Page last updated: 2024-10-16

adenine and Proteinuria

adenine has been researched along with Proteinuria in 50 studies

Proteinuria: The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with improved kidney function; however, the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been associated with decreased kidney function and proteinuria."9.19Changes in proteinuria and albuminuria with initiation of antiretroviral therapy: data from a randomized trial comparing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine versus abacavir/lamivudine. ( Daar, ES; Gupta, SK; Ha, B; Kitch, D; McComsey, GA; Melbourne, K; Sax, PE; Tierney, C; Wyatt, CM, 2014)
"Proteinuria was observed in 27% of 153 patients taking tenofovir for more than 1 year."7.79Tenofovir-associated proteinuria. ( Bartlett, H; Gibson, A; Kelly, MD; Patten, J; Rowling, D, 2013)
" Relationships between tenofovir use and proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcomes were examined using multivariable logistic regression models."7.79Tenofovir treatment duration predicts proteinuria in a multiethnic United States Cohort of children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection. ( Chernoff, MC; Hazra, R; Kopp, JB; Mofenson, LM; Patel, K; Purswani, M; Scott, GB; Seage, GR; Siberry, GK; Van Dyke, RB, 2013)
" The use of lamivudine and tenofovir resulted in arrest of proteinuria and stabilisation of renal function."7.77Hepatitis B virus related membranous glomerulonephritis and proteinuria treated with lamivudine and tenofovir. ( Das, P; Ford, M; Holt, S; Kingdon, E; Vivek, V, 2011)
"We have previously reported that the TT genotype of the angiotensinogen gene and the ID/DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene are associated with increased severity of proteinuria in IgA nephropathy in Japanese children."7.72A-20C angiotensinogen gene polymorphism and proteinuria in childhood IgA nephropathy. ( Aoyagi, N; Iijima, K; Nakanishi, K; Nozu, K; Sako, M; Tanaka, R; Yata, N; Yoshikawa, N, 2004)
"To investigate the efficacy, safety, and the tolerability of two dosing regimens of ADV (10 mg daily or 30 mg daily), two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were performed in patients with chronic hepatitis B and compensated liver disease who were not undergoing current treatment and who had evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication."6.71Renal safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. ( Arterbrun, S; Brosgart, CL; Currie, G; Deray, G; Hadziyannis, SJ; Hulot, JS; Izzedine, H; Launay-Vacher, V; Marcellini, P; Westland, C, 2004)
"Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with improved kidney function; however, the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been associated with decreased kidney function and proteinuria."5.19Changes in proteinuria and albuminuria with initiation of antiretroviral therapy: data from a randomized trial comparing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine versus abacavir/lamivudine. ( Daar, ES; Gupta, SK; Ha, B; Kitch, D; McComsey, GA; Melbourne, K; Sax, PE; Tierney, C; Wyatt, CM, 2014)
"Proteinuria was observed in 27% of 153 patients taking tenofovir for more than 1 year."3.79Tenofovir-associated proteinuria. ( Bartlett, H; Gibson, A; Kelly, MD; Patten, J; Rowling, D, 2013)
" Relationships between tenofovir use and proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcomes were examined using multivariable logistic regression models."3.79Tenofovir treatment duration predicts proteinuria in a multiethnic United States Cohort of children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection. ( Chernoff, MC; Hazra, R; Kopp, JB; Mofenson, LM; Patel, K; Purswani, M; Scott, GB; Seage, GR; Siberry, GK; Van Dyke, RB, 2013)
"Cox proportional hazards and marginal structural models evaluated associations between tenofovir and time to first occurrence of proteinuria (two consecutive urine dipstick measurements ≥30 mg/dl), rapid decline in kidney function (≥3 ml/min per 1."3.78Association of tenofovir exposure with kidney disease risk in HIV infection. ( Choi, AI; Deeks, SG; Estrella, M; Grunfeld, C; Li, Y; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG, 2012)
" The use of lamivudine and tenofovir resulted in arrest of proteinuria and stabilisation of renal function."3.77Hepatitis B virus related membranous glomerulonephritis and proteinuria treated with lamivudine and tenofovir. ( Das, P; Ford, M; Holt, S; Kingdon, E; Vivek, V, 2011)
"We have previously reported that the TT genotype of the angiotensinogen gene and the ID/DD genotype of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene are associated with increased severity of proteinuria in IgA nephropathy in Japanese children."3.72A-20C angiotensinogen gene polymorphism and proteinuria in childhood IgA nephropathy. ( Aoyagi, N; Iijima, K; Nakanishi, K; Nozu, K; Sako, M; Tanaka, R; Yata, N; Yoshikawa, N, 2004)
"In two randomized, controlled trials, small differences in glomerular filtration rate over time were noted but no clinically relevant renal disease or adverse events were demonstrated in antiretroviral-naive patients treated with TDF through 144 weeks."2.73The 3-year renal safety of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. a thymidine analogue-containing regimen in antiretroviral-naive patients. ( Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; DeJesus, E; Enejosa, JV; Gallant, JE; Pozniak, AL; Winston, JA, 2008)
"To investigate the efficacy, safety, and the tolerability of two dosing regimens of ADV (10 mg daily or 30 mg daily), two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were performed in patients with chronic hepatitis B and compensated liver disease who were not undergoing current treatment and who had evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication."2.71Renal safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. ( Arterbrun, S; Brosgart, CL; Currie, G; Deray, G; Hadziyannis, SJ; Hulot, JS; Izzedine, H; Launay-Vacher, V; Marcellini, P; Westland, C, 2004)
"Proteinuria is also now recognized as a common finding in individuals living with HIV."2.55Renal effects of novel antiretroviral drugs. ( Jones, R; Levy, JB; Milburn, J, 2017)
"Quercetin-treated model rats had reduced serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), inorganic phosphate, increased urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, increased urine antioxidants, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin (IL)-8 when compared with the untreated model group and the control group."1.48Quercetin Treatment Improves Renal Function and Protects the Kidney in a Rat Model of Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. ( Li, R; Liang, YN; Song, Y; Yang, H, 2018)
"The long-term use of tenofovir, a commonly used anti-HIV drug, can result in renal damage."1.40Mitochondrial dysfunction and electron transport chain complex defect in a rat model of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nephrotoxicity. ( Abraham, P; Isaac, B; Ramamoorthy, H, 2014)
"Rosiglitazone (ROG) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on glycemic control and renal protection."1.39Rosiglitazone alleviates injury in rats with adenine‑induced chronic kidney disease. ( Hu, M; Huang, Y; Lei, Y; Liu, R; Wang, X; Yu, X; Zheng, Z, 2013)
"Systemic lupus erythematosus is a polymorphic and multigenic inflammatory autoimmune disease."1.38Disease progression in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice is reduced by NCS 613, a specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. ( Bourguignon, JJ; Gazi, L; Keravis, T; Lugnier, C; Monneaux, F; Muller, S; Yougbaré, I, 2012)
" Renal biopsy revealed toxic acute tubular necrosis, with distinctive proximal tubular eosinophilic inclusions representing giant mitochondria visible by light microscopy."1.36Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities. ( D'Agati, VD; Herlitz, LC; Markowitz, GS; Mohan, S; Radhakrishnan, J; Stokes, MB, 2010)
"Despite the recent publication of case reports describing various manifestations of tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity, data regarding the incidence of and risk factors for this adverse effect are currently lacking."1.33Incidence of and risk factors for tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study. ( Antoniou, T; Chirhin, S; Gough, K; Govan, V; Loutfy, M; Raboud, J; Rachlis, A; Yoong, D, 2005)

