one-carbon metabolic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states. [GOC:hjd, GOC:mah, GOC:pde]

One-carbon metabolism is a fundamental metabolic pathway that involves the transfer and utilization of single-carbon units, primarily in the form of tetrahydrofolate (THF) derivatives. These units are essential for a wide range of vital biological processes, including nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the synthesis of crucial molecules like methionine, serine, and glycine. The pathway encompasses a series of interconnected reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes, which are often tightly regulated to ensure proper balance and efficient utilization of one-carbon units.

One-carbon units enter the pathway primarily through the catabolism of amino acids, such as serine and glycine, and from the breakdown of certain dietary components. The folate-dependent enzyme, tetrahydrofolate reductase (THF reductase), plays a crucial role in reducing dihydrofolate (DHF) to THF, which serves as the primary carrier for one-carbon units.

The one-carbon units are transferred between different THF derivatives through a series of enzymatic reactions. For example, the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) converts methylene-THF to 5,10-methylene-THF, which is essential for the synthesis of thymine, a crucial component of DNA. Other important enzymes involved in one-carbon metabolism include serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of serine to glycine, and methionine synthase (MS), which uses 5-methyl-THF to convert homocysteine to methionine.

One-carbon metabolism is tightly integrated with other metabolic pathways, including nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular function and growth. Deficiencies in one-carbon metabolism can lead to various health problems, including neural tube defects, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Moreover, one-carbon metabolism is essential for the detoxification of various xenobiotics and the repair of DNA damage. The pathway also contributes to the regulation of immune responses and the development of the nervous system.

In conclusion, one-carbon metabolism is a complex and essential pathway that underlies a wide range of biological processes. Its proper functioning is critical for health and development. Disruptions in this pathway can have significant consequences, highlighting the importance of understanding its intricate mechanisms and the role of specific enzymes and coenzymes involved.'
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Proteins (24)

Compounds (725)