cell chemotaxis

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]

Cell chemotaxis is a fundamental biological process by which cells move in response to chemical gradients. This directed migration is essential for a wide range of physiological functions, including embryonic development, immune responses, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.

The process begins with the detection of a chemoattractant or chemorepellent molecule by specific receptors on the cell surface. These receptors trigger a complex intracellular signaling cascade that leads to the activation of downstream effector molecules, such as Rho GTPases, which control cytoskeletal rearrangements.

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin filaments and microtubules, provides the structural framework for cell motility. Actin polymerization and depolymerization at the leading edge of the cell create protrusions called lamellipodia and filopodia, which extend outwards in the direction of the chemoattractant. These protrusions adhere to the extracellular matrix through specialized adhesion molecules, providing traction for cell movement.

Meanwhile, the rear end of the cell retracts, detaching from the substrate and allowing the cell to move forward. This coordinated process of protrusion, adhesion, and retraction is driven by the interplay of various signaling pathways and cytoskeletal dynamics.

Chemotaxis can be either positive or negative, depending on the nature of the chemical gradient. Positive chemotaxis occurs when cells move towards a higher concentration of the attractant, while negative chemotaxis involves movement away from a repellent.

The direction of cell movement is determined by the spatial distribution of the chemoattractant or chemorepellent. Cells sense the chemical gradient through a process called "gradient sensing," which involves comparing the concentration of the chemoattractant at different locations on the cell surface. This information is integrated by the cell to generate a directional signal that guides its movement.

Overall, cell chemotaxis is a highly regulated and complex process that involves the coordinated interplay of multiple signaling pathways, cytoskeletal components, and adhesive molecules. This intricate interplay allows cells to navigate their environment, respond to external stimuli, and fulfill their specialized functions in the body.'
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Proteins (27)

Compounds (557)