Research

Studies (50)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19903 (6.00)18.7374
1990's1 (2.00)18.2507
2000's13 (26.00)29.6817
2010's31 (62.00)24.3611
2020's2 (4.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Li, A1
Ambruso, SL1
Oto, OA1
Barry, M1
Edelstein, CL1
Markóth, C1
File, I1
Szász, R1
Bidiga, L1
Balla, J1
Mátyus, J1
Gallagher, A1
Quan, D1
Gracey, DM1
Yang, H1
Song, Y1
Liang, YN1
Li, R1
Lv, Y1
Li, X1
Liang, S1
Liang, D1
Xu, F1
Zhu, X1
Zeng, C1
Zheng, F1
Tang, D1
Xu, H1
Xu, Y2
Dai, W1
Zhang, X1
Hong, X1
Liu, D1
Dai, Y1
Cao, Y1
Han, Y1
Xie, J1
Cui, Q1
Zhang, L2
Li, Y3
Song, X1
Zhu, T1
Li, T1
Reynes, J2
Cournil, A1
Peyriere, H2
Psomas, C1
Guiller, E1
Chatron, M1
Cristol, JP1
Badiou, S1
Huang, Y1
Lei, Y1
Zheng, Z1
Wang, X1
Hu, M1
Liu, R1
Yu, X1
Wang, Y1
Wei, P1
Zhang, H1
Liu, C1
Ramamoorthy, H1
Abraham, P1
Isaac, B1
Sax, PE3
Zolopa, A1
Brar, I1
Elion, R1
Ortiz, R1
Post, F1
Wang, H2
Callebaut, C2
Martin, H1
Fordyce, MW1
McCallister, S1
Andrade-Fuentes, K1
Mata-Marín, JA1
López-De León, JI1
Manjarrez-Téllez, B1
Ramírez, JL1
Gaytan-Martínez, J1
Wyatt, CM1
Kitch, D1
Gupta, SK2
Tierney, C1
Daar, ES1
Ha, B1
Melbourne, K1
McComsey, GA1
Maggi, P1
Montinaro, V1
Leone, A1
Fasano, M1
Volpe, A1
Bellacosa, C1
Grattagliano, V1
Coladonato, L1
Lapadula, G1
Santantonio, T1
Angarano, G1
Jiang, W1
Liu, T1
Dong, H1
Liu, LQ1
Guan, GJ1
Liu, XC1
Wohl, D1
Oka, S1
Clumeck, N1
Clarke, A1
Brinson, C2
Stephens, J1
Tashima, K1
Arribas, JR1
Rashbaum, B1
Cheret, A1
Brunetta, J1
Mussini, C1
Tebas, P1
Cheng, A1
Zhong, L1
Das, M1
Fordyce, M1
Milburn, J1
Jones, R2
Levy, JB1
Gallant, JE1
Winston, JA1
DeJesus, E2
Pozniak, AL1
Chen, SS1
Cheng, AK1
Enejosa, JV1
Barril Cuadrado, G1
de Los Santos Gil, I1
Woodward, CL1
Hall, AM2
Williams, IG2
Madge, S1
Copas, A1
Nair, D1
Edwards, SG2
Johnson, MA1
Connolly, JO2
Lapsley, M1
Chetty, K1
O'Farrell, S1
Unwin, RJ1
Agarwala, R1
Mohan, S2
Herlitz, LC2
Cheng, JT1
Stokes, MB1
Radhakrishnan, J1
D'Agati, VD1
Markowitz, GS1
Soler-Palacín, P1
Melendo, S1
Noguera-Julian, A1
Fortuny, C1
Navarro, ML1
Mellado, MJ1
Garcia, L1
Uriona, S1
Martín-Nalda, A1
Figueras, C1
Perazella, MA1
Shen, C1
Mather, KJ1
Agarwal, R1
Dubé, MP1
Keravis, T1
Monneaux, F1
Yougbaré, I1
Gazi, L1
Bourguignon, JJ1
Muller, S1
Lugnier, C1
Ando, M1
Tsuchiya, K1
Nitta, K1
Scherzer, R1
Estrella, M1
Choi, AI1
Deeks, SG1
Grunfeld, C1
Shlipak, MG1
Yen, CH2
Lin, KC1
Leu, S2
Sun, CK2
Chang, LT2
Chai, HT1
Chung, SY1
Chang, HW1
Ko, SF1
Chen, YT2
Yip, HK2
Das, P1
Vivek, V1
Ford, M1
Kingdon, E1
Holt, S1
Wallace, CG1
Lin, YC1
Chen, YL1
Tsa, TH1
Kao, YH1
Shao, PL1
Hsieh, CY1
Kelly, MD1
Gibson, A1
Bartlett, H1
Rowling, D1
Patten, J1
Calza, L1
Trapani, F1
Salvadori, C1
Magistrelli, E1
Manfredi, R1
Colangeli, V1
Di Bari, MA1
Borderi, M1
Viale, P1
Purswani, M1
Patel, K1
Kopp, JB1
Seage, GR1
Chernoff, MC1
Hazra, R1
Siberry, GK1
Mofenson, LM1
Scott, GB1
Van Dyke, RB1
Campo, R1
Bredeek, UF1
Henry, K1
Khanlou, H1
Logue, K1
Benson, P1
Dau, L1
White, K1
Flaherty, J1
Fralich, T1
Guyer, B1
Piontkowsky, D1
Karras, A1
Lafaurie, M1
Furco, A1
Bourgarit, A1
Droz, D1
Sereni, D1
Legendre, C1
Martinez, F1
Molina, JM1
FISHER, ER1
KLEIN, HZ1
Nakanishi, K1
Sako, M1
Yata, N1
Aoyagi, N1
Nozu, K1
Tanaka, R1
Iijima, K1
Yoshikawa, N1
Rouanet, I1
Daniel, N1
de Boever, CM1
Mauboussin, JM1
Leray, H1
Moachon, L1
Vincent, D1
Salmon-Céron, D1
Izzedine, H1
Hulot, JS1
Launay-Vacher, V1
Marcellini, P1
Hadziyannis, SJ1
Currie, G1
Brosgart, CL1
Westland, C1
Arterbrun, S1
Deray, G1
Stebbing, J1
Nelson, M1
Moyle, G1
Bower, M1
Mandalia, S1
Gazzard, B1
Mauss, S1
Berger, F1
Schmutz, G1
Antoniou, T1
Raboud, J1
Chirhin, S1
Yoong, D1
Govan, V1
Gough, K1
Rachlis, A1
Loutfy, M1
Fine, DM1
Papaleo, A1
Warszawski, J1
Salomon, R1
Jullien, V1
Veber, F1
Dechaux, M1
Blanche, S1
Iwasaki, N1
Wasada, T1
Takahashi, Y1
Babazono, T1
Ohgawara, H1
Omori, Y1
Kaplan, BS1
Renaud, L1
Drummond, KN1
Gang, NF1
Trachtenberg, E1
Wheatley, PJ1
Mautner, W1

