Page last updated: 2024-08-24

adenosine and Bronchial Hyperreactivity

adenosine has been researched along with Bronchial Hyperreactivity in 38 studies

Research

Studies (38)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	9 (23.68)	18.2507
2000's	20 (52.63)	29.6817
2010's	8 (21.05)	24.3611
2020's	1 (2.63)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Armoni Domany, K; Ater, D; Golan-Lagziel, T; Mandelberg, A; Wolfson, Y	1
Boudewijn, IM; Cox, CA; Frijlink, HW; Hagedoorn, P; Lexmond, AJ; Schokker, S; Ten Hacken, NHT; van den Berge, M; Vonk, JM; Vroegop, SJ	1
Dvorakovskaya, IV; Fedin, AN; Kuzubova, NA; Lebedeva, ES; Titova, ON	1
de Boer, AH; Frijlink, HW; Hagedoorn, P; Lexmond, AJ; Ten Hacken, NH; van der Wiel, E	1
Bult, W; de Boer, AH; Frijlink, HW; Hagedoorn, P; Lexmond, AJ; ten Hacken, NH; van der Wiel, E	1
Castrop, H; Kunzelmann, K; Schreiber, R	1
Björnsson, E; Eriksson, BM; Hedenström, H; Högman, M; Janson, C; Lúdvíksdóttir, D; Venge, P	1
Broadley, KJ; Smith, N	1
Mustafa, SJ; Nadeem, A; Ponnoth, DS; Tilley, S	1
Fernández-Nieto, M; Madero, MF; Manso, L; Ruiz-García, M; Sastre, J	1
Barranco, P; Bobolea, I; Calderon, O; Guillén, D; Lopez-Carrasco, V; Quirce, S	1
Polosa, R; Spicuzza, L	1
Burki, N; Gu, Q; Hong, JL; Lee, LY; Ruan, T	1
Fozard, JR	1
Erikson, CJ; Galli, SJ; Koller, BH; Tilley, SL; Tsai, M; Wang, ZS; Williams, CM	1
de Meer, G; Marks, GB; Postma, DS	1
Cannet, C; Ellis, KM; Fozard, JR; Mazzoni, L	1
Buchheit, KH; El-Hashim, AZ; Fozard, J; Page, C	1
Beck, R; Bentur, L; Berger, I; Berkowitz, D; Elias, N; Gavriely, N; Hasanin, J	1
Joos, G; Pauwels, R; Van Schoor, J	1
Batra, VK; Borron, P; Mustafa, SJ; Nadeem, A; Obiefuna, PC; Wilson, CN	1
Joos, GF	1
Di Maria, G; Polosa, R; Spicuzza, L	1
Liesker, JJ; Postma, DS; Rutgers, SR; Ten Hacken, NH; Timens, W; Zeinstra-Smith, M	1
Brown, RA; Clarke, GW; Coote, JE; Denyer, JC; Hurle, MJ; Ledbetter, CL; Murdoch, RD; O'Connor, BJ; Page, CP; Savage, TJ; Simcock, DE; Spina, D	1
Anderson, SD	1
Chason, KD; Deshpande, DA; Fredholm, BB; Hua, X; Penn, RB; Tilley, SL	1
Martin, JG	1
Broadley, KJ; Thorne, JR	1
Germonpré, PR; Joos, GF; Kips, JC; Pauwels, RA	1
Metzger, WJ; Nyce, JW	1
Celikel, T; Ceyhan, BB	1
Breschi, MC; Greco, R; Lazzeri, N; Nieri, P	1
Banner, KH; El-Hashim, AZ; Page, CP; Paul, W	1
Joos, GF; Pauwels, RA; Van Schoor, J	1
Fozard, JR; Hannon, JP; Mazzoni, L; Rondeau, C; Tigani, B	1
Ali, S; Metzger, WJ; Mustafa, SJ	1
Björck, T; Dahlén, SE; Gustafsson, LE	1

