Page last updated: 2024-10-24

peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Catalysis of the transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group to a sulphur atom within a cysteine residue of a protein. [GOC:sp, PMID:20972425, PMID:20972426]

Peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity is a molecular function that involves the enzymatic transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group to a cysteine residue within a polypeptide chain, leading to the formation of an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). This modification, known as S-nitrosylation, plays a critical role in regulating various cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, protein stability, and enzyme activity.

S-nitrosylation is a reversible post-translational modification that can modulate protein function by altering its conformation, interactions with other molecules, or catalytic activity. The process is typically catalyzed by a family of enzymes known as S-nitrosoglutathione reductases (GSNORs) or S-nitrosoglutathione reductases (GSNORs), which can either introduce or remove an NO group from a cysteine residue.

The precise mechanism of S-nitrosylation catalyzed by peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity is still under investigation, but several proposed models exist. One model suggests that the enzyme utilizes a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as NO or peroxynitrite (ONOO-) as a donor molecule. The RNS then interacts with a cysteine residue on the target protein, forming an SNO group. Alternatively, some studies suggest that the enzyme may utilize a pre-existing SNO group on a donor molecule as the source of NO for the S-nitrosylation reaction.

The biological significance of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity is highlighted by its involvement in diverse cellular pathways, including:

* **Signal transduction:** S-nitrosylation can act as a signaling mechanism, altering protein-protein interactions and downstream signaling cascades.
* **Gene expression:** S-nitrosylation can regulate gene transcription by modifying transcription factors or other proteins involved in gene regulation.
* **Protein stability:** S-nitrosylation can influence protein folding and stability, affecting protein turnover and cellular function.
* **Enzyme activity:** S-nitrosylation can modulate the activity of various enzymes by altering their catalytic properties or substrate binding.

Understanding the molecular function of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity is essential for elucidating the complex roles of NO signaling in health and disease. Dysregulation of this activity has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Further research into the mechanisms and consequences of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting this important regulatory pathway.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Flavin reductase (NADPH)A flavin reductase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30043]Homo sapiens (human)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseA glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04406]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (25)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
coumarin2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivativecoumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
erythrosineFluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.
oxidopamineoxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).

Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.
benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound
drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
pentamidinepentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.

Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazinesulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.

Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)
ostholosthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first sourcebotanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins
metabolite
nicotinamide mononucleotideNicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-methyladeninemethyladenine : Any member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing a single methyl substituent.
olsalazineolsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond
azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
isopentenyladenosineIsopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.

N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.
N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue
antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
benzonidazolebenznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.

benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide
antiprotozoal drug
adenosinequinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlitadenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
xanthyletinexanthyletine: structurecoumarins
metrifudil
seselinseselin: structure in first sourcecoumarinsmetabolite
n(6)-benzyladenosineN(6)-benzyladenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd
tamibarotenetamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.

tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
retinoid;
tetralins
antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
febuxostatfebuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.

Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.
1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
deferasiroxdeferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.

Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.
benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles
iron chelator
2-methyladenosine2-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine in which the methyl group is located at position 2 on the adenine ring.methyladenosine
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
l 783281L 783281: structure in first source
scopoletinhydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties

umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.
hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
ptc 124oxadiazole;
ring assembly