Target type: biologicalprocess
A process in intracellular membranes are reorganized by viral proteins that perturb membrane integrity and can cause an extensive rearrangement of cellular membranes, forming membranous webs, which are thought to be the site of replication or certain viruses, for example the HPV virus. [PMID:19376974]
The reorganization of cellular membranes to establish viral sites of replication is a complex process that is essential for the successful propagation of many viruses. The exact mechanisms vary depending on the virus, but generally involve the following steps:
1. **Viral entry and uncoating:** The virus first enters the host cell, often through endocytosis or fusion with the plasma membrane. Once inside, the viral capsid is uncoated, releasing the viral genome and associated proteins.
2. **Recruitment of host cell membranes:** The viral proteins, particularly those associated with the viral envelope or capsid, interact with host cell proteins and lipids, triggering the recruitment of specific cellular membranes. These membranes often originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and/or plasma membrane.
3. **Membrane remodeling:** Once recruited, these membranes are remodeled by the virus to form specialized replication compartments, known as viral factories or replication organelles. These compartments provide a localized environment where viral replication can occur efficiently, separated from the rest of the cell. This remodeling often involves the formation of membrane invaginations, vesicles, or double-membrane structures.
4. **Assembly of viral replication complexes:** Within these replication compartments, viral proteins and the viral genome assemble into replication complexes. These complexes are responsible for transcribing and replicating the viral genome, as well as translating viral proteins.
5. **Viral assembly and egress:** Once new viral genomes and proteins are produced, they are assembled into new viral particles within the replication compartments. These newly assembled virions then bud from the host cell membrane or are released through exocytosis, completing the viral replication cycle.
The reorganization of cellular membranes to establish viral sites of replication is a dynamic process that is tightly regulated by the virus. It involves a complex interplay between viral and host cell proteins and lipids, as well as the modification of cellular membranes. These membrane rearrangements are essential for viral replication and are often targeted by antiviral therapies. '
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha | A phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P42356] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9-ethyladenine | |||
| n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine | N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups. | tertiary amine | |
| 1-phenyl-4-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinamine | pyrazoles; ring assembly | ||
| sq 22536 | 9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. | nucleoside analogue; oxolanes | EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor |
| adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| 2-aminopurine | 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position. 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine). aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent. | 2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue | antimetabolite |
| alpha-aminopyridine | alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485 aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups. | ||
| 9-benzyladenine | |||
| adenosine | quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| benzylaminopurine | benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group. | 6-aminopurines | cytokinin; plant metabolite |
| 9-methyladenine | 9-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-9. | methyladenine | metabolite |
| 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine | 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma | ||
| 4-aminoquinazoline | 4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source | ||
| wortmannin | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent | |
| idelalisib | idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source | aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
| gdc 0941 | pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring. | indazoles; morpholines; piperazines; sulfonamide; thienopyrimidine | EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
| gdc 0980 | |||
| torin 1 | torin 1 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties. | N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolines | antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| torin 2 | torin 2 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties. | aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; pyridoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor |