Compounds > tyrocidine
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

tyrocidine

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Description

Tyrocidine: An antibiotic mixture produced by Bacillus brevis which may be separated into three components, tyrocidines A, B, and C. It is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20 per cent active material. It is a topical antimicrobial agent, that is very toxic parenterally. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

tyrocidine A : A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

tyrocidine : A mixtue of homodetic cyclic decapeptides produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus brevis. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID16129635
CHEMBL ID408504
CHEBI ID29701
SCHEMBL ID14399288
MeSH IDM0022198

Synonyms (26)

Synonym
0xq8a2pg8k ,
unii-0xq8a2pg8k
tyrocidines
8011-61-8
tyrocidine
tyrocidine a
tyrocidine a, hydrochloride
einecs 232-375-3
graminic acid
chebi:29701 ,
CHEMBL408504
unii-v134656h89
1481-70-5
v134656h89 ,
cyclo-(d-pheprophe-d-pheasnglntyrvalornleu)
cyclo(l-asparaginyl-l-glutaminyl-l-tyrosyl-l-valyl-l-ornithyl-l-leucyl-d-phenylalanyl-l-prolyl-l-phenylalanyl-d-phenylalanyl)
trca
cyclo-(d-phe-pro-phe-d-phe-asn-gln-tyr-val-orn-leu)
tyrocidine a [mi]
tyrocidin a
streptocidin o
SCHEMBL14399288
DTXSID40163885
Q3546357
cyclo(d-phe-pro-phe-d-phe-asn-gln-tyr-val-orn-leu-)
3-[(3r,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s,21s,24r,27s,30s)-21-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-9-(3-aminopropyl)-3,24,27-tribenzyl-15-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29-decaoxo-12-propan-2-yl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28-decazabicyclo[28.3.0]tritria

Research Excerpts

Overview

Tyrocidine is a cyclic decapeptide antibiotic. It is produced and secreted by stationary-phase cells of the sporeforming bacterium Bacillus brevis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Tyrocidines are a family of cyclic decapeptides produced by the soil bacterium, Brevibacillus parabrevis. "( Tyrocidine A interactions with saccharides investigated by CD and NMR spectroscopies.
Bechinger, B; Bossis, X; Juhl, DW; Rautenbach, M; van Rensburg, W; Vosloo, JA, 2019)		3.4
"Tyrocidine A (TA) is an antibiotic cyclic decapeptide with the sequence of cyclo (-L-Val1-L-Orn2-L-Leu3-D-Phe4-L-Pro5-L-Phe6-D-Phe7-L-Asn8-L-Gln9-L-Tyr10-). "( Studies of peptide antibiotics. XLI. Syntheses of 6-L-valine-tyrocidine A and 7-L-ornithine-tyrocidine A.
Izumiya, N; Kato, T; Kosui, N, 1981)		1.95
"Tyrocidine is a cyclic decapeptide antibiotic which is produced and secreted by stationary-phase cells of the sporeforming bacterium Bacillus brevis. "( Identification of the promoter for a peptide antibiotic biosynthesis gene from Bacillus brevis and its regulation in Bacillus subtilis.
Czekay, G; Losick, R; Marahiel, MA; Zuber, P, 1987)		1.72

