1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea profile

1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea, also known as **hydroxyurea**, is a **antineoplastic drug** used in the treatment of various cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), sickle cell anemia, and melanoma.

Here's why it's important for research:

* **Mechanism of Action:** Hydroxyurea works by **inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase**, an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis. This inhibition blocks the formation of deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. By slowing down DNA replication, hydroxyurea ultimately stops cancer cells from dividing and growing.
* **Diverse Applications:** Hydroxyurea's ability to interfere with DNA synthesis makes it a valuable tool in various research fields, including:
* **Cancer Biology:** Investigating the mechanisms of cancer cell growth and proliferation.
* **Drug Development:** Testing new drugs that target DNA replication pathways.
* **Genetic Research:** Studying the role of DNA replication in cell development and differentiation.
* **Unique Properties:** Hydroxyurea exhibits other interesting properties that make it a subject of continued research:
* **Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Inhibition:** Hydroxyurea can inhibit HIF, a protein that plays a role in oxygen sensing and cancer cell survival. This effect makes it a potential therapeutic target for certain cancers.
* **Antimalarial Activity:** Hydroxyurea has demonstrated antimalarial activity in preclinical studies, raising the possibility of its use in treating malaria.
* **Clinical Relevance:** The continued use of hydroxyurea in cancer treatment and the investigation of its potential for treating other diseases highlight its ongoing clinical relevance.

**In summary**, hydroxyurea is an important research tool due to its unique mechanism of action, its applications in diverse research fields, and its potential for developing new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	83695
CHEMBL ID	267565
SCHEMBL ID	1168252
MeSH ID	M0077842

Synonym
13743-07-2
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea
1-nitroso-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)urea
henu
n-hydroxyethyl-n-nitrosourea
nitroso-2-hydroxyethylurea
urea, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitroso-
n-nitrosohydroxyethylurea
2-hydroxyethylnitrosourea
brn 2246260
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-n-nitrosourea
hydroxyethylnitrosourea
ccris 1850
CHEMBL267565
AKOS006277072
afh8yzh5pm ,
n-nitroso-n-(2-hydroxyethyl)urea
unii-afh8yzh5pm
SCHEMBL1168252
DTXSID1020726
Q63088227

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To investigate the hypothesis that the similarity of dose-response curves for induction of thymic lymphoma in C57BL mice was due to similar DNA alkylation profiles for 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea (HNU), we measured the reaction of the two agents with DNA in vitro and in target tissues in vivo."	( The binding of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea to DNA in vitro and to DNA of thymus and marrow in C57BL mice in vivo. Harbach, PR; Petzold, GL; Swenson, DH, 1986)	0.81

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID24145	Half life was determined	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Decomposition reactions of (hydroxyalkyl) nitrosoureas and related compounds: possible relationship to carcinogenicity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	12 (57.14)	18.7374
1990's	8 (38.10)	18.2507
2000's	1 (4.76)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	21 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
adenine [no description available]	1.98	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	1.97	1	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	1.97	1	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
thymidine [no description available]	1.98	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.98	1	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.68	3	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	1.97	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	1.96	1	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	4.32	20	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
n-nitrosobutylurea N-nitrosobutylurea: structure	1.97	1
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	1.98	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.65	3	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea [no description available]	1.98	1
6-ethylguanine 6-ethylguanine: found in rat brain DNA	1.98	1
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)-n-nitrosourea N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-nitrosourea: structure given in first source	2.65	3
6-hydroxyethylguanine 6-hydroxyethylguanine: formed in DNA treated with BCNU	2	1
3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidone: structure given in first source	2.88	4
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.98	1	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.39	2	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.9	4	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.38	2	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
n(7)-hydroxyethylguanine [no description available]	2.69	3
enng [no description available]	1.97	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.66	3
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.96	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	1.96	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.96	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	1.96	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	1.98	1
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	1.98	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	1.98	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	1.98	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	1.98	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.37	2
EHS Tumor [description not available]	1.95	1
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.95	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.37	2
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.95	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	1.97	1
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	1.97	1
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.97	1
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	1.97	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	1.97	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	1.97	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.97	1
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	1.97	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	1.97	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.97	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	1.97	1

1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (21)

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (1)

Research

Studies (21)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.99

Study Types