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Research on the Antiretroviral Therapy and Immune Reconstitution on Chinese HIV/AIDS Patients[NCT00872417]Phase 4750 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-03-31Not yet recruiting
Effects of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir Treatment on the Pharmacokinetics and Renal Safety of Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) in Patients With HIV.[NCT03126370]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-08Completed
Assessing Virologic Success and Metabolic Changes in Patients Switching From a TDF to TAF Containing Antiretroviral Therapy Regimen[NCT03646370]110 participants (Actual)Observational2018-07-25Completed
A Phase IIIB, Randomized Trial of Open-Label Efavirenz or Atazanavir With Ritonavir in Combination With Double-Blind Comparison of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir or Abacavir/Lamivudine in Antiretroviral-Naive Subjects[NCT00118898]Phase 31,864 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blinded Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Single Tablet Regimen Versus Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Single Tablet Regimen in[NCT01497899]Phase 2279 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-28Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/ Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in HIV-1 Positive, Antiretroviral Trea[NCT01780506]Phase 3872 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-26Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in HIV-1 Positive, Antiretroviral Treat[NCT01797445]Phase 3872 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-12Completed
Severe Impairment of Solute-Free Water Clearance in Patients With HIV Infection[NCT01869010]30 participants (Actual)Observational2010-01-31Completed
Adolescent Master Protocol[NCT01418014]678 participants (Actual)Observational2007-03-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Open Label Phase IV Study to Evaluate the Rationale of Switching From Fixed Dose Abacavir (ABC)/Lamivudine (3TC) to Fixed Dose Tenofovir DF (TDF)/Emtricitabine (FTC) in Virologically Suppressed, HIV-1 Infected Patients Maintaine[NCT00724711]Phase 4312 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Impact of Drug Therapy and Co-Morbidities on the Development of Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Patients[NCT00551655]684 participants (Actual)Observational2007-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change From Week 12 Plasma Tenofovir Area Under the Plasma Concentration vs. Time Curve From Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) at 24 and 28 Weeks

Compare plasma tenofovir AUC0-24 between TAF with boosted PI vs. TDF with boosted PI (Phase 2 vs. 1), and between TAF with boosted PI and LDV/SOF vs. TDF with boosted PI (Phase 3 vs. 1) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks and 24 weeks and 28 weeks

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI3466
TAF With a Boosted PI743
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF868

Change From Week 12 Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in Dried Blood Spots (DBS)

