Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:sl]
Hypoxanthine transport is a crucial cellular process involving the movement of hypoxanthine, a purine base, across cell membranes. This process is essential for maintaining purine nucleotide pools, which are vital for DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and energy production. Hypoxanthine transport occurs via specific membrane transporters, known as nucleoside transporters. These transporters belong to a family of proteins that facilitate the movement of various nucleobases, nucleosides, and other small molecules across cell membranes.
Hypoxanthine transport can occur in both directions across the membrane, with the direction of transport influenced by the concentration gradient and the specific transporter involved. In general, cells actively transport hypoxanthine from the extracellular environment into the cytoplasm, where it can be utilized in purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
The transport of hypoxanthine is tightly regulated to maintain cellular homeostasis. Several factors can influence the rate of hypoxanthine transport, including:
* **Concentration of hypoxanthine:** The higher the concentration of hypoxanthine in the extracellular environment, the faster the rate of transport.
* **Presence of other purines:** Competition for transporter binding sites can occur between hypoxanthine and other purines, such as guanine and adenine.
* **Cellular energy status:** The activity of certain nucleoside transporters is influenced by the cellular energy status, as they require ATP for their function.
Disruptions in hypoxanthine transport can lead to various cellular dysfunctions. For instance, mutations in genes encoding nucleoside transporters can result in impaired purine metabolism and may contribute to the development of genetic disorders. Additionally, disruptions in hypoxanthine transport can affect the efficacy of certain drugs that rely on this process for their uptake into cells.
Overall, hypoxanthine transport is a complex and essential cellular process that plays a crucial role in maintaining purine nucleotide pools, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and cellular energy production. The precise mechanisms and regulation of this process are still under investigation, but it is clear that hypoxanthine transport is a vital aspect of cellular function.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 | An equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99808] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 | An equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q14542] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| dilazep | dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties. Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity. | benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes | cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| dipyridamole | dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| lidoflazine | Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action. | diarylmethane | |
| uridine | uridines | drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite | |
| phlorhizin | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite | |
| methylthioinosine | Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position. | purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine | |
| hyaluronoglucosaminidase | kinetin riboside: preferentially induces apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-3 in cancer cells; structure in first source | purine nucleoside | |
| gemcitabine | gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| draflazine | draflazine: a nucleoside transport inhibitor; has cardioprotective effect; draflazine is the (-)-enantiomer; R 88016 is the (+)-enantiomer | ||
| adenosine | quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine | 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1 | purine nucleoside | |
| n(6)-benzyladenosine | N(6)-benzyladenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine | 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport | ||
| 5-iodotubercidin | 7-iodotubercidin: inhibits Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase | organoiodine compound | |
| n(6)-phenyladenosine | purine nucleoside | ||
| tecadenoson | tecadenoson: an A1 adenosine receptor agonist | ||
| 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylthioguanosine | |||
| n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine | |||
| 6-benzylthioinosine | 6-benzylthioinosine: a subversive substrate of T gondii adenosine kinase; structure in first source |