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"(3) Tyrocidine has a strong fluidizing effect on the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholines, manifested by a decrease in enthalpy of the main thermotropic transition."( Interrelationships between tyrocidine and gramicidin A' in their interaction with phospholipids in model membranes.
Aranda, FJ; de Kruijff, B, 1988)		1.05
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
antibacterial agentA substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
bacterial metaboliteAny prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
homodetic cyclic peptideA homodetic cyclic peptide is a cyclic peptide in which the ring consists solely of amino-acid residues in peptide linkages.
peptide antibioticA chemically diverse class of peptides that exhibit antimicrobial properties.
macrocycleA cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (58)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1778795Induction of cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization in Staphylococcus aureus at 0.5 times MIC measured for 10 mins by propidium iodide dye based fluorescence assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID301122Antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis MRL 17001 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID1477289Antifungal activity against Candida albicans after 48 hrs2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID301119Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID448528Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus NCTC 8340 after 16 hrs by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID301124Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus MRL 18731 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID1778820Binding affinity to eukaryotic cell membrane mimic DOPC/Cholesterol (3:1) large unilamellar vesicles assessed as calcein leakage measured after 30 mins fluorescence based assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778790Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Staphylococcus aureus assessed as increase in fluorescence intensity a 1XMIC by DiSC3-5 dye based fluorescence method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1477286Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as decrease in intracellular density at 4 times MIC after 1 hr by uranyl acetate/lead citrate staining-based transmission electron microscopic method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID1477290Antifungal activity against Candida albicans after 48 hrs in presence of 0.39 uM amphotericin B2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID1477282Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 18 hrs2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID301117Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33592 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID1778792Induction of cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization in Escherichia coli at 1 times MIC measured for 10 mins by propidium iodide dye based fluorescence assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778785Hemolytic activity in human RBC assessed as induction of cell lysis measured after 30 mins by microtiter plate method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID448689Antibacterial activity against leucocin A-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes B73 after 16 hrs by micro-gel well diffusion assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID418490Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis CMCC-B 63501 by twofold serial dilution method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Synthesis and antibacterial activities of N-glycosylated derivatives of tyrocidine A, a macrocyclic peptide antibiotic.
AID1778812Binding affinity to bacterial inner membrane mimic DOPE/DOPG (3:1) large unilamellar vesicles assessed as calcein leakage measured after 30 mins fluorescence based assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID291155Antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13
High-throughput synthesis and screening of cyclic peptide antibiotics.
AID38353Inhibitory activity was determined against bacillus subtilis (ATCC 82)2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23
Dissociation of antibacterial and hemolytic activities of an amphipathic peptide antibiotic.
AID1778782Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 24 hrs by turbidity based analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778781Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 24 hrs by turbidity based analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778784Antibacterial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 24 hrs by turbidity based analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID70547Tested for minimum concentration for hemolysis of fresh human erythrocytes2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23
Dissociation of antibacterial and hemolytic activities of an amphipathic peptide antibiotic.
AID1477291Antifungal activity against Candida albicans after 48 hrs in presence of 0.78 uM amphotericin B2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID1778779Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 24 hrs by turbidity based analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID448529Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus NCTC 8340 after 16 hrs by micro-gel well diffusion assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID448691Antibacterial activity against leucocin A-resistant Listeria monocytogenes B73-MR1 after 16 hrs by by micro-gel well diffusion assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID301121Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis MRL 19010 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID1778776Displacement of dansyl-polymyxinB from LPS (unknown origin) assessed as decrease in fluorescence intensity by fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778815Bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli assessed as decrease in cell survival at 0.5XMIC measured after 24 hrs by colony counting assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1477285Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as induction of cell wall rupture at 4 times MIC after 1 hr by uranyl acetate/lead citrate staining-based transmission electron microscopic method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID1477280Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli after 18 hrs2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID291156Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13
High-throughput synthesis and screening of cyclic peptide antibiotics.
AID448527Antilysterial activity against leucocin A-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes B73 assessed as bacterial lysis half life at 10 uM by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID229837Ratio of minimum hemolysis concentration to that of minimum inhibitory concentration2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23
Dissociation of antibacterial and hemolytic activities of an amphipathic peptide antibiotic.
AID448525Antilysterial activity against leucocin A-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes B73 assessed as bacterial lysis per min at 10 uM by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID1778791Induction of cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization in Escherichia coli at 0.5 times MIC measured for 10 mins by propidium iodide dye based fluorescence assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID291154Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13
High-throughput synthesis and screening of cyclic peptide antibiotics.
AID301118Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID1778816Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as decrease in cell survival at 0.5XMIC measured after 24 hrs by colony counting assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778796Induction of cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization in Staphylococcus aureus at 1 times MIC measured for 10 mins by propidium iodide dye based fluorescence assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1778788Induction of outer membrane permeabilization to NPN in Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 cells assessed as increase in fluorescence intensity by NPN-probe based fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID1477281Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 18 hrs2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID1477284Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as induction of cell membrane rupture at 4 times MIC after 1 hr by uranyl acetate/lead citrate staining-based transmission electron microscopic method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID1477287Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed as induction of cell membrane rupture at 4 times MIC after 1 hr by uranyl acetate/lead citrate staining-based transmission electron microscopic method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-14, Volume: 60, Issue:23
Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.
AID301123Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis MRL 18734 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID291158Ratio of MHC for human RBC to MIC for Bacillus subtilis2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13
High-throughput synthesis and screening of cyclic peptide antibiotics.
AID1778786Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 5 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID301120Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 in presence of 25 mg/L calcium by microdilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21
Development of Tyrocidine A analogues with improved antibacterial activity.
AID448692Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli HB101 at 200 ug/mL after 16 hrs by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID291153Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13
High-throughput synthesis and screening of cyclic peptide antibiotics.
AID448688Antibacterial activity against leucocin A-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes B73 after 16 hrs by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID1778789Induction of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization in Escherichia coli assessed as increase in fluorescence intensity a 1XMIC by DiSC3-5 dye based fluorescence method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID448690Antibacterial activity against leucocin A-resistant Listeria monocytogenes B73-MR1 after 16 hrs by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID448526Antilysterial activity against leucocin A-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes B73 assessed as bacterial lysis at 10 uM after 60 mins by broth microdilution assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
Anti-listerial activity and structure-activity relationships of the six major tyrocidines, cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus.
AID1778780Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 24 hrs by turbidity based analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
AID291157Toxicity assessed as hemolytic activity in human RBC2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-28, Volume: 50, Issue:13
High-throughput synthesis and screening of cyclic peptide antibiotics.
AID1778783Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 24 hrs by turbidity based analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 221Polymyxin B-inspired non-hemolytic tyrocidine A analogues with significantly enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria: How cationicity impacts cell specificity and antibacterial mechanism.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (102)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199044 (43.14)18.7374
1990's5 (4.90)18.2507
2000's28 (27.45)29.6817
2010's20 (19.61)24.3611
2020's5 (4.90)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 35.97

