Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes. [GOC:go_curators]
Adenosine metabolism is a crucial biological process that involves the synthesis, breakdown, and interconversion of adenosine, a nucleoside composed of adenine and ribose. Adenosine plays a vital role in numerous cellular functions, including energy production, signal transduction, and regulation of various metabolic pathways.
The process begins with the synthesis of adenosine from inosine monophosphate (IMP) through a series of enzymatic reactions. Adenosine can be further phosphorylated to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which are key components of cellular energy metabolism.
Breakdown of adenosine occurs via adenosine deaminase, which converts adenosine to inosine. Inosine can then be further metabolized to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid, the final product of purine metabolism.
Adenosine plays a significant role in signal transduction, acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It binds to adenosine receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors, which activate downstream signaling pathways involved in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and neuroprotection.
Adenosine metabolism is tightly regulated by various enzymes and factors, ensuring proper cellular energy balance and signaling. Dysregulation of adenosine metabolism can contribute to various pathological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.
In conclusion, adenosine metabolism is an essential biological process involving the synthesis, breakdown, and interconversion of adenosine, a nucleoside crucial for cellular energy production, signal transduction, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of adenosine metabolism is essential for developing therapeutic strategies for various diseases and enhancing our understanding of cellular function and health.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Prostaglandin D2 receptor | A prostaglandin D2 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q13258] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Adenosine deaminase | An adenosine deaminase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00813] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase | ||
| 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid | (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2. 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer. | chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes | environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin |
| coformycin | coformycins | EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor | |
| adenosine | quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nebularine | nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage. nebularine: structure | purine ribonucleoside; purines D-ribonucleoside | fungal metabolite |
| ah 6809 | 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD | xanthones | |
| ramatroban | organic molecular entity | ||
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | (2R,3S)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2R,3S. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. | EHNA | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | (2S,3R)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2S,3R. | EHNA | |
| 1-deazaadenosine | 1-deazaadenosine: inhibits nucleic acid & protein synthesis; structure given in first source | ||
| pentostatin | pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. | coformycins | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| dinoprost | Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cloprostenol | Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle. | prostanoid | |
| iloprost | iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. | carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol | platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| tg4-155 | TG4-155: an EP2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| u 62840 | U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source | carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; human blood serum metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent; vitamin K antagonist |
| mk-0524 | MK-0524: a potent orally active human prostaglandin D(2) receptor 1 antagonist; structure in first source | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| selexipag | selexipag : A member of the class of pyrazines that is N-(methanesulfonyl)-2-{4-[(propan-2-yl)(pyrazin-2-yl)amino]butoxy}acetamide carrying two additional phenyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 on the pyrazine ring. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is a prodrug for ACT-333679 (the free carboxylic acid). selexipag: prostacyclin receptor agonist | aromatic amine; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound | orphan drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug; prostacyclin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent |
| mre 269 | (4-((5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(isopropyl)amino)butoxy)acetic acid: active form of NS-304 ACT-333679 : A member of the class of pyrazines that is {4-[(propan-2-yl)(pyrazin-2-yl)amino]butoxy}acetic acid carrying two additional phenyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 on the pyrazine ring. The active metabolite of selexipag, an orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. | aromatic amine; ether; monocarboxylic acid; pyrazines; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | drug metabolite; orphan drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostacyclin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent |
| 8-azanebularine | 8-azanebularine: structure in first source | ||
| amg 009 | AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source | ||
| cay 10471 | CAY 10471: a prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| oc000459 | |||
| l-798106 | L-798106 : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of o-naphthalen-2-ylcinnamic acid with the sulfonamide group of 5-bromo-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide. It is a selective antagonist for the prostanoid receptor EP3, a prostaglandin receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). | aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | prostaglandin receptor antagonist |
| msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- | polypeptide | dermatologic drug | |
| fevipiprant | fevipiprant: a CRTh2 antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| fr181157 | |||
| pf-04418948 | 1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(((6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)oxy)methyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid: structure in first source | ||
| amg 853 | vidupiprant: structure in first source | ||
| cay 10580 | 2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidineheptanoic acid : A pyrrolidin-2-one substituted by 6-carboxyhexyl and 3-hydroxyoctyl groups at positions 1 and 2, respectively. It is a potent prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonist (Ki=35 nM). CAY 10580: a E-prostanoid EP4 receptor agonist | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary alcohol | prostaglandin receptor agonist |
| mk-7246 | |||
| tg6-10-1 | TG6-10-1: brain-permeant prostaglandin E receptor 2 antagonist; structure in first source |