Reviews

9 review(s) available for adenosine and Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Article	Year
The role of adenosine as a novel bronchoprovocant in asthma. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology, 2003, Volume: 3, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Humans	2003
The case for a role for adenosine in asthma: almost convincing? Current opinion in pharmacology, 2003, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Asthma; Asthma, Exercise-Induced; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchodilator Agents; Humans; Receptors, Adenosine A2; Theophylline	2003
Direct or indirect stimuli for bronchial challenge testing: what is the relevance for asthma epidemiology? Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2004, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Histamine; Humans; Methacholine Chloride; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence	2004
Indirect bronchial hyper-responsiveness: the coming of age of a specific group of bronchial challenges. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2005, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Exercise Test; Humans; Mannitol; Osmosis; Sports	2005
[Indirect bronchial provocation tests: a new, specific group of bronchial provocation tests for asthma]. Verhandelingen - Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van Belgie, 2005, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Asthma; Bradykinin; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Humans; Pulmonary Ventilation; Tachykinins	2005
Adenosine in the airways: implications and applications. European journal of pharmacology, 2006, Mar-08, Volume: 533, Issue:1-3 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptor, Adenosine A2B; Respiratory System	2006
Provocative challenges to help diagnose and monitor asthma: exercise, methacholine, adenosine, and mannitol. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine, 2008, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adolescent; Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Adult; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Exercise; Humans; Mannitol; Methacholine Chloride; Respiratory Function Tests	2008
[Animal models of bronchial hyperreactivity]. Revue des maladies respiratoires, 1994, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Asthma; Bradykinin; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Dextrans; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Leukotrienes; Lipoxygenase; Mast Cells; Ozone; Platelet Activating Factor; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Tachykinins	1994
Indirect bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma: mechanisms, pharmacology and implications for clinical research. The European respiratory journal, 2000, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aerosols; Asthma; Bradykinin; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Exercise; Humans; Propranolol; Pulmonary Ventilation; Sulfites; Sulfur Dioxide; Tachykinins	2000

Trials

3 trial(s) available for adenosine and Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Article	Year
Bronchial Provocation Testing Can Be Improved by Using Dry Powder Adenosine Instead of Nebulized Adenosine Monophosphate. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2018, 02-01, Volume: 197, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adult; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Dry Powder Inhalers; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis	2018
Is methacholine challenge sufficient to rule out bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suspected asthma? Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 2012, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Breath Tests; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Sensitivity and Specificity	2012
Effect of inhaled heparin on adenosine-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1997, Volume: 35, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Heparin; Humans; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Middle Aged	1997