Compare tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS) between TAF with a boosted PI vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 2 vs. 1), and TAF with a boosted PI and LDV/SOF vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 3 vs. 1) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks and 24 and 28 weeks

Interventionfmol/2x7mm punches (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI36014
TAF With a Boosted PI6735
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF6100

Change From Week 12 Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) at 24 and 28 Weeks

Compare tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between TAF with a boosted PI vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 2 vs. 1), and TAF with a boosted PI and LDV/SOF vs. TDF with a boosted PI (Phase 3 vs. 1). (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, and 24 weeks and 28 weeks

Interventionfmol/10^6 cells (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI83.0
TAF With a Boosted PI926
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF1129

Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Renal Biomarkers: eGFR

Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 28 weeks

InterventionmL/min/1.73 m^2 (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI86.7
TAF With a Boosted PI91.0
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF88.1

Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Renal Biomarkers: UPCR

Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal biomarkers: Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 28 weeks

Interventionmg/g (Geometric Mean)
TDF With a Boosted PI134
TAF With a Boosted PI118
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF97.3

Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Renal Biomarkers: B2M/Cr Ratio, and RBP/Cr Ratio

Change in renal biomarkers: urinary beta-2 microglobulin (B2M)/creatinine (Cr) ratio, and urinary retinol binding protein (RBP)/Cr ratio (NCT03126370)
Timeframe: 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 28 weeks

,,
Interventionug/g (Geometric Mean)
β2M:Cr ratioRBP:Cr ratio
TAF With a Boosted PI224242
TAF With a Boosted PI and LDV/SOF178146
TDF With a Boosted PI419436

Amount of Study Follow-up

Participants were to be followed for 96 weeks after the last enrollment. Accrual was expected to take 96 weeks, thus the planned follow-up time was 96 to 192 weeks, dependent on when in the study the participant enrolled. This outcome summarizes that total amount of actual follow-up in weeks from randomization to last contact. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks

InterventionWeeks (Median)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC141.4
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC133.3
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC141.6
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC137.3

Number of Participants With a Grade 3/4 Safety Event

Grade 3/4 safety event is defined as a grade 3 or 4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality that is at least one grade higher than at baseline, total bilirubin and creatine kinase (CPK) were excluded. Grading used the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 Severity of Adverse Events Tables. As-treated analysis censored at 1st modification of initially assigned regimen, participants who never started treatment were excluded. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Over all study follow-up while on initially assigned treatment, median follow-up was 120 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC145
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC182
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC137
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC156

Number of Participants With Regimen Failure

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. Treatment modification was defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Interventionparticipants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC162
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC246
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC157
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC233

Number of Participants With Treatment Modification

Treatment modification is defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Interventionparticipants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC152
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC239
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC138
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC216

Number of Participants With Virologic Failure

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Interventionparticipants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC57
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC72
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC57
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC83

Number of Participants With Virologic Failure and Emergence of Major Resistance

Emergence of resistant virus was assessed by genotypic testing performed at Stanford University for all participants who met criteria for virologic failure and retrospectively on baseline samples from these participants. Major mutations were defined by International AIDS Society-United States of America (2008), as well as T69D, L74I, G190C/E/Q/T/V for reverse transcriptase and L24I, F53L, I54V/A/T/S, G73C/S/T/A, N88D for protease. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

Interventionparticipants (Number)
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC27
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC41
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC5
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC12

Change in CD4 Count (Cells/mm3) From Baseline

Change was calculated as the CD4 count at Week 48 (or at Week 96) minus the baseline CD4 count (mean of pre-entry and entry values). (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
InterventionCells/mm3 (Median)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC163220.5
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC188250.5
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC175251.5
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC177.5250.3

Change in Fasting High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC89
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC1011
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC54
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC87

Change in Fasting Non-high Density Lipoprotein (Non-HDL) Cholesterol Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC1413.5
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC2318
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC810
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC2018

Change in Fasting Total Cholesterol Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC2223
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC3533
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC1114
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC3025

Change in Fasting Triglyceride Level From Baseline

Only fasting results are included. The protocol did not require that samples be collected fasting. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC109
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC1514
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC1411
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC2433

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing a Grade 3/4 Safety Event

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Grade 3/4 safety event is defined as a grade 3 or 4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality that is at least one grade higher than at baseline, total bilirubin and creatine kinase (CPK) were excluded. Grading used the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 Severity of Adverse Events Tables. As-treated analysis censored at 1st modification of initially assigned regimen, participants who never started treatment were excluded. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC7870
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC6458
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC7973
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC7366

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing Regimen Failure

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. Treatment modification was defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC7970
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC6454
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC8073
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC6657

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing Treatment Modification

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Treatment modification is defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC8073
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC6756
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC8677
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC7362

Cumulative Probability of Not Experiencing Virologic Failure

Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative survival probability at week 48 and 96. Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At week 48 and 96

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 48Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC9490
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC8885
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC9289
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC8883

Number of Participants Experiencing Certain Targeted Clinical Events, Including Death, AIDS-defining Illness, and HIV-1 Related Events.

