| hydronium ion | |
| n-Butyrate | |
| pregnenolone sulfate | RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer |
| Glutathione | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. |
| olmesartan medoxomil | An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION. |
| methimazole | A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. |
| acyclovir | A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes. |
| valacyclovir | A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES. |
| Arginine | An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. |
| olmesartan | an active metabolite of CS 866 |
| acetic acid | Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed) |
| phenytoin | An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. |
| acetaminophen | Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. |
| NADH | |
| ammonium hydroxide | The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution. |
| Ammonium | |
| cyclophosphamide | Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. |
| Copper | A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55. |
| benzoic acid | A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. |
| caffeine | A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. |
| hydrobromic acid | Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water. |
| Calcium | A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. |
| iron | A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN. |
| tamoxifen | One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM. |
| Manganese | A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035) |
| Lithium | An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. |
| debrisoquin | An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism. |
| Iron | A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN. |
| estrone sulfate | sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd |
| chlorine | An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family. |
| phenyl acetate | The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES. |
| hydrochloric acid | A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE. |
| Zinc | A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn. |
| halothane | A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178) |
| paclitaxel | A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death. |
| Orthophosphate | |
| Dopamine Hydrochloride | |
| lauric acid | |
| loperamide | One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. |
| Glutathione Disulfide | A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. |
| Flavin Mononucleotide | A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues. |
| tretinoin | An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE). |
| cocaine | An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. |
| alitretinoin | A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA. |
| phenacetin | A phenylacetamide that was formerly used in ANALGESICS but nephropathy and METHEMOGLOBINEMIA led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431) |
| cholesteryl sulfate | component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer |
| calcitriol | The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. |
| cholecalciferol | Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24. |
| epoprostenol | A prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. It is biosynthesized enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES in human vascular tissue. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY). |
| calcifediol | The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. |
| dextromethorphan | Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. |
| dextrorphan | Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN. |
| Cobalamins | |
| tolbutamide | A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290) |
| Hydrocortisone | The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. |
| Estradiol | The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. |
| estrone | An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women. |
| dehydroepiandrosterone | A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion. |
| Progesterone | The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS. |
| Cholesterol | The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. |
| Testosterone | A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL. |
| uridine diphosphate | A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. |
| adenosine | A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. |
| desoxycorticosterone | A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE |
| mercaptopurine | An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. |
| Ethanol | A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. |
| adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. |
| Uridine Triphosphate | Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
| formaldehyde | A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717) |
| phenylsulfate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| hydrogen | The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. |
| hydroquinone | |
| potassium | An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. |
| acetaminophen sulfate ester | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source |
| methanol | A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. |
| Magnesium | A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. |
| pregnenolone | A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS. |
| melatonin | A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant. |
| Water | A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
| Oxygen | An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration. |
| phenol | An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol. |
| sulfolithocholic acid | RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer |
| salicylates | The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. |
| 18-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid | structure given in first source |
| phenethylamine | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016 |
| 6-hydroxytaxol | structure in first source |
| salicylurate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| aflatoxin b1-2,3-oxide | |
| aflatoxin q1 | |
| pyridine | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 18-hydroxycorticosterone | 11 beta,18,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. |
| trimethyloxamine | used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure |
| trimethylamine | associated with egg taints - comparable to an egg having bad breath; degradation product of nitrogenous plant & animal substances; converted to free tertiary amine during putrefaction; detected in menstrual blood & urine stored at room temp; used as insect attractant; warming agent for gas; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| 7,25-dihydroxycholesterol | has various immunosupressive effects; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88 |
| salicyl-coenzyme A | significantly suppressed LPS-induced PGE(2) production |
| 24-hydroxycholesterol | |
| dopamine 3-o-sulfate | end product of L-Dopa metabolism in Parkinson patients; see also record for dopamine 4-O-sulfate |
| triiodothyronine sulfate | |
| 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one | structure |
| isocaproaldehyde | produced from side-chain cleavage of 20,22-dihydroxycholesterol |
| 1-methylpyridinium | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| mercaptoethanol | A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation. |
| adenosine monophosphate | Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. |
| nad | A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed) |
| NADP | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed) |
| NADP | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed) |
| methanearsonous acid | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| acetaldehyde | A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. |