Other Studies

26 other study(ies) available for adenosine and Bronchial Hyperreactivity

Article	Year
Can bronchial challenge test with adenosine or methacholine at preschool age predict school-age asthma? Pediatric pulmonology, 2021, Volume: 56, Issue:10 Topics: Adenosine; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Schools	2021
Role of mast cells in bronchial contraction in nonallergic obstructive lung pathology. Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi, 2017, Volume: 53, Issue:0 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Cell Degranulation; Cromolyn Sodium; Disease Models, Animal; Histamine; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mast Cells; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P1	2017
Adenosine dry powder inhalation for bronchial challenge testing, part 1: inhaler and formulation development and in vitro performance testing. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2014, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Aerosols; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dry Powder Inhalers; Equipment Design; Models, Theoretical; Particle Size; Pilot Projects; Surface Properties	2014
Adenosine dry powder inhalation for bronchial challenge testing, part 2: proof of concept in asthmatic subjects. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2014, Volume: 88, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Monophosphate; Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Asthma; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Dry Powder Inhalers; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Powders	2014
Allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is absent in ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73)-deficient mice. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 2008, Volume: 457, Issue:2 Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine; Allergens; Animals; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstriction; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Chlorides; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Methacholine Chloride; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mucociliary Clearance; Ovalbumin; Trachea	2008
Airway hyperresponsiveness, peak flow variability and inflammatory markers in non-asthmatic subjects with respiratory infections. The clinical respiratory journal, 2007, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adult; Aged; Air; Asthma; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Cold Temperature; Common Cold; Eosinophil Cationic Protein; Humans; Inflammation; Methacholine Chloride; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Respiratory Sounds; Young Adult	2007
Adenosine receptor subtypes in airways responses of sensitized guinea-pigs to inhaled ovalbumin. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Dexamethasone; Glucocorticoids; Guinea Pigs; Male; Ovalbumin; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptor, Adenosine A2B; Receptor, Adenosine A3; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Time Factors	2010
Involvement of A1 adenosine receptors in altered vascular responses and inflammation in an allergic mouse model of asthma. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2010, Volume: 299, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Administration, Inhalation; Aerosols; Ambrosia; Animals; Antigens, Plant; Aorta; Asthma; Blotting, Western; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Interleukin-5; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptor, Adenosine A1; RNA, Messenger; Vasodilation	2010
Comparison of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and adenosine and airway inflammation markers in patients with suspected asthma. The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, 2011, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asthma; Biomarkers; Breath Tests; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Eosinophils; Exhalation; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Young Adult	2011
Hypersensitivity of pulmonary C fibers induced by adenosine in anesthetized rats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2003, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Anesthesia; Animals; Body Weight; Bradycardia; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Capsaicin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Infusions, Intravenous; Lung; Male; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Xanthines	2003
Identification of A3 receptor- and mast cell-dependent and -independent components of adenosine-mediated airway responsiveness in mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2003, Jul-01, Volume: 171, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Aerosols; Animals; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Cell Degranulation; Down-Regulation; Inflammation; Lung; Mast Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Mutant Strains; Neutrophil Infiltration; Receptor, Adenosine A3; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Up-Regulation	2003
Airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin induced by allergen challenge in actively sensitised Brown Norway rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2004, Volume: 369, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; Bradykinin; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Endopeptidases; Lung; Male; Mast Cells; Methacholine Chloride; Ovalbumin; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Receptors, Muscarinic; Tachykinins	2004
Effect of the K+(ATP) channel opener, KCO912, on baseline and allergen induced airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic rabbits. European journal of pharmacology, 2004, Jan-26, Volume: 484, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Allergens; Alternaria; Animals; Antigens, Fungal; Benzopyrans; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hypersensitivity; Piperidines; Potassium Channels; Rabbits	2004
Adenosine bronchial provocation with computerized wheeze detection in young infants with prolonged cough: correlation with long-term follow-up. Chest, 2004, Volume: 126, Issue:4 Topics: Acoustics; Adenosine; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Chronic Disease; Cough; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Respiratory Sounds	2004
A novel A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, L-97-1 [3-[2-(4-aminophenyl)-ethyl]-8-benzyl-7-{2-ethyl-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-amino]-ethyl}-1-propyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione], reduces allergic responses to house dust mite in an allergic rabbit model of asthma. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2005, Volume: 315, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dust; Histamine; Mites; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purines; Rabbits; Radioligand Assay; Receptor, Adenosine A1	2005
Mast cell numbers in airway smooth muscle and PC20AMP in asthma and COPD. Respiratory medicine, 2007, Volume: 101, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Biopsy; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Bronchoscopy; Cell Count; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Mast Cells; Middle Aged; Muscle, Smooth; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Retrospective Studies; Tryptases	2007
Elevated expression of adenosine A1 receptor in bronchial biopsy specimens from asthmatic subjects. The European respiratory journal, 2008, Volume: 31, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Asthma; Biomarkers; Biopsy, Needle; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchial Provocation Tests; Case-Control Studies; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Prognosis; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Reference Values; Respiratory Function Tests; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk Assessment; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Up-Regulation	2008
Adenosine induces airway hyperresponsiveness through activation of A3 receptors on mast cells. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2008, Volume: 122, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Female; Hexosaminidases; Lung; Mast Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Receptor, Adenosine A3	2008
Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in conscious hyperresponsive and sensitized guinea pigs. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 1994, Volume: 149, Issue:2 Pt 1 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Carbachol; Guinea Pigs; Immunization; Male; Ovalbumin; Ozone; Platelet Activating Factor	1994
Genetic control of indirect airway responsiveness in the rat. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1995, Volume: 25 Suppl 2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Atropine; Blood Proteins; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Bronchodilator Agents; Capillary Permeability; Capsaicin; Male; Methysergide; Nedocromil; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Tachykinin; Respiratory Function Tests; Serotonin; Serotonin Antagonists; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Substance P; Tachykinins	1995
DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model. Nature, 1997, Feb-20, Volume: 385, Issue:6618 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Antigens, Dermatophagoides; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Cross-Over Studies; Disease Models, Animal; DNA, Antisense; Glycoproteins; Humans; Lung; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rabbits; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Respiratory Function Tests	1997
Different bronchial responsiveness to Ach between normal and OA-sensitized guinea pigs after acoustic stress: a role for adenosine. Immunopharmacology, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: Acetylcholine; Acoustic Stimulation; Adenosine; Animals; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Guinea Pigs; Histamine; Male; Noise; Ovalbumin; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Stress, Physiological; Vasodilator Agents; Xanthines	1998
Effects of dexamethasone on airway hyper-responsiveness to the adenosine A1 receptor agonist cyclo-pentyl adenosine in an allergic rabbit model. British journal of pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 126, Issue:6 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cell Count; Cell Division; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glucocorticoids; Hypersensitivity; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Phytohemagglutinins; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Rabbits	1999
Airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine induced by lipopolysaccharide in Brown Norway rats. British journal of pharmacology, 2002, Volume: 136, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoconstriction; Cromolyn Sodium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Heart Rate; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mast Cells; Methacholine Chloride; Methysergide; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Serotonin; Vasoconstrictor Agents	2002
Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in an allergic rabbit model: antagonism by theophylline aerosol. Agents and actions, 1992, Volume: 37, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adenosine; Aerosols; Anesthesia; Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Histamine; Pollen; Rabbits; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Theophylline	1992
Isolated bronchi from asthmatics are hyperresponsive to adenosine, which apparently acts indirectly by liberation of leukotrienes and histamine. The American review of respiratory disease, 1992, Volume: 145, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine; Asthma; Bronchi; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Female; Histamine Release; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukotrienes; Male; Middle Aged	1992