"AIDS-defining illnesses were defined per CDC category C definition. HIV-1 related events were defined per CDC category B definition. Events underwent study chair review for classification. See link below for more details.~http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htm" (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable, median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
DeathAIDS-defining illnessHIV-1 relatated event
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC61456
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC112561
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC62057
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC82363

Number of Participants With HIV-1 RNA Levels Less Than 200 Copies/mL

(NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 48Number with HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml at Week 48Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 96Number with HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/ml at Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC415398379362
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC400377361342
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC416391384368
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC411372374346

The Number of Participants With HIV-1 RNA Levels Less Than 50 Copies/mL

(NCT00118898)
Timeframe: At Weeks 48 and 96

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 48Number with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 48Number of Participants with RNA data at Week 96Number with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at Week 96
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC415372379345
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC400346361328
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC416348384345
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC411322374317

Time From Randomization to Virologic Failure

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at visit weeks 16 and 24 , and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks after randomization and before 24 weeks, or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. The 5th percentile for time to virologic failure is the time (in weeks) at which 5% of the participants have experienced virologic failure. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,
InterventionWeeks (Number)
5th percentile time to virologic failure10th percentile time to virologic failure
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC3696
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC2436
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC2484
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC2436

Time From Treatment Dispensation to a Grade 3/4 Safety Event

Grade 3/4 safety event is defined as a grade 3 or 4 sign, symptom, or laboratory abnormality that is at least one grade higher than at baseline, total bilirubin and creatine kinase (CPK) were excluded. Grading used the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 Severity of Adverse Events Tables. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: All follow-up while on initially assigned regimen; the median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up while on initial regimen was 120 (54, 156) weeks and the range was 0 to 205 weeks.

,,,
InterventionWeeks (Number)
5th percentile time to a grade 3/4 safety event10th percentile time to a grade 3/4 safety event25th percentile time to a grade 3/4 safety event
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC2.67.959.3
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC1.32.016.0
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC3.08.181.4
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC1.33.944.4

Time From Treatment Dispensation to Regimen Failure (First Occurrence of Virologic Failure or Treatment Modification)

Blood samples for determining virologic failure were obtained at 16 and 24 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Virologic failure was defined as a confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA level >= 1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks or >=200 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks. Treatment modification was defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,
InterventionWeeks (Number)
5th percentile time to regimen failure10th percentile time to regimen failure25th percentile time to regimen failure
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC41672
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC4424
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC41684
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC4436

Time From Treatment Dispensation to Treatment Modification

Treatment modification is defined as the 1st modification of the regimen, including a permanent discontinuation, switch, or substitution. (NCT00118898)
Timeframe: Follow-up time was variable,median follow-up was 138 weeks; see 'Amount of study follow-up' outcome for details

,,,
InterventionWeeks (Number)
5th percentile time to treatment modification10th percentile time to treatment modification25th percentile time to treatment modification
EFV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC3.415.083.7
EFV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC1.42.127.4
RTV-boosted ATV, FTC/TDF, and Placebo ABC/3TC7.924.9108.9
RTV-boosted ATV, Placebo FTC/TDF, and ABC/3TC1.65.043.6

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 24

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 24 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF88.4
E/C/F/TDF89.7

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Week 48

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF88.4
E/C/F/TDF87.9

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Weeks 24 and 48

(NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 24 and 48

,
Interventioncells/uL (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 24Change at Week 48
E/C/F/TAF404165177
E/C/F/TDF394179204

Change From Baseline in log10 HIV-1 RNA at Weeks 24 and 48

(NCT01497899)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 24 and 48

,
Interventionlog10 copies/mL (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 24Change at Week 48
E/C/F/TAF4.63-3.20-3.22
E/C/F/TDF4.69-3.26-3.33

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 144

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Interventioncells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF323
E/C/F/TDF310

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 48

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventioncells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF235
E/C/F/TDF221

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 96

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventioncells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF285
E/C/F/TDF271

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 144

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF0.04
E/C/F/TDF0.08

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 48

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF0.08
E/C/F/TDF0.11

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 96

(NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF0.05
E/C/F/TDF0.07

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip BMD at Week 144

Hip BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.826
E/C/F/TDF-3.475

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip BMD at Week 96

Hip BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.951
E/C/F/TDF-3.515

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 48

Hip BMD was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.865
E/C/F/TDF-3.200

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 144

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.809
E/C/F/TDF-3.023

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 48

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-1.337
E/C/F/TDF-2.956

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 96

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.907
E/C/F/TDF-3.053

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 144

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF-24.6
E/C/F/TDF60.4

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF-32.8
E/C/F/TDF18.0

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF-33.5
E/C/F/TDF32.5

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine RBP to Creatinine Ratio at Week 144

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 144

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF37.4
E/C/F/TDF106.9

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine RBP to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF11.3
E/C/F/TDF75.0

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF6.9
E/C/F/TDF51.2

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Week 48

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF93.1
E/C/F/TDF92.8

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 144

Grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were the highest treatment-emergent postbaseline grades for urine protein using the dipstick method. The worst postbaseline value is presented for each participant. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Up to 144 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF31.36.00.2
E/C/F/TDF37.17.00.2

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 48

Grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were the highest treatment-emergent postbaseline grades for urine protein using the dipstick method. The worst postbaseline value is presented for each participant. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Up to 48 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF25.84.60
E/C/F/TDF32.34.90.2

Percentage of Participants Experiencing Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 96

Grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were the highest treatment-emergent postbaseline grades for urine protein using the dipstick method. The worst postbaseline value is presented for each participant. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Up to 96 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF28.85.10.2
E/C/F/TDF33.95.80.2

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 20 Copies/mL at Weeks 48, 96, and 144

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 20 copies/mL at Weeks 48, 96, and 144 were analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Weeks 48, 96. and 144

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 48Week 96Week 144
E/C/F/TAF86.484.484.6
E/C/F/TDF87.383.680.1

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Weeks 96 and 144

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Weeks 96 and 144 were analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01780506)
Timeframe: Weeks 96 and 144

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 96Week 144
E/C/F/TAF89.286.9
E/C/F/TDF88.283.1

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 48

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventioncells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF225
E/C/F/TDF200

Change From Baseline in CD4+ Cell Count at Week 96

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventioncells/µL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF274
E/C/F/TDF260