| hydroxyphenytoin | main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure |
| benzaldehyde | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| benzene | Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. |
| chloroethylene oxide | postulated metabolite of vinyl chloride; structure |
| cacodylic acid | An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide. |
| formate | |
| 3-hydroxypalmitic acid | |
| tamoxifen n-oxide | |
| 3,3'-diiodothyronine-4-sulfate | RN refers to (L)-isomer |
| 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholesten-3-one | inermediate in bile acid biosynthesis |
| carboxyphosphamide | metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure |
| coumarin | effective in reducing edema following crush & thermal injury; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2547; Coumarin itself occurs in the Tonka bean |
| hydroxymethyltolbutamide | tolbutamide metabolite |
| benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-epoxide | RN given refers to cpd with unspecifiedisomeric designation |
| 4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene, (cis)-isomer | |
| Serotonin | A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. |
| nicotinamide-beta-riboside | |
| taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate | |
| 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde | the major product of L-tyrosine oxidation by activated human phagocytes |
| cortodoxone | 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities. |
| 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol | a meiosis activating sterol; RN given refers to (5alpha,3beta)-isomer |
| prostaglandin h2 | A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins. |
| s-hydroxymethylglutathione | |
| benzoylecgonine | cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure |
| 1,7-dimethylxanthine | |
| n(1)-acetylspermidine | |
| leukotriene b4 | The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990) |
| thromboxane a2 | An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS). |
| 5,12,20-trihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid | RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*-(E,E,Z,Z)))-isomer |
| prostaglandin g2 | |
| 7-hydroxycoumarin | active metabolite of coumarin; RN given refers to parent cpd |
| 4-hydroxyestradiol | catechol estrogen |
| 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E,24S)-isomer | |
| glycitein | |
| 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid | A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51) |
| glutamate | |
| tramazoline | |
| adenosine triphosphate | An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. |
| tyramine | An indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. |
| 6-methylthiopurine | |
| aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. |
| hydroxyacetylaminofluorene | A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action. |
| dinitrochlorobenzene | A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds. |
| trifluoroacetyl chloride | anesthetics are believed to trigger hepatitis by covalently linking a trifluoroacetyl (TFA) chloride hapten to hepatic proteins, forming haptenated self-proteins |
| ethylene | |
| vinyl chloride | A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. |
| ethylene oxide | A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794) |
| Cysteine | A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE. |
| 4-hydroxyretinoic acid | RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure |
| 20,22-dihydroxycholesterol | RN given refers to (3beta,22R)-isomer |
| estradiol-3-sulfate | RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer |
| skatole | |
| arsenite | salt of arsenous acid XASO(3) |
| polyglutamine | RN given for (D)-isomer |
| Spermidine | A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. |
| Bilirubin | A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME. |
| 4-biphenylamine | used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| protocatechuic acid | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| 3-aminopropionaldehyde | structure given in first source |
| 4-nitrophenyl butyrate | |
| 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid | |
| indole | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4840 |
| 4-nitrophenol | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| n-demethylloperamide | loperamide metabolite; structure in first source |
| benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione | a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene; structure given in first source |
| 4-hydroxydebrisoquin | principal metabolite of above; RN given refers to parent cpd |
| cholest-5-en-3 beta,7 alpha-diol | substrate for hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; RN given refers to (3beta,7alpha)-isomer |
| 5-hydroxymethylomeprazole | metabolite of omeprazole |
| 1H-imidazole-4-acetaldehyde | |
| aflatoxin m1 | A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969). |
| Cacodylate | |
| 3-methyleneindolenine | structure given in first source |
| aflatoxin b1 | A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1. |
| S-formylglutathione | |
| 7 alpha,26-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one | |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate | The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. |
| 19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid | potent stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer |
| adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate | |
| lanosterol | A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS. |
| s-adenosylmethionine | Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed) |
| Coenzyme A | |
| Peremin | |
| S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione | |
| 2-acetylaminofluorene-n-sulfate | reactive intermediate of 2-acetylaminofluorene; structure given in first source |
| 2-oxindole | RN given refers to parent cpd; structure |
| perfosfamide | |
| n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine | reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source |
| 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B(1), 14C-labeled | |
| resveratrol | A stilbene and non-flavonoid polyphenol produced by various plants including grapes and blueberries. It has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic properties. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and the activity of several DNA HELICASES in vitro. |
| Spermine | A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure. |
| Acetyl Coenzyme A | Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. |
| benzoyl-coenzyme A | RN given refers to unlabeled cpd |
| phenylacetyl-coenzyme A | |
| Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide | A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) |
| Adenosine Phosphosulfate | 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS. |
| corticosterone | An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437) |
| creolin | from refined coal tar oils |
| carbon tetrachloride | A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed) |
| androstenedione | A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL. |
| 25-hydroxycholesterol | |
| 6 beta-hydroxytestosterone | RN given refers to (6beta,17beta)-isomer |
| 3,3'-diiodothyronine | RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation |
| hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde | |
| methylthioethanol | |
| 4-nitrophenyl sulfate | RN given refers to parent cpd |
| n-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl | |
| adriamycinol | |
| phenetidine | Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin. |
| cholest-5-ene-3 beta,26-diol | isolated from human brain |
| 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide | primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation |
| phenylacetaldehyde | |