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index35.97 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.68 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.81 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index48.45 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (35.97)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews8 (7.48%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other99 (92.52%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		1.9810halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.3620sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.3110aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		1.9710aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0710aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		1.9410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.8640alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9410C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.3520amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		1.9610adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.3620amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		210amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.3920adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.0450amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.8640amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.6430non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9510amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.6330L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		1.9410erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		1.9710arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.3520pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.110
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		1.9610pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0110acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		1.9810elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.3110pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
enterobactin
[no description available]		2.0110catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		1.9710adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
surfactin peptide
surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.		4.2930
gramicidin s
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.0110adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.0110oligopeptide
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.6430amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pantetheine
Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.		6.9510pantetheines;
thiol		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
l 743,872
[no description available]		2.110
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		2.0110malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.3720diphosphate ion
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		7.5220antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.1810antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
bacilysin
bacilysin: structure. bacilysin : A non-ribosomally synthesised dipeptide that consists of L-alanyl and anticapsin units linked by a peptide bond.		2.0510
cyclomarin a
cyclomarin A: extract of Streptomyces		2.0610azamacrocycle;
keratan 6'-sulfate
polymyxin b(1)
[no description available]		2.3110
spergualin
spergualin: from bacillus isolated from soil sample collected at Ohira-san		3.2710N-acyl-amino acid
subtilin
subtilin: a linear type A lantibiotic; peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis; structure given in first source		2.4420
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		7.42350
ly-146032
[no description available]		2.0310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.97101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		3.0510
mycobacillin
Mycobacillin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic isolated from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis that acts as an antifungal agent.		3.0510
etamycin
etamycin: antibiotic substance (macrolide lactone) produced by Streptomyces griseus & allied Streptomyces; active against gram-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis & some fungi & other coccal infections; see also neoviridogriseins; structure		2.0610
simplexin
simplexin: toxin from Pimelea simplex (desert rice flower); associated with outbreaks of St. George Disease; structure		2.0510
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9710guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.3520cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.7430
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.7430
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.5220
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.1510
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.1510
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5220
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.1510