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 48

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF0.08
E/C/F/TDF0.12

Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine at Week 96

(NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF0.04
E/C/F/TDF0.07

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip BMD at Week 96

Hip BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.364
E/C/F/TDF-3.023

Percent Change From Baseline in Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 48

Hip BMD was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-0.420
E/C/F/TDF-2.603

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 48

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-1.278
E/C/F/TDF-2.759

Percent Change From Baseline in Spine BMD at Week 96

Spine BMD was assessed by DXA scan. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
E/C/F/TAF-1.017
E/C/F/TDF-2.516

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF-29.3
E/C/F/TDF32.3

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Beta-2-microglobulin to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine Beta-2-microglobulin is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF-31.0
E/C/F/TDF35.2

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine RBP to Creatinine Ratio at Week 96

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 96

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF16.9
E/C/F/TDF73.7

Percent Change From Baseline in Urine Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) to Creatinine Ratio at Week 48

Urine RBP is a renal biomarker which is used to detect drug-induced kidney injury. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 48

Interventionpercent change (Median)
E/C/F/TAF13.3
E/C/F/TDF51.7

Percentage of Participants Achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Week 48

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF91.6
E/C/F/TDF88.5

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 96

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 96 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Week 96

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
E/C/F/TAF84.0
E/C/F/TDF82.3

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 20 Copies/mL at Weeks 48 and 96

The percentage of participants achieving HIV-1 RNA < 20 copies/mL at Weeks 48 and 96 was analyzed using the snapshot algorithm, which defines a patient's virologic response status using only the viral load at the predefined time point within an allowed window of time, along with study drug discontinuation status. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Weeks 48 and 96

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 48Week 96
E/C/F/TAF82.478.7
E/C/F/TDF80.776.8

Percentage of Participants With Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 48

Grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were the highest treatment-emergent postbaseline grades for urine protein using the dipstick method. The worst postbaseline value is presented for each participant. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 48

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF27.34.70
E/C/F/TDF31.64.60

Percentage of Participants With Treatment-emergent Proteinuria Through Week 96

Grades 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were the highest treatment-emergent postbaseline grades for urine protein using the dipstick method. The worst postbaseline value is presented for each participant. (NCT01797445)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 96

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
E/C/F/TAF31.85.40
E/C/F/TDF36.95.10

Change From Baseline C-Reactive Protein at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
TVD + PI/r-0.026
ABC/3TC + PI/r0.225

Change From Baseline Calculated Creatinine Clearance (CLcr) Using Ideal Body Weight by Cockcroft-Gault Method at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
TVD + PI/r-8.4
ABC/3TC + PI/r-4.1

Change From Baseline Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) by Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

InterventionmL/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
TVD + PI/r-9.0
ABC/3TC + PI/r-3.7

Change From Baseline Fasting Glucose at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
TVD + PI/r1
ABC/3TC + PI/r1

Change From Baseline Fibrinogen at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
TVD + PI/r-4
ABC/3TC + PI/r14

Change From Baseline in Cluster Determinant 4 (CD4) Cell Count at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventioncells/microliter (Mean)
TVD + PI/r8
ABC/3TC + PI/r34

Change From Baseline Ratio of Fasting Total Cholesterol Over High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

InterventionRatio (Mean)
TVD + PI/r-0.1
ABC/3TC + PI/r-0.1

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) < 200 Copies/mL Through Week 48 Based on Time to Loss of Virologic Response (TLOVR) Algorithm

The percentage of participants with HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/mL based on TLOVR algorithm at Week 48 was summarized. Participants were considered nonresponders in the TLOVR analysis if they experienced virologic rebound prior to or at Week 48, discontinued study before Week 48, or added a new antiretroviral (ARV) agent prior to completion of the study. Virologic rebound was defined as 2 consecutive HIV-1 RNA values >= 200 copies/mL or the last HIV-1 RNA value >= 200 copies/mL followed by discontinuation from the study. (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TVD + PI/r86.4
ABC/3TC + PI/r83.3

Percentage of Participants With Pure Virologic Response (PVR) for HIV-1 RNA Cutoff at 200 Copies/mL Through Week 48

The percentage of participants with PVR for HIV-1 RNA cutoff at 200 copies/mL at Week 48 was summarized. Pure virologic response was the percentage of subjects who did not have a virologic rebound. Virologic rebound was defined as two consecutive HIV-1 RNA values >= 200 copies/mL or the last HIV-1 RNA value >= 200 copies/mL followed by discontinuation from the study. (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TVD + PI/r99.2
ABC/3TC + PI/r97.2

Percentage of Participants With Pure Virologic Response (PVR) for HIV-1 RNA Cutoff at 50 Copies/mL Through Week 48

The percentage of participants with PVR for HIV-1 RNA cutoff at 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was summarized. Pure virologic response was the proportion of participants who did not have a virologic rebound. Virologic rebound was defined as two consecutive HIV-1 RNA values >= 50 copies/mL or the last HIV-1 RNA value >= 50 copies/mL followed by discontinuation from the study. (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TVD + PI/r93.0
ABC/3TC + PI/r91.1

Change From Baseline Fasting Lipid Parameters at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Total CholesterolLDL (low-density lipoprotein)HDL (high-density lipoprotein)Triglycerides
ABC/3TC + PI/r-420-23
TVD + PI/r-21-6-2-51

Change From Baseline Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at Week 48

Change = Week 48 value minus baseline value (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: Baseline to 48 weeks

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
IL-10IL-6TNF-alpha
ABC/3TC + PI/r-0.2-0.64.7
TVD + PI/r0.0-0.20.0

