positive regulation of translation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]

Positive regulation of translation is a complex cellular process that involves the coordinated control of protein synthesis. It encompasses a diverse array of regulatory mechanisms, including the initiation, elongation, and termination phases of translation. The primary goal of positive regulation is to enhance protein production in response to specific cellular cues or environmental stimuli. This intricate process is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis, responding to stress, and executing developmental programs.

**Initiation:**
- **Initiation Factor (eIF) Recruitment:** The process begins with the recruitment of initiation factors, such as eIF4F complex, which bind to the 5' cap of mRNA and facilitate the assembly of the ribosomal complex.
- **Cap-dependent Translation:** The eIF4F complex interacts with the 40S ribosomal subunit, allowing it to scan the mRNA in search of the start codon (AUG).
- **Translation Initiation Complex Formation:** Once the start codon is identified, the 60S ribosomal subunit joins the complex, forming a functional translation initiation complex.
- **mRNA Secondary Structure Alteration:** Positive regulation often involves factors that alter the secondary structure of mRNA, making the start codon more accessible to the ribosome.

**Elongation:**
- **tRNA Delivery:** Elongation factors, such as eEF1 and eEF2, play crucial roles in delivering aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site of the ribosome.
- **Peptide Bond Formation:** As each tRNA enters the A site, the ribosome catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid on the tRNA and the growing polypeptide chain.
- **Ribosome Translocation:** Following peptide bond formation, the ribosome translocates along the mRNA, moving to the next codon.

**Termination:**
- **Release Factors:** When the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA), release factors (eRF1 and eRF3) bind to the A site, triggering the termination of translation.
- **Ribosome Disassembly:** The ribosome dissociates from the mRNA, releasing the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.

**Key Regulators:**
- **mTOR:** Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of protein synthesis, integrating signals from nutrient availability, growth factors, and stress.
- **MicroRNAs (miRNAs):** miRNAs can positively regulate translation by targeting specific mRNA sequences, promoting their translation.
- **Phosphorylation:** Phosphorylation events on various initiation factors can influence their activity, modulating translation.

**Significance:**
- **Cellular Growth and Proliferation:** Positive regulation of translation is essential for cell growth and proliferation.
- **Stress Response:** Cells use positive regulation to synthesize proteins required for adapting to stress conditions.
- **Developmental Processes:** Translation is tightly regulated during development, ensuring the production of specific proteins at specific times and locations.

Positive regulation of translation is a dynamic and intricate process, involving multiple layers of control. Understanding this process is crucial for gaining insight into the fundamental mechanisms of protein synthesis and its impact on cellular function and development.'
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Proteins (23)

Compounds (551)