Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein import. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11406629]
Protein import, also known as protein translocation, is a crucial biological process that ensures proteins are delivered to their correct cellular destinations. This process is essential for maintaining cellular function and integrity.
The regulation of protein import involves a complex interplay of molecular mechanisms that control the movement of proteins across cellular membranes. These mechanisms include:
1. **Signal Sequences:** Proteins destined for specific compartments often carry signal sequences, short stretches of amino acids that act as "zip codes" directing them to the appropriate location. These sequences are recognized by specific receptors on the target membrane.
2. **Chaperones:** Chaperone proteins assist in folding and unfolding proteins during import, ensuring they are properly transported and maintain their functional conformation. They prevent aggregation and misfolding, which can disrupt protein function.
3. **Translocation Channels:** Proteins cross membranes through specialized protein complexes known as translocation channels. These channels provide a pathway for proteins to move across the membrane while remaining protected from the harsh environment.
4. **Translocators:** These are specialized protein complexes that facilitate the movement of proteins through translocation channels. They often utilize energy from ATP hydrolysis to drive the import process.
5. **Targeting Factors:** Specific targeting factors assist in directing proteins to their final destination within the cell. These factors recognize signal sequences and interact with the translocation machinery to ensure accurate delivery.
The process of protein import is highly regulated to ensure that proteins are correctly delivered and assembled in their appropriate cellular compartments. This regulation involves a complex interplay of signal sequences, chaperones, translocation channels, translocators, and targeting factors. These mechanisms work together to maintain cellular function and ensure the proper functioning of cellular processes.
Disruptions in protein import can lead to various cellular malfunctions and diseases. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in protein import is essential for developing therapeutic strategies for treating these conditions.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein | A heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| tubercidin | tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus. Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids. | antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| toyocamycin | toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group. Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry. | antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite |
| nsc 65346 | sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C. sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd | nucleoside analogue | protein kinase inhibitor |
| adenosine | quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| 8-aminoadenosine | |||
| 5'-deoxyadenosine | 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase. 5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd | 5'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| ver 155008 | VER 155008: structure in first source | purine nucleoside | |
| nms-e973 | NMS-E973: structure in first source |