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 200 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percentage of participants with HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/mL at Week 48 was summarized. (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
On-Treatment Response Analysis (Missing = Failure)Snapshot Responder Analysis (Virologic Success)
ABC/3TC + PI/r82.182.1
TVD + PI/r84.484.4

Percentage of Participants With HIV-1 RNA < 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percentage of participants with HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was summarized. (NCT00724711)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TLOVR Responder AnalysisOn-Treatment Response Analysis (Missing = Failure)Snapshot Responder Analysis (Virologic Success)
ABC/3TC + PI/r76.377.677.6
TVD + PI/r77.979.979.9

Reviews

4 reviews available for adenine and Proteinuria

ArticleYear
Renal effects of novel antiretroviral drugs.
    Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2017, 03-01, Volume: 32, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Anti-HIV Agents; Atazanavir Sulfate; Cobicistat; Creatinine; Disease Progression;

2017
[Management of renal toxicity in HIV-positive patients. What to measure, how to measure it and how frequently].
    Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2008, Volume: 26 Suppl 8

    Topics: Adenine; Algorithms; Anti-HIV Agents; beta 2-Microglobulin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cohort Studies

2008
How to manage HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease in the HAART era.
    Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2012, Volume: 16, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Black People; Cystatin

2012
Editorial comment: tenofovir nephrotoxicity--vigilance required.
    The AIDS reader, 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:7

    Topics: Adenine; Fanconi Syndrome; Glycosuria; HIV Infections; Humans; Hypokalemia; Hypophosphatemia; Organo

2005

Trials

7 trials available for adenine and Proteinuria

ArticleYear
Impact of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen on renal function in HIV-infected individuals: a prospective, multicenter study.
    BMC infectious diseases, 2013, Jul-01, Volume: 13

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; HIV Infections; Hum

2013
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adenine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Alanine; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte

2014
Changes in proteinuria and albuminuria with initiation of antiretroviral therapy: data from a randomized trial comparing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine versus abacavir/lamivudine.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Sep-01, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Deoxycytidine; Dideoxynucleosides; Drug Combinations;

2014
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub

2016
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub

2016
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub

2016
Brief Report: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Tenofovir Alafenamide Versus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Each Coformulated With Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Treatment: Week 96 Results.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016, May-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Albuminuria; Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Density; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cobicistat; Doub

2016
The 3-year renal safety of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. a thymidine analogue-containing regimen in antiretroviral-naive patients.
    AIDS (London, England), 2008, Oct-18, Volume: 22, Issue:16

    Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly

2008
SWIFT: prospective 48-week study to evaluate efficacy and safety of switching to emtricitabine/tenofovir from lamivudine/abacavir in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients on a boosted protease inhibitor containing antiretroviral regimen.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2013, Volume: 56, Issue:11

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Aged; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Biomarkers; Deo

2013
Renal safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies.
    Kidney international, 2004, Volume: 66, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Creatinine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glycosuria; Hematuria; He

2004

Other Studies

39 other studies available for adenine and Proteinuria

ArticleYear
A case report of pre-eclampsia-like endothelial injury in the kidney of an 85-year-old man treated with ibrutinib.
    BMC nephrology, 2022, 07-23, Volume: 23, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Aged, 80 and over; Endothelial Cells; ErbB Receptors; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoprolifera

2022
Ibrutinib-induced acute kidney injury via interstitial nephritis.
    Renal failure, 2021, Volume: 43, Issue:1

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adenine; Aged; Cytokines; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Kidney; Leukemia, Prolymphoc

2021
Improvement in renal function and resolution of proteinuria in an HIV-infected patient switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide.
    Internal medicine journal, 2017, Volume: 47, Issue:7

    Topics: Adenine; Alanine; Antiviral Agents; Drug Substitution; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kidney Diseas

2017
Quercetin Treatment Improves Renal Function and Protects the Kidney in a Rat Model of Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease.
    Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2018, Jul-10, Volume: 24

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Disease Models, Animal; Fibroblast

2018
The clinical and pathological features of adefovir dipivoxil-related renal impairment
.
    Clinical nephrology, 2019, Volume: 91, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Creatinine; Female; Glycosuria; Hematuria; Hepatitis B, Chronic; H

2019
Genomewide analysis of 6-methyladenine DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of systemic lupus erythematosus.
    Lupus, 2019, Volume: 28, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Blood Sedimentation; Case-Control Studies; Complement C3; Complement C4; DNA Methyla

2019
Tubular and glomerular proteinuria in HIV-infected adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2.
    AIDS (London, England), 2013, May-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Aged; Anti-HIV Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate;

2013
Rosiglitazone alleviates injury in rats with adenine‑induced chronic kidney disease.
    Molecular medicine reports, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:6

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Creatinine; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Kidney Functio

2013
Inhibition of PI3Kδ improves systemic lupus in mice.
    Inflammation, 2014, Volume: 37, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Antibodies, Antinuclear; Chemokine CCL2; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C

2014
Mitochondrial dysfunction and electron transport chain complex defect in a rat model of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nephrotoxicity.
    Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Anti-HIV Agents; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; Fanconi Syndrome; Kidn

2014
Proximal renal tubular dysfunction related to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients in an HIV clinic in Mexico.
    AIDS patient care and STDs, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:4

    Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Dideoxynucleosid

2015
Bone and kidney toxicity induced by nucleotide analogues in patients affected by HBV-related chronic hepatitis: a longitudinal study.
    The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2015, Volume: 70, Issue:4

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Bone Diseases; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactio

2015
Relationship Between Serum DNA Replication, Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Hepatitis B Virus-associated Glomerulonephritis with Severe Proteinuria by Lamivudine Plus Adefovir Dipivoxil Combination Therapy.
    Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES, 2015, Volume: 28, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fema

