including:

- **RNA sequences and structures:** Specific sequences and structures in RNA molecules can act as signals for transport, guiding their delivery to specific cellular compartments.
- **Transport factors:** Proteins that specifically recognize and bind to RNA molecules, mediating their movement through the cell.
- **Cellular environment:** Environmental cues, such as cell cycle stage, stress signals, and developmental stage, can influence RNA transport pathways.

The understanding of RNA transport has significantly advanced in recent years, providing insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying cellular processes and the development of new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (955)