Target type: biologicalprocess
A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:jl]
Positive regulation by host of viral genome replication is a complex biological process that involves a dynamic interplay between the host cell and the invading virus. It encompasses a range of cellular mechanisms that either directly or indirectly enhance the replication of the viral genome within the host cell.
Here's a detailed breakdown of the process:
1. **Viral Entry and Uncoating:** The process begins with the virus attaching to and entering the host cell. This entry can occur through various mechanisms like endocytosis, fusion, or direct penetration. Once inside, the viral capsid disassembles, releasing the viral genome into the host cell's cytoplasm.
2. **Host Transcription Factors:** A key aspect of positive regulation involves the recruitment of host transcription factors. These factors bind to specific DNA sequences within the viral genome, promoting the transcription of viral genes. This transcription process involves the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the viral DNA.
3. **Host Ribosomes:** The synthesized viral mRNA then interacts with host ribosomes. These ribosomes are responsible for translating the mRNA into viral proteins, essential for viral replication and assembly.
4. **Host Replication Machinery:** Viruses lack their own replication machinery. Instead, they rely on the host cell's enzymatic machinery to replicate their genomes. This includes DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, and other enzymes that are normally involved in host cell DNA and RNA replication.
5. **Host Cell Resources:** Viral replication is a resource-intensive process, requiring the host cell to divert its resources, like nucleotides, amino acids, and energy, towards the synthesis of new viral components.
6. **Host Protein Modification:** The host cell also plays a role in modifying viral proteins. This modification often includes phosphorylation, glycosylation, or ubiquitination, which can alter the function and stability of these proteins.
7. **Viral Assembly and Release:** Once new viral components are synthesized, they assemble into new viral particles. These particles can then bud off from the host cell, carrying the viral genome to infect other cells, perpetuating the cycle of infection.
In some cases, the host cell may also exhibit specific cellular responses that can either enhance or inhibit viral replication. For instance, the host cell might activate immune signaling pathways that lead to the production of antiviral proteins, which can interfere with viral replication. Alternatively, the host cell might promote the expression of genes that are beneficial for viral replication.
It's important to note that this is a simplified overview of a complex process. The exact mechanisms and host factors involved can vary significantly depending on the specific virus and the host cell type. However, the overall principle of positive regulation by the host remains the same: the host cell, in a complex interplay of events, provides the necessary components and environment for the virus to replicate its genome, eventually leading to the production of new virus particles.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 | A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B | A eukaryotic peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P23284] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein | A heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
tubercidin | tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus. Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids. | antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
toyocamycin | toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group. Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry. | antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite |
nsc 65346 | sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C. sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd | nucleoside analogue | protein kinase inhibitor |
adenosine | quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
prolinal | pyrrolidines | ||
8-aminoadenosine | |||
5'-deoxyadenosine | 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase. 5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd | 5'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
ML162 | ML162 : A monochlorobenzene that is benzene substituted by (chloroacetyl){2-oxo-2-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl}amino, chloro and methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a covalent inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) that induces ferroptosis in cells. | monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; thiophenes | EC 1.11.1.9 (glutathione peroxidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer |
cyclosporine | ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
(melle-4)cyclosporin | (melle-4)cyclosporin: a non-immunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A | ||
scy-635 | |||
PI3-Kinase alpha Inhibitor 2 | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound | ||
alisporivir | alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source | homodetic cyclic peptide | anticoronaviral agent |
idelalisib | idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source | aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
zstk474 | ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. | benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
dactolisib | dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment. dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR | imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor |
ku 60019 | |||
buparlisib | NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
gdc 0941 | pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring. | indazoles; morpholines; piperazines; sulfonamide; thienopyrimidine | EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
ver 155008 | VER 155008: structure in first source | purine nucleoside | |
gdc 0980 | |||
azd2014 | vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
pki 587 | gedatolisib: inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR; structure in first source | ||
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine | sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor | benzoxazole | |
ch 5132799 | CH 5132799: structure in first source | ||
torin 1 | torin 1 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties. | N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolines | antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor |
gdc-0032 | |||
spautin-1 | |||
torin 2 | torin 2 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties. | aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; pyridoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor |
cudc-907 | |||
sar245408 | |||
byl719 | proline derivative | ||
amg 511 | AMG 511: structure in first source | ||
cc-223 | |||
sar405 | SAR405: a Vps34 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
nms-e973 | NMS-E973: structure in first source |