2015
Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity.
    HIV medicine, 2009, Volume: 10, Issue:8

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Creatinine; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Glycosuria; HIV Infections; H

2009
Subclinical tubular injury in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional analysis.
    American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2009, Volume: 54, Issue:6

    Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adenine; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Creatinine; Cross-

2009
The case: 41-year-old HIV patient with proteinuria and progressive renal dysfunction. Tenofovir toxicity.
    Kidney international, 2010, Volume: 77, Issue:5

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Biopsy; Disease Progression; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidne

2010
Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities.
    Kidney international, 2010, Volume: 78, Issue:11

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Biopsy; Drug Administration Schedule; Female;

2010
Prospective study of renal function in HIV-infected pediatric patients receiving tenofovir-containing HAART regimens.
    AIDS (London, England), 2011, Jan-14, Volume: 25, Issue:2

    Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; K

2011
Tenofovir-induced kidney disease: an acquired renal tubular mitochondriopathy.
    Kidney international, 2010, Volume: 78, Issue:11

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adenine; Animals; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Glycosuria; HI

2010
Neither proteinuria nor albuminuria is associated with endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients without diabetes or hypertension.
    The Journal of infectious diseases, 2011, Dec-15, Volume: 204, Issue:12

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Albuminuria; Alkynes; Anti-HIV Agents; Benzoxazines; Brachial Artery; Chi-Square Dis

2011
Disease progression in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice is reduced by NCS 613, a specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor.
    PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; Disease Progression; Fem

2012
Association of tenofovir exposure with kidney disease risk in HIV infection.
    AIDS (London, England), 2012, Apr-24, Volume: 26, Issue:7

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerular Filtration Rate; HIV Infectio

2012
Chronic exposure to environmental contaminant nonylphenol exacerbates adenine-induced chronic renal insufficiency: role of signaling pathways and therapeutic impact of rosuvastatin.
    European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012, Aug-15, Volume: 46, Issue:5

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Creatinine; Cytoprotection; Disease

2012
Hepatitis B virus related membranous glomerulonephritis and proteinuria treated with lamivudine and tenofovir.
    BMJ case reports, 2011, Aug-31, Volume: 2011

    Topics: Adenine; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Humans; Lamivudine; Male; Organophosp

2011
Continuing exposure to low-dose nonylphenol aggravates adenine-induced chronic renal dysfunction and role of rosuvastatin therapy.
    Journal of translational medicine, 2012, Jul-19, Volume: 10

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Fl

2012
Tenofovir-associated proteinuria.
    AIDS (London, England), 2013, Jan-28, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Anti-HIV Agents; Creatine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organophospho

2013
Incidence of renal toxicity in HIV-infected, antiretroviral-naïve patients starting tenofovir/emtricitabine associated with efavirenz, atazanavir/ritonavir, or lopinavir/ritonavir.
    Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2013, Volume: 45, Issue:2

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Alkynes; Atazanavir Sulfate; Benzoxazines; Cyclopropanes; Deoxycytidine; Emtricitabi

2013
Tenofovir treatment duration predicts proteinuria in a multiethnic United States Cohort of children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection.
    The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2013, Volume: 32, Issue:5

    Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Anti-HIV Agents; Black or African American; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Hisp

2013
Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2003, Apr-15, Volume: 36, Issue:8

    Topics: Acidosis; Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Creatinine; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic; Drug Monitor

2003
Ultrastructural observations concerning the effect of adenine on aminonucleoside nephrosis with reference to the mechanism of proteinuria.
    Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 1963, Volume: 12

    Topics: Adenine; Nephrosis; Nucleosides; Proteinuria; Puromycin Aminonucleoside

1963
A-20C angiotensinogen gene polymorphism and proteinuria in childhood IgA nephropathy.
    Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2004, Volume: 19, Issue:2

    Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Angiotensinogen; Asian People; Case-Control Studies; Child; Cytosine; Female; G

2004
Renal tubular dysfunction associated with tenofovir therapy: report of 7 cases.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2004, Mar-01, Volume: 35, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Body Weight; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glycosuria; Humans;

2004
Renal dysfunction with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens is not observed more frequently: a cohort and case-control study.
    Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2004, Dec-01, Volume: 37, Issue:4

    Topics: Adenine; Albuminuria; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; C

2004
Antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir is associated with mild renal dysfunction.
    AIDS (London, England), 2005, Jan-03, Volume: 19, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenine; Anti-HIV Agents; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cystatin C; Cystatins; Glomerular Fil

2005
Incidence of and risk factors for tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study.
    HIV medicine, 2005, Volume: 6, Issue:4

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Creatinine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Hypophosphatemia; Kidne

2005
Increased beta-2 microglobulinuria in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children and adolescents treated with tenofovir.
    The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2007, Volume: 26, Issue:10

    Topics: Adenine; Adolescent; Adult; beta 2-Microglobulin; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies;

2007
Insulin sensitivity in patients with NIDDM and the A-to-G mutation at nucleotide 3,243 of the mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene.
    Diabetes care, 1995, Volume: 18, Issue:6

    Topics: Adenine; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Family; Female

1995
Effects of aminonucleoside, daunomycin, and adriamycin on carbon oxidation by glomeruli.
    Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 1976, Volume: 34, Issue:2

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Blood Proteins; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Radioisotopes; Daunorubicin; Dose-Response

1976
Glomerular basement membrane damage in aminonucleoside nephrosis as visualized by lanthanum.
    Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1972, Volume: 140, Issue:2

    Topics: Adenine; Animals; Basement Membrane; Capillaries; Histological Techniques; Kidney Glomerulus; Lantha

1972