Bromodeoxycytidine: 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.
ID Source | ID |
---|---|
PubMed CID | 472175 |
CHEMBL ID | 386413 |
SCHEMBL ID | 197813 |
MeSH ID | M0002950 |
Synonym |
---|
AKOS015833979 |
5-bromo-dcrd |
4-amino-5-bromo-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one |
c.a.s. 1,022,793 |
einecs 213-824-2 |
nsc 61765 |
brn 0027385 |
bromodeoxycytidine |
5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine |
5-bromodeoxycytidine |
1022-79-3 |
cytidine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxy- |
CHEMBL386413 |
4-amino-5-bromo-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one |
KISUPFXQEHWGAR-RRKCRQDMSA-N |
5bt , |
unii-6m3tp1aibh |
4-25-00-03689 (beilstein handbook reference) |
6m3tp1aibh , |
AKOS016001310 |
4-amino-5-bromo-1-((2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one |
c9h12brn3o4 |
HG1358 |
SCHEMBL197813 |
4-amino-5-bromo-1-((2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-one |
AC-32305 |
AS-59077 |
4-amino-5-bromo-1-[(2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one |
5-bromo-2'-deoxy-d-cytidine |
5-bromo-2'-doxy-d-cytidine |
4-amino-5-bromo-1-((2r,4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxy-methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1h)-one |
Q27265134 |
A855744 |
CS-W012092 |
Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
---|---|---|---|---|
AID84605 | Concentration required to reduce the number of viral plaques in vivo cell monolayers of herpes simplex virus type 2. | 1989 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 32, Issue:2 | Synthesis and antiviral activity of phosphonoacetic and phosphonoformic acid esters of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and related pyrimidine nucleosides and acyclonucleosides. |
AID1135817 | Retention time of the compound by liquid chromatography | 1978 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 21, Issue:11 | Synthesis and biological activities of some uronic acids, uronates, uronamides, and urononitriles of pyrimidine nucleosides. |
AID273211 | Viability of human HeLa S3 cells | 2006 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 49, Issue:21 | Synthesis and antiviral activity of 5-substituted cytidine analogues: identification of a potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. |
AID85559 | Concentration required to reduce the number of viral plaques in vivo cell monolayers of herpes simplex virus type 1. | 1989 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 32, Issue:2 | Synthesis and antiviral activity of phosphonoacetic and phosphonoformic acid esters of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and related pyrimidine nucleosides and acyclonucleosides. |
AID1323608 | Inhibition of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis TMPK using dTMP as substrate measured after 1 min in presence of ATP/pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase/nucleoside diphosphate kinase by coupled spectrophotometric assay | 2016 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21 | Elaboration of a proprietary thymidylate kinase inhibitor motif towards anti-tuberculosis agents. |
AID273212 | Antiviral activity against poliovirus in HeLa S3 cells assessed as reduction in viral titer | 2006 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 49, Issue:21 | Synthesis and antiviral activity of 5-substituted cytidine analogues: identification of a potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. |
AID273213 | Antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3 in HeLa S3 cells assessed as reduction in viral titer | 2006 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 49, Issue:21 | Synthesis and antiviral activity of 5-substituted cytidine analogues: identification of a potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. |
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 66 (66.67) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 13 (13.13) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 9 (9.09) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 11 (11.11) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (9.71) All Compounds (24.57) |
Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
---|---|---|
Trials | 2 (1.90%) | 5.53% |
Reviews | 2 (1.90%) | 6.00% |
Case Studies | 0 (0.00%) | 4.05% |
Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
Other | 101 (96.19%) | 84.16% |
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic bromine | |
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids | antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
cytosine [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | solvent |
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
thymine [no description available] | 6.95 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine | anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome |
caffeine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor |
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | indoles | fluorochrome |
stallimycin [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor |
hydroxyurea [no description available] | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
iofetamine Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent |
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen |
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion | fluorochrome; intercalator |
thymidine [no description available] | 3.66 | 10 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. | 4.47 | 4 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent |
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 1,3,5-triazines | alkylating agent; insect sterilant |
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen. | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines | mutagen |
idoxuridine [no description available] | 7.36 | 21 | 1 | organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | |
uridine [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | uridines | drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. | 6.28 | 29 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
cytidine [no description available] | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | cytidines | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
cytarabine [no description available] | 3.06 | 5 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor |
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles | antitubercular agent |
deoxycytidine [no description available] | 7.37 | 63 | 2 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
deoxyuridine [no description available] | 4.47 | 7 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
quinacrine mustard Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | intercalator |
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. | 4.74 | 7 | 1 | beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic |
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom | |
lanthanum [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom | |
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | manganese group element atom | |
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. | 7.35 | 2 | 0 | diatomic bromine | |
ammonium bromide ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ammonium salt; bromide salt | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
alovudine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | |
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | methylcytosine; pyrimidines | human metabolite |
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
thymine arabinoside thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | N-glycosyl compound | |
ibacitabine ibacitabine: antiherpetic agent | 6.93 | 40 | 2 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
edoxudin [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
5-iodouracil 5-iodouracil: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-iodouracil : An organoiodine compound consisting of uracil having an iodo substituent at the 5-position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organoiodine compound | antimetabolite |
moroxydine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | biguanides | |
5-bromouridine 5-bromouridine : A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | uridines | mutagen |
8-bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine [no description available] | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | ||
5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine [no description available] | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ||
n,n,n'-trimethyl-n'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine: brain perfusion imaging agent; structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen oxoacid | |
methotrexate [no description available] | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid | EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen |
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available] | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | 2'-deoxycytidine | |
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | ||
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
carbodine carbodine: RN given refers to (R-(1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha))-isomer | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | ||
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | isomethyleugenol | |
methisazone Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; thiouridine | affinity label; antimetabolite |
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
polonium Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chalcogen; metal atom | |
5-(2-iodovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5-(2-iodovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
tetrahydrouridine Tetrahydrouridine: An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
oligonucleotides [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 4.96 | 9 | 1 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
deoxyguanosine [no description available] | 7.68 | 3 | 0 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
guanine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
ganciclovir [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure in first source. 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine : An organobromine compound comprising 2'-deoxyguanosine having a bromo substituent at position 8 of the guanine ring system. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | guanosines; organobromine compound | |
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
Metastase [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 4.73 | 7 | 0 |
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available] | 0 | 3.26 | 2 | 0 |
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Leucocythaemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer. | 0 | 3.26 | 2 | 0 |
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen. | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 4 | 0 |
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 3.77 | 4 | 0 |
Germinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. | 0 | 6.93 | 1 | 0 |
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. | 0 | 6.93 | 1 | 0 |
Malignant Melanoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445) | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
Chromosomal Fragility [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. | 0 | 6.95 | 1 | 0 |
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.) | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Bloom Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Furrow Keratitis [description not available] | 0 | 4.82 | 4 | 2 |
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Eye Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Viral Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Kaposi Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
B Virus Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21) | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 |
Aneuploid [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
Anoxemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
Cancer of Lung [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
EHS Tumor [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
Recrudescence [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Allergy, Drug [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Cancer of Larynx [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
Cancer of Head [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651) | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |