Target type: biologicalprocess
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]
Trophectodermal (TE) cell differentiation is a critical process in mammalian development, giving rise to the outer layer of the blastocyst that will contribute to the placenta. This differentiation occurs during the pre-implantation stage, following the compaction of the morula, and involves a series of complex molecular and cellular events.
The first step in TE differentiation is the specification of the TE lineage, which occurs at the 8-cell stage. This involves the activation of transcription factors, such as Cdx2, Gata3, and Eomes, which play a key role in suppressing inner cell mass (ICM) fate and promoting TE identity.
Once TE cells are specified, they undergo a series of morphological and functional changes. They become polarized, with their apical surfaces facing the blastocoel cavity and their basal surfaces contacting the ICM. They also begin to express genes involved in implantation and placental development, such as syncytin-1 and placental lactogen.
TE differentiation is a highly regulated process involving intricate signaling pathways. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a crucial role in promoting TE fate and inhibiting ICM formation. Other key signaling pathways involved include the MAPK/ERK pathway, the TGFβ pathway, and the Hippo pathway.
TE differentiation is also influenced by the surrounding environment. The ICM secretes factors, such as FGF4, that promote TE differentiation. Additionally, the extracellular matrix, which provides structural support and regulates cell behavior, plays a role in guiding TE development.
The final stage of TE differentiation involves the formation of the syncytiotrophoblast, a multinucleated cell layer that invades the maternal uterus and forms the placenta. This process is driven by the expression of syncytin-1, a fusion protein that promotes cell-cell fusion.
Overall, TE cell differentiation is a complex and tightly regulated process that is essential for successful implantation and placental development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this process is crucial for developing strategies to improve fertility and treat pregnancy complications.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Adenosine deaminase | An adenosine deaminase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00813] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase | ||
| coformycin | coformycins | EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor | |
| adenosine | quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nebularine | nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage. nebularine: structure | purine ribonucleoside; purines D-ribonucleoside | fungal metabolite |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | (2R,3S)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2R,3S. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. | EHNA | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | (2S,3R)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2S,3R. | EHNA | |
| 1-deazaadenosine | 1-deazaadenosine: inhibits nucleic acid & protein synthesis; structure given in first source | ||
| pentostatin | pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. | coformycins | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| 8-azanebularine | 8-azanebularine: structure in first source | ||
| msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- | polypeptide | dermatologic drug |