cellular response to reactive oxygen species

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. [GOC:mah]

Cellular response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a complex and multifaceted process that involves a series of events aimed at mitigating the damaging effects of these highly reactive molecules. ROS are generated as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, particularly during mitochondrial respiration, and can also be produced by exogenous sources such as radiation or environmental pollutants. When ROS levels rise above a certain threshold, they can cause oxidative stress, damaging cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids. This damage can lead to various cellular dysfunctions and even cell death.

To combat oxidative stress, cells have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which neutralize ROS by converting them into less harmful molecules. Cells also rely on non-enzymatic antioxidants, like glutathione and vitamins C and E, to scavenge free radicals.

In addition to directly detoxifying ROS, cells can activate signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in response to oxidative stress. These signaling pathways often involve transcription factors like NF-κB, Nrf2, and AP-1, which bind to specific DNA sequences to induce the production of antioxidant enzymes, chaperones, and other protective proteins.

The cellular response to ROS is tightly regulated and involves a delicate balance between ROS production and detoxification. When this balance is disrupted, it can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. The precise mechanisms of ROS-mediated cellular damage and the signaling pathways involved in the cellular response to ROS are still under investigation. Ongoing research in this area aims to elucidate the intricate interplay between ROS and cellular processes, providing potential targets for therapeutic interventions.'
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Proteins (24)

Compounds (768)