nucleoside transmembrane transport

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane. [GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]

Nucleoside transmembrane transport is a crucial process that enables cells to acquire essential nucleosides, building blocks of DNA and RNA, from the extracellular environment. This transport is facilitated by specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane, known as nucleoside transporters. These transporters exhibit high selectivity for specific nucleosides, ensuring that only the necessary molecules are taken up by the cell.

The transport process begins with the binding of a nucleoside to the transporter protein on the extracellular side of the membrane. This interaction induces a conformational change in the protein, opening a passageway through the membrane. The nucleoside then traverses this passageway, moving from the high-concentration extracellular environment to the low-concentration intracellular environment, following the principles of passive diffusion or active transport.

In passive diffusion, the movement of nucleosides across the membrane is driven solely by the concentration gradient, without the need for energy expenditure by the cell. Conversely, active transport utilizes energy, usually derived from ATP hydrolysis, to move nucleosides against their concentration gradient. This allows cells to accumulate high concentrations of specific nucleosides, even when the extracellular concentration is low.

Nucleoside transmembrane transport plays a vital role in various cellular functions, including:

* **DNA and RNA synthesis:** By providing the necessary building blocks for DNA and RNA, nucleoside transport enables cells to replicate their genetic material and synthesize proteins.
* **Signal transduction:** Some nucleosides, like adenosine, act as signaling molecules, mediating crucial cellular processes. Their transport across the membrane allows these molecules to reach their target receptors.
* **Immune response:** Certain nucleosides are involved in the regulation of immune responses, contributing to the body's defense against pathogens.

Dysregulation of nucleoside transport can lead to various health issues, including:

* **Cancer:** Increased nucleoside uptake can fuel tumor cell growth and proliferation.
* **Immune deficiency:** Impaired nucleoside transport can disrupt immune responses, leaving the body susceptible to infections.
* **Neurological disorders:** Dysregulation of nucleoside transport in the brain can contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

Therefore, understanding and modulating nucleoside transmembrane transport holds immense therapeutic potential for treating a wide range of diseases.'
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Proteins (6